GROUP 5

DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
The Digestive System
is used for breaking down food for body’s
utilization which then pass into the circulatory
system and are taken to where they are needed in
the body
FUNCTIONS 1. INGESTION

OF THE A voluntary process where food is

placed into the mouth before it can

DIGESTIVE
be masticated and swallowed.

The four pairs of muscles of

SYSTEM
chewing or mastication are:
temporalis
masseter, and
2 pairs of pterygoid
 2. PROPULSION

Swallowing and peristaltic movement are propulsive

processes of digestion.
 4. Absorption

For absorption, the digested foods

must first enter the mucosal cells by
active or passive transport processes.

5. Defecation or elimination

It is the final act of digestion, by which

persons eliminate solid, semisolid, or
liquid waste material from the
digestive tract via the anus.
The structures of the
Digestive System
GI Tract (Gastrointestinal Tract)
MOUTH or ORAL 1. Mouth or Oral Cavity

CAVITY
It is protected by the
lips and its anterior
opening and cheeks
from its lateral walls

The Oral Cavity is

mostly filled with the
tongue and bounded
anteriorly and on the
sides by the alveolar
processes containing
the teeth and
posteriorly by the
isthmus of the fauces.
TEETH
Breaks down food for swallowing and further
digestion. The incisors, located in the front of the
lower and upper jaws, cut pieces of food. The
molars, in the back of the mouth grind and chew.
 2. Palate
1. HARD PALATE
2. SOFT PALATE
 3. Uvula

It helps push food forward the

throat and prevents excessively
nasal speech and is used to produce
uvular sounds.
 6. Tongue 7. Lingual Frenulum
Occupies the floor of the mouth
Fold the mucous membrane
and attached to two structures:
1. Hyoid Bone
2. Styloid processes of the skull

\
 8. TONSILS

8.1 Palatine tonsils 8.2 Lingual tonsils 8.3 Pharyngeal tonsils

When enlarged, it is also known as

the adenoids.
 9. Pharynx 10. Esophagus “gullet”
Is a 10-inch muscular tube
It serves both the respiratory and connecting the throat(pharynx)
digestive systems with the stomach and lined by
moist pink tissue called mucosa.

Nasopharynx

Orophrarynx

Laryngopharynx

Esophagus
4. Epiglottis 5. Vestibule

It is kept moist by secretions from

the parotid glands, which are
located in front of the ears and
behind the angle of the jaw.
\
 Layers of Esophagus
A. Mucosa C. Muscularis propia

Innermost layer, a moist membrane An outer longitudinal layer of

that lines the cavity or lumen of smooth muscle cells. Aid in
the organ. propelling nutrients from the
lumen to the submucosa

B. Submucosa D. Adventitia

Soft connective tissue containing Outermost connective tissue

vessels, nerve endings, lymph covering which provides and allows
nodes and lymphatic vessels. flexibility or mobility of an organ
ALIMENTARY A tube-like structure which starts
from the mouth and ends in the

CANAL
anus.
TEETH
Breaks down food for swallowing and further
digestion. The incisors, located in the front of the
lower and upper jaws, cut pieces of food. The
molars, in the back of the mouth grind and chew.
Stomach
A C-shaped muscular organ located
on the left side of the upper
abdominal cavity, nearly hidden by
the liver and the diaphragm.

When the food reaches the

stomach, it stores it for nearly 4-5
hourse.
 Gastric Phase

Food stretches the stomach

and activates myentric ( a
reflex that is responsible for
the peristaltic movement) and
vagovagal reflexes (relaxation
od the stomach in response to
swallowing of food
These reflexes stimulate
gastric secretions. Histamine
and gastrin also stimulate acid
and enzyme secretion.
 Functions of Stomach

Storage Function

Food is stored in the stomach for Formation of Chyme

a long period, i.e. for 3-4 hours
and emptied into the intestine Peristaltic movements of
slowly. stomach mix the bolus with
gastric juice and convert it into
the semisolid material known as
chyme.
What are the gastric juices?
The hydrochloric acid (HCl)
converts proenzyme pepsinogen
into an active form called pepsin.
Conversion is not possible without the
hydrochloric acid. intrinsic factor - a
Digest proteins found in ingested glycoprotein secreted
by parietal cells
food.
essential to absorption
Once pepsin is activated, it starts
of vitamin B12 by the
digesting proteins into peptones and small intestine
proteases. vitamin B12 is needed
to synthesize
The mucus and the bicarbonate hemoglobin
protect the lining of the stomach from secretions of Intrinsic
the highly acidic HCl. factor is the only
indispensible function
The intrinsic factor is important for
of the stomach
the absorption of the vitamin B12. -digestion can continue if
(vitamin b12 is needed to form red stomach removed
blood cells) (gastrectomy), but B12
suplements will be needed
 13. Small Intestine
Duodenum
It is the first and shortest segment
of the small intestine.
Receives partially digested food
(chyme) from the stomach.

Jejunum
The middle segment of the small
intestine found between the
duodenum and the ileum.
Nutrients are absorbed here,
before it is pass on the ileum for
absorption

Ileum
The last portion of the small
intestine, which compacts the
leftovers through the large
intestine.
Ileum meets the large intestine at
the ileocecal valve, which joins the
large and small intestine.
The pancreatic and bile ducts join at
the duodenum to form the flask-like The minor duodenal papilla is the
hepatopancreatic ampulla
opening of the accessory
pancreatic duct into the descending
second section of the duodenum.

Major duodenal papilla is the

primary memchanism for the
secretion of bile and other
enzymmes that facilitate digestion.
 Microvilli Villi Circular folds
Tiny projections of the mucosa (fingerlike projections) of the valvular, circular folds of
cells that give the cell surface a muscosa. In each of this mucosa and submucosa layers,
fuzzy appearance. structure is a rich capillary bed projecting in the SI’s lumen
Absorb nutrients and material called lacteal which absorbs which do not disappear when
since they expand the surface dietary fats in the villi of the food fills the small intestine.
area of the intestine. small intestine.

*insert pic*
Peyer’s patches/aggregated lymphoid
nodules

small masses of lymphatic tissue found in the

ileum.
14. Large Intestine

About 5 feet long and 3 inches

diameter, it extends from the
ileocecal valve to the anus.
Dries indigestible food residue
by absorbing water and elimate
these from the body.
 LARGE INTESTINE
Once absorption has taken place in the ileum, the
undigested food is pushed into the large intestine. The
job of the large intestine is to reclaim as much water as
possible to the blood, before allowing egestion of the The large intestine(colon)
solid faeces. maximises surface area for
absorption of water by being
long and folded. Mucus is
secreted to lubricate the
passage of the faeces and
muscle contraction keep the
faeces moving.

A diet rich in fiber helps clear out

waste products and dead cells,
reducing the risk of colon cancer.
 Accessory Digestive Organs

1. Teeth
The teeth tear and grind the food,
breaking it down into smaller
fragments.
The first set of teeth is the
deciduous teeth also called baby
teeth or milk teeth.

They begin to erupt around 6 months and

a baby has a full set(20 teeth)
by the age of 2 years.
 The pulp cavity provides a route for
blood vessels, nerves, and other pulp
structures to enter the pulp cavity of
tooth

The outer sutface of the root is

covered by a substance called
cementum, which attaches the tooth
to the periodontal membrane
(ligament)

Dentin, a bonelike material, underlies

the enamel and forms the bulk of the
tooth.
 3. Pancreas 4. Liver

Triggers the bile and pancreas Largest gland located under the
enzymes to be released in the SI to diaphragm, more to the right side
neutralize the stomach acids to and almost covers the stomach.
digest food into smaller pieces

*insert pic of *insert pic of

pancreas* pancreas*
 Lobes of the Liver
Functions of
Liver

The clearinghouse for all nutrient absorption

through the gastrointestinal system.
It controls the most of the chemical blood
*insert pic of liver* levels. It secretes a clear yellow/orange fluid
called bile which helps to break down fats, for
futther digestion and absorption
Synthesize most of the proteins in blood and
produces bile, which for digestion of fats and
for excretion of cholesterol and other fat-
soluble molecules.
Reviews the compounds that have been taken
in and has the ability to distinguish toxins.
A detoxification system in which drugs and
toxins are chemically converted to molecules
that can be eliminated through the
kidneys(urine) or the intestine(stool).
 5. Gallbladder
A small, thin-walled green sac
that snuggles in a shallow fossa
in the inferior surface of the
liver.
The galbladder is the storage
site for the bile acids produced
by the liver.
After a meal is consumed, the
gallbladder is signaled to
*insert pic of gallbladder*
release its contents into the
duodenum and jejunum, where
they are available for fat
digestion.
Cystic duct. When food
digestion is not occurring, bile
backs up the cystic duct and
enters the gallbladder to be
stored
 Diseases of
Digestive

DIARRHEA ULCERS
COLON CANCER GERD (CHRONIC ACID
HEMMORHOIDS REFLUX)
APPENDICITIS IBS (IRRITABLE BOWEL
GALLSTONES SYNDROME)
DIARRHEA

Diarrhea occurs when the intestines do not

absorb enough fluid from the body’s waste.
This means that stools will contain the surplus
fluids and a person may experience loose,
fluid-filled stools with or without rectal pain
three or more times.

TREATMENT: IMODIUM, BISMUTH

SUBSALICYLATE
COLON CANCER

Colon cancer is a growth of cells that

begins in a part of the large intestine
called the colon.

TREATMENT: SURGERY
HEMMORHOIDS

Venous enlargements in the anus and lower

rectum are known as hemorrhoids, or piles.
Internal hemorrhoids are hemorrhoids that form
inside the rectum. External hemorrhoids are
another name for them, which can also form
beneath the skin around the anus.

TREATMENT: PHENYLEPHRINE
OINTMENT
APPENDICITIS

Appendicitis is an inflammation of the

appendix, which is a 3 1/2-inch-long tube of
tissue that runs from your large intestine on
the lower right side of your body.

Feces moving through your large intestine can

block or infect your appendix, leading to
inflammation. Inflammation causes your
appendix to swell, and when it swells, it can
burst
2 TYPES OF APPENDICITIS

ACUTE This is the most common type of

APPENDICITIS appendicitis. Its symptoms start
suddenly and get worse quickly
within a few hours.

Chronic appendicitis means that

CHRONIC
APPENDICITIS the appendix is inflamed, but it
doesn’t typically get any worse.
GALLSTONES

Gallstones are hard, pebble-like deposits that

form in your gallbladder, a small organ located
just beneath your liver on the right side of your
abdomen. Your gallbladder stores bile, a fluid
produced by your liver that helps digest fats in
your small intestine.

TREATMENT: SURGERY
ULCER

An ulcer is an open sore that forms on the inner

lining of your stomach or small intestine. The
most common type of ulcer is a peptic ulcer,
which can occur in the stomach or the first part of
the small intestine. Less commonly, ulcers can
also form in the esophagus.

TREATMENT: AMOXICILLIN,
CLARITHROMYSIN, METRONIDAZOLE
GERD (CHRONIC ACID REFLUX)

GERD stands for

gastroesophageal reflux disease.
It is a chronic digestive disorder
that affects the lower
esophageal sphincter (LES), the
muscular valve between the
esophagus and your stomach.

TREATMENT: ANTACIDS,
PRILOSEC
IBS (IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME)

Irritable bowel syndrome

(IBS) is a chronic condition
that affects the large
intestine, also known as the
colon. It's a common disorder
that causes uncomfortable or
painful symptoms in the
abdomen.
TREATMENT: PSYLIM, LOPERAMIDE,
DICYCLOMINE, POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL