Measurement Tools
for Management
◼ No safety and health program within an industrial plant is
complete without some form of review of mishaps that have
actually occurred.
◼ Accident and incident analysis is so important that it is still
relied upon until now in determining the safety performance of
a company.
◼ Its only drawback is that the analysis is performed after the
fact, too late to prevent the consequences of the accident that has
already happened. But the value of the analysis for future
accident prevention is critical.
◼ Measurements are means by which management can
determine the status of safety within a company.
◼ Characteristics of measurement tools are:
Practical Understandable
Quantifiable Valid
Objective Error free
Sensitive to change
A Injury Frequency/Severity Rates:
• Frequency Rates
• Severity Rates
B Injury/Illness Incidence Rate
• Number of injury/illness in a year
C Injury Index
• Frequency Rate x Severity Rate
1000
D Fatality Incidence Rate
• Number of fatalities in a year
E Lost–Work Day–Cases Incidence Rate (LWDI)
• Number of lost-workday (lost-time) cases in a year
F Number of Lost–Work Days Rate
• Number of lost workdays in a year
G Specific hazard Incidence Rate
• Number of specific hazards in a year
◼ Disabling Injury Frequency Rate:
Number of disabling injuries x 1,000,000
Total employee hours of exposure
◼ Disabling Injury Severity Rate:
Total days charged x 1,000,000_
Total employee hours of exposure
Frequency Rate:
The disabling injury frequency rate relates the injuries to the hours worked during
the period and expresses them in terms of a million-hour unit by use of the following
formula:
Total number of disabling injuries X 1,000,000
Employee-hours of exposure (in a year)
Severity Rate:
The disabling injury severity rate relates the days charged to the hours worked
during the period and expresses them in terms of a million-hour unit by the use of
the following formula:
Total days charged X 1,000,000
Employee-hours of exposure (in a year)
Average Days Charged:
The frequency and severity rates show, respectively, the rate at which
disabling injuries occur and the rate at which time is charged. A third
measure included in the standard procedure shows the average
severity of the disabling injuries. It is called the average days charged
per disabling injury and may be calculated by either of the following
formulas:
Total days charged or Severity rate
Total disabling injuries Frequency rate
Disabling Injury Index:
As an aid to those companies expressing a desire to combine
frequency and severity rates into a single measure, the following
disabling injury index is shown:
Frequency rate X Severity rate
1,000
Medical Treatment Injury (non-disabling
injury) – an injury which does not result in a
disabling injury but requires first aid and
medical treatment of any kind.
Disabling Injury – a work injury which
results in permanent partial disability or
temporary total disability.
Death (F/D) – any fatality resulting from a
work injury regardless of the time intervening
between injury and death.
Permanent Partial Disability (PPD) –
injury or sickness which results in the loss or
loss of use of any member or part of a
member of the body regardless of any pre-
existing disability of the injured member or
impaired body function.
Permanent Total Disability (PTD) – any injury or
sickness which permanently and totally incapacitates a
worker from any gainful occupation or which results in the
loss of the complete loss of use of any of the following:
➢ Both eyes, both legs or feet, both arm.
➢ Any two of the following not in the same limb.
✓One eye & one hand, arm, leg, or foot.
➢ Permanent complete paralysis of two limbs.
➢ Brain injury resulting in incurable imbecility or insanity.
Temporary Total Disability (TTD) – injury or illness which does
not result in PPD or PTD but which result in disability from work for a
day or more.
Scheduled Charges – the specific charge (full days) assigned to a
PPD, PTD, F/D.
Exposure – the total number of employee-hours worked by all
employees of the company or unit.
Death resulting from accident shall be assigned a time charge of
6,000 days.
PTD resulting from work accident shall be assigned a time charge of
6,000 days.
PPD, either traumatic or surgical, resulting from work accident shall
be assigned a time charge as provided in the table of charges.
This charges shall be used whether the actual number of days lost is
greater or less than the scheduled charges, or even if no actual days
are lost at all.
For each finger or toe, use only charge for the
highest valued bone involved. For computations of
more than one finger or toe, total the separate
charges for each finger.
Loss of hearing is considered PPD only in the event
of industrial impairment of hearing from traumatic
injury, industrial noise exposure or occupational
illness.
For permanent impairment affecting more than one
part of the body, the total charge shall be the
sum of the schedule of charges for the individual
body parts. If the total exceeds 6,000 days, the
charge shall be 6,000 days.
Where an employee suffers from both permanent
partial & total disabilities in one accident, the
greater days lost shall be used and shall determine
the injury classification.
Employee-hours of exposure for calculating work
injury rates are intended to be the actual hours
worked. When actual hours worked is not available,
estimated hours may be used.
Actual employee-hours of exposure shall be taken
from the payroll or time clock records and shall
include only actual time hours and actual
overtime hours worked.
When actual employee hours are not available,
estimated hours may be used. It can be
obtained by multiplying the total employee
days worked for the period by the average
number of hours worked per day.
Hours paid for but not worked, either actual or
estimated, such as time taken for vacation,
sickness, holidays, funerals, etc. shall not be
included in the total hours worked.
Plant Safety Performance
From Year 2001 to Year 2005
Year 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001
Frequency 0 0 0 0 0
Rate
Severity 0 0 0 0 0
Rate
Injury Index 0 0 0 0 0
Year 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001
Man-Hours 1329347 1338783 1345889 1310653 1318878
Worked
Manning 417 422 423 421 422
Complement
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Y-2001 Y-2002 Y-2003 Y-2004 Y-2005
0
Y-2001 Y-2002 Y-2003 Y-2004 Y-2005
Zero Injury Rates (FR = 0 & SR = 0) from year 2001 to
year 2005.
Perfect Safety Records from year 2001 to year 2005.
Millionaires’ achiever from year 2001 to year 2005.
Plant Achievement of 7,916,352.0 man-hours continuous
plant operation without a lost-time injury accident.
