ENGLISH

Formal Types of Communication Skills

This types of communication is also referred to as "official communication" and
covers the gamut of verbal expressions that address a formal need.

Informal Communication
Informal communication is surprisingly popular, and also referred to as "the
(unofficial) grapevine". This is often by word-of-mouth information. In fact, it is this
type of communication that opens you up to unofficial yet provocative information.

Oral Communication (Face-to-face)

Face-to-face oral communication is the rnost recognized type of communication.
Here, what you express comes directly from what you speak. Again, this can be
formal or informal: with your friends and family, in a formal meeting or seminar,
at work with your colleagues and boss, within your community, during
professional presentations, etc.

Oral Communication (Distance)

Distance (oral) communication has made the world a smaller and more
accessible place. Mobile phones, VOIP, video-conferencing, 2-way webinars,
etc. are all modern expansions of distance communication, taking its
expression to the next subtle level. And in this type of communication, your
tone of voice and pace of delivery take priority over other expressions.
Non-verbal Types of Communication
This type of communication is more subtle, yet far more powerful. It includes the
entire gamut of physical postures and gestures, tone and pace of voice, and
attitude with which you communicate. Written Communication
A few decades ago, written communication depended on the trusty old mailman
as we wrote to people who were far away. On rare occasions, this also included
the formal note or legal notice from the bank, landlord, business client, etc.
What a surprise then that this type of communication has now taken over every
aspect of our world!
Kinesics or kinesic communication is all about communication through body movements, such
as gestures and facial expressions. It is all about non-verbal behavior using any part of the
body. It also includes communicating using the body as a whole. In popular culture, we call
this 'body language'.
Proxemics is the study of space and how we use it, and how it makes us feel more or less
comfortable. How close you stand next to someone, for example, depends on the relationship
you have with that person. Intimate space: very close, usually within one foot and sometimes
touching.
Haptic communication is a branch of nonverbal communication that refers to the ways in
which people and animals communicate and interact via the sense of touch. Touch is the most
sophisticated and intimate of the five senses.
We learned earlier that paralanguage refers to the vocalized but nonverbal parts of a
message. Vocalics is the study of paralanguage, which includes the vocal qualities that go
along with verbal messages, such as pitch, volume, rate, vocal quality, and verbal fillers
(Andersen, 1999).
Chronemics is the study of the use of time in nonverbal communication. Time perceptions
include punctuality, willingness to wait, and interactions. The use of time can affect lifestyles,
daily agendas, speed of speech, movements and how long people are willing to listen.
Agyu — Epic hero of Bukidnon
Setting: Where and when is the story set? Setting represents both the physical location but also
the time (i.e. past, present, future) and the social and cultural conditions in which the characters
exist.
Social journalism is a media model consisting of a hybrid of professional journalism,
contributor and reader content. The format relies on community involvement, audience
engagement, social newsgathering and verification, data and analytics, and
relationshipbuilding.
Citizen journalism, also known as collaborative media, participatory journalism,
democratic joumalism, guerrilla journalism or street journalism, is based upon public
citizens "playing an active role in the process of collecting, reporting, analyzing, and
disseminating news and information.
Yellow journalism and the yellow press are American terms for journalism and associated
newspapers that present little or no legitimate, well-researched news while instead using
eyecatching headlines for increased sales. Techniques may include exaggerations of news
events, scandal-mongering, or sensationalism.
Adversarial journalism, or gotcha journalism, is a form of journalism that seeks to uncover
wrongdoings of public officials. Gotcha journalism can include various methods such as,
moving away from the agreed upon interview topic, or switching to an embarrassing subject
that was agreed to be out-of-bounds.
Manipulatives Media are tools that are used to aid in hands-on learning. They can be physical
objects or computer programs which leamers can manipulate in order to grasp an idea, and gain
understanding or mastery of given concepts. Examples are Abacus, Jigsaw Puzzles, Lego,
Rubik's Cube.
Interactive media, also called interactive multimedia, any computer-delivered electronic system
that allows the user to control, combine, and manipulate different types of media, such as text,
sound, video, computer graphics, and animation. Examples of interactive media include web
sites, user-generated content, interactive television, gaming, interactive advertising, blogs and
mobile telephony.
Pre-Industrial Age (Before 1700's)
In this age, People had leamed or discovered fire, developed paper from plants, and forged
weapons and tools with stone, bronze, copper and iron.
Industrial Age (1700s-1930s)
This is were people discovered the used of power steam, developed machine tools, established
iron production, and the manufacturing of various products (including books through the
printing press)

Electronic Age (1930s-1980s)

In this age, People invented the transistor ushered in the electronic age. People harnessed the
power of transistors that led to the transistor radio, electronic circuits, and the early computers.
In this age, long distance communication became more efficient.
Information Age (1900s-2000s)
This is were the Internet paved the way for faster communication and the creation of the social
network. People advanced the use of microelectronics with the invention of personal
computers, mobile devices, and wearable technology. Moreover, voice, image, sound and data
are digitalized. We are now living in the information age.
Character: A person or animal or really anything personified. There can be one main character
or many, and often there are secondary characters, but not always.
Plot: The plot consists of the events that happen in the story. In a plot you typically find an
introduction, rising action, a climax, the falling action, and a resolution. Plot is often
represented as an arc.
Conflict: Every story must have a conflict, i.e. a challenge or problem around which the plot is
based. Without conflict, the story will have no purpose or trajectory.
Theme: Idea, belief, moral, lesson or insight. It's the central argument that the author is trying
to make the reader understand. The theme is the "why" of the story.
Point-of-view: "Who" is telling the story? First person ("I") or third person ("he/she/it").
Limited (one character's perspective), multiple (many characters' perspectives) or omniscient
(all knowing narrator). Second person ("you") is not often used for writing stories.
Tone: The overall emotional "tone" or meaning of the story. Is it happy. funny, sad, depressed?
Tone can be portrayed in multiple ways, through word and grammar choices, choice of theme,
imagery and description, symbolism, and the sounds of the words in combination (i.e. rhyme,
rhythm, musicality).
Style: This is how things are said. Word choices, sentence structure, dialogue, metaphor,
simile, hyperbole. Style contributes significantly to tone.
Confucianism is an ancient Chinese belief system, which focuses on the importance of
personal ethics and morality. Whether it is only or a philosophy or also a religion is
debated. Mencius (or Meng Ke who lived from 372 to 289 B.C.E.) is the bestknown
Confucian philosopher after Confucius himself
Buddhism is a faith that was founded by Siddhartha Gautama ("the Buddha") more than 2,500
years ago in India. With about 470 million followers, scholars consider Buddhism one of the
major world religions.
Indios were defined as the native indigenous peoples in all the Spanish America and Asia
possessions. During the Spanish colonial period in the Mariana Islands (17th through
19th centuries) the Chamorros people were classified as indios. In the Spanish racial
hierarchy, indios were the lowest-ranked group
Evolution involves the gradual changes from simple to more complex forms. Humans are
believed to have developed from simpler forms. Evolution is hypothesized to have begun in
the oceans billions of years ago. Darwin gave the theory of evolution. In his book -The Origin
of Species, Darwin has stated that evolution has come through a series of natural selection.
The theory emphasized the following points:

1. Natural Selection Variation

2. Struggle To Exist
3. Survival of the Fittest
Evolution is the outcome of the interaction amongst the following five processes:

4. Mutation
5. Genetic Recombination
6. Chromosomal Abnormalities
7. Reproductive isolation
8. Natural Selection
Dryopithecus
These are deemed to be the ancestors of both man and apes. They lived in China, Africa,
Europe and India. The genus Dryopithecus refers to the oak wood apes. When Dryopithecus
was alive, the tropical lowlands which it inhabited were densely forested, so the members
could have predominantly been herbivores.

Ramapithecus
Their first remains were discovered from the Shivalik range in Punjab and later in Africa and
Saudi Arabia. They lived in open grasslands. Two pieces of evidence confirm their Hominid
status:

I. Thickened tooth enamel. robust jaws and shorter canines.

2. Usage of hands for food and defence and extrapolations of upright posture.
Australopithecus
The fossil of this genus was first discovered in 1924 in South Africa. They lived on the ground,
used stones as weapons and walked erect. They were 4 feet tall and weighed 60-80 pounds.

Homo Erectus
The first fossil of Homo Erectus was found in Java in 1891. These were named as
Pithecanthropus Erectus. These were considered as the missing link between the man and apes.
Another discovery made in China was the Peking man. This specimen had large cranial
capacities and is believed to have lived in communities. Homo erectus used tools comprising
quartz. Tools made of bones and wood were also discovered. There is evidence of collective
huntings. There is also evidence of the use of fire. The Homo Erectus is believed to dwell in
caves.
Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis
The Homo Erectus evolved into Homo Sapiens. During evolution, two sub-species of Homo
Sapiens were identified- Homo sapien Neanderthal and Homo sapiens sapiens. The cranial
capacity of Neanderthal grew from 1200 to 1600 cc. Some small hand axes had also been
discovered. This species of hominids could hunt big names such as mammoths

Homo Sapiens
The remains of Homo Sapiens were first discovered in Europe and were named Cro-Magnon.
In these, the jaws are quite reduced, the modern man's chin appeared, and the skull was
rounded. Their cranial capacity was about 1350 cc. They gathered food through hunting. Art
first appeared during this time.

Media literacy, put simply, is the ability to identify different types of media and the messages
they are sending. When we speak of media, it encompasses print media, such as newspapers,
magazines and posters, and theatrical presentations, tweets, radio broadcasts, etc.

Information literacy is the ability to find, evaluate, organize, use, and communicate
information in all its various formats, most notably in situations requiring decision making,
problem solving, or the acquisition of knowledge.

Technology literacy is the ability of an individual, working independently and with others, to
responsibly, appropriately and effectively use technology tools to access, manage, integrate,
evaluate, create and communicate information.
Sender: The sender or the communicator is the person who initiates the conversation and has
conceptualized the idea that he intends to convey it to others.

Encoding: The sender begins with the encoding process wherein he uses certain words or
nonverbal methods such as symbols, signs, body gestures, etc. to translate the information into a
message. The sender's knowledge, skills, perception, background, competencies, etc. has a great
impact on the success of the message.

Message: Once the encoding is finished, the sender gets the message that he intends to convey.
The message can be written, oral, symbolic or non-verbal such as body gestures, silence, sighs,
sounds, etc. or any other signal that triggers the response of a receiver.
Communication Channel: The Sender chooses the medium through which he wants to convey
his message to the recipient. It must be selected carefully in order to make the message effective
and correctly interpreted by the recipient. The choice of medium depends on the interpersonal
relationships between the sender and the receiver and also on the urgency of the message being
sent. Oral, virtual, written, sound, gesture, etc. are some of the commonly used communication
mediums.

Receiver: The receiver is the person for whom the message is intended or targeted. He tries to
comprehend it in the best possible manner such that the communication objective is attained. The
degree to which the receiver decodes the message depends on his knowledge of the subject
matter, experience, trust and relationship with the sender.

Decoding: Here, the receiver interprets the sender's message and tries to understand it in the best
possible manner. An effective communication occurs only if the receiver understands the
message in exactly the same way as it was intended by the sender.
Feedback: The Feedback is the final step of the process that ensures the receiver has received the
message and interpreted it correctly as it was
intended by the sender. It increases the effectiveness of the communication as it permits the
sender to know the efficacy of his message. The response of the receiver can be verbal or
nonverbal.
Note: The Noise shows the barriers in communications. There are chances when the message
sent by the sender is not received by the recipient.