Mou OM
PRR NNN
CROP SCIENCE
cae ‘oe are ar 8% ALAS
ac’ a ce aa.07 32.8% 42.07
“ar 13.0“ 23.87 B6/ 8°
fom nite As 3u-8% quo
wee sce gsicr 30% ue
Sear Oe tee Om BAT HAZ
o* ee a a oa
ae 18-AZ 28.87 wOA Neo”
qe ja OF 29-58% 2B" BA
fo-AZ— ad-AZ 30-A4% 0°07 way
edlings from one seed box
seansRrring He see
ctor braght fe field
te another seed 0x
=7Prickling
‘easiest method of plant propagaken
=? wttage
timer gevrel 27 Momordica charant,
dor AIP ig prodyeed in Aecin tamper!
cytkm if He electron carer #8 FAD
22 arr
# of ATP produced ia elycolysis
274 ATP,
1B of ATP produced ia tne formakin oF
acetyl CoA
212 ATP.
‘a of ae produced ia Krebs Cyels
224 ATP.
fora) # of ATP. produced in the complet
cxydation of glvcose fe Coz, and walter via
Tucaiysig Aormakin_of GA , krebs cycle
‘and €féchron Transport Systm
2) 9% ATP
ol ¢ op ar poaieed in Me compet
oxydahen and wate vid
the Hexose monophosphate sunt.
2) %6 ATP
of glucose te pyrvvic acid
= glycotysrs
Anal product of glycolyets
Deynie_acid
compound! dai can ener we ereDs Cycle
57 Acetyl CoA
gtycoysis occur io the =) eyteplarm =
Krebs cycle occur in tne 2 mitechondna, *
Brectron Transpert system car in’ fe
D>) mitochondro +=
deyradahin
Each turn
motecures. s es how many
=? 2 molecules —
Pn Baw
OB UB A aL A gee
GAS we G.KB Gn-DA
D8 naA7 gg.AC ae.C 0
HB ATWO! BHA WAL
os 84 15.8% B¢¢.0 88%
eC? W067 ge. AB WwOS
5 a 3 BM BAAS TOS
A 8B Be’ a8. B A
ch ct we we Lae aa 7
bo. BCA 10'O% Bo-g/ 1O- BY 1vo-D B
908
ES
BAB
sy 08
5.08
BH
oeidakon ~ removal of electro?
Rduchion - addline of electron
metabolic pathways by whith organisms
niberok chore energy
S7 Respicakhon
phe
low suhstrak availabilhy means [ow
eespicahon rakes
+ respicahion rake sooreases when femperahiry
increases up to 30-4S°C
role of COs ia respicahien >? inhibits
ATP = adenosine friphosphak
App - adenosine diphosphak
photophosphoryahon fs me synthes
of 27 ATP
“pin fake place provided
photosynrnesis
27 photosynthehic unit
amet is me
The clirect transfer of phorphake ‘for
organic carnpuynds fo nop tS
what hype of phosphorylation ?
substrate revel
ADP te ATP
coupling energy from an electron donor
to an electron carrier % what type
oF phosphorylah'on 7
7 oxidahire
# of ATP produced 10 Evecion Transport
Civiem a te eleekron_corriee is NAP.
2 ATPWA
AW A A A a ea a ae da
CROP SCIENCE |
AGRICULTURE + involves production oF Plonts and ammals For end Piece
+ processing . morketing and distritovtion oF agriaultyral products
CROP SCIENCE * concerned With tHE doservahon ond classification oF Kenowled ge
concerning, economically ‘engorant CARE
Swdyor Agficoltyral MOPS 4
4 pee : ywlar oTyANVcens
im Hoe RNigRiNes + PLANTS + Exaryoric » SURES eipskoe
cies ‘eclonging to Wngsot 7
orice ae evpesis = COMETS
- ce C SHUNUSYNRNESTS
scoconut grote syarnee CO
+ corm,
+ sugercan®
emors + plants whic O domesheotd / coinvoted
grown Pr progit
ws ecqamicaly Jnpockant
Fitids oF Cfop Science * ;
Agronomy, + deals with yodoetion OF gickd_crops_and sell sHANAQeMEN 2
oa cefers te crops grown On LO cnecale wat requires Witte momaagemen
+ EtOSIVE commercial production,
worticulture + deals | with gorden and plantation crops
<1 ioken sive commercial production
Plant Breeding -# science driven cmeohve SS doa) eo varieties
por chop improvernent, cultivar development » sted development
AGRONOMIC CROPS WORTICULTRAL CROPS
Cdurale) Cerise)
+ cereals sroot crops evegetapies Cotericvlture)
+ legumes s Filer crops sFwit crops CPomotogy)
«oil crops + medicinal crops /plants
+ ornamental crops
+ sogar crops *Forage crops + Plontation crops
| sw eoncumed processed or dried Bkien cocapevecd ea.
nigh density calorie, living gral
Low ViFamins and minccals ~ Low density colories
i Ramé iy
Amportance OF COPS Qh vitamins and minerals
source OF FOOA ~ Source OF easenol avtrients:
source OF peed ~ approximadk |y 36%e of te World's harvested crops are
Fed to livestock:
cooree oF Fiber for textile ond powrics =
source oF TOW mmattsials gor industrial MaNyFacturing
source OF revENUES FOM export
source oF empioyenent iH WHE VFO aortasNADA ACA a aa ata ded
DATA , FACTS , PROBLENS , AND PROSPECTS OF PHILIPPINE
AGRICULTURE
*30M ha Total land aq Top 5 cMps lcased on
13.42 M pa Cropped ored volume OF production +
\ sugarcane
5-corn
TOPS crops based on
\ond ara
Paley
2- Coconut
3. orm
2. palay
3. coconut
A. banana.
5. sugarcane
Step. eredbe fen ob _tentons
Palay —* Central Luzon
corn —* Cagayon valley,
covonut * Cavao region
Sugarcone — western visayas
canara —* pavae gio
Speer + banang Pineapple 2 Northern mindango
+ PIocopre . wrrte —* Si
i Foucee tobacco FF OCC SKSARGEN
Mango — Wocos region
Choracterishes oF Philippine Agriculture.
-generolly srnall- Scale
dependent on manual labor
-ROFMETS GLE neterQeNcouSs commercial , SEmi-commmercial, cuLsistence and
Jandless Form workers
\ssucs and challenges oF Pri: Agriculture
sLand -\and Fragmentation
C CARP tow) RA S657
s Lalor - better educated people look For more high paying jobs
ecapital - Vienited capitalization in agricutturt
Clow mechonizarvon)
inpracteuctyrt
. structure — curl ag
es grcuttura\ tnd “7 eduction in gorest cover
sResouree loose - expansion OF %
spumic spending : 7
+ Yrade Policy —taripe and nontaritr barrie
strengin oF Philippine Agricole
sprovides GOP of about 4-4%e seaotner of many iNuaties
ican ‘eect omd indiccel employment — + land aster
ee oe om sFEMAINS fo be NOwIE HUMAN Profession
spood sewtit
Weaknesses OF pripping — Agrieulture
stow Adoption Hes oF sechNology ccepert vit Miteriote
soon aependeacs 00 imported inputs + prtsence oF “middlemen” in tne
seHUIKPIe —_probleens cee
~eoysicad Cetimate change) 3
= wielogion’ Cinceck peed, rysiniogicol disorders)
= socio -econgwnic (tow Fash *eomt)
eqnono- catturtd= leased Atsign oF dominant copsRRROTTR TATED a SE
orrortumhes gor Philippine Agnutture,
Threats to Philippine Pious
sdiverse agro- eavironment oe
oe variety, oF climate cmd soil that
ANows pmduction of a wide Noriety,
OF crops,
Swihole year-round growing period
sFeenle / Suitable soils For agrien\tural
producton
s Farming Families engaged in various
agnevttural - related actvihes
*Glodalizahon /\mport \beratization
~tnFlux oF cheap ionports
ToNCOMPEHAVE emall ZaCtns
“Erratic caingall patter
e\ntroduchion oF saline wattr
RA Buss oe
Agricutture and Fisheries Modernization,
Ack OF (997
Philippine Agricoltyral Development A author : See. Edgardo Angora
=~ ‘production and Morketing Support services
Focus oF APMA .
Fess bempait a. Research Development ond Extension
—or
“Poverty alleviation and gxdal equit 3 -
\acome enhancement and Paley % Trade and fiscal incennves
+ global comperitvencss olden
+ sUstainodbility
CLASSIFICATION oF CROPS |
Taxonomy - deals with description , identification, nomenclature , Ond
elaggipicahon oF organisms
Systematics - studies *oxonomy and He evolutionary wistory oF phylogeny oF re |
eo me Gren Ranks
3 vomoins of Lire viridiplantae oe chlorobionta
S_Domains of LiFe”
sinetudes green algae ond 4he
1 Archaea ad} emboryophytes land plants)
a+ Bacteria CEuloa! Mee)
goutosynnesis,
a. ELRATYA CHKorYye!
veicarcht ne we
Tbs carl a ict Ccorays \innaeus) Binomial nomenciaturr
A geVE and specie:
G gainer of modern ToXoROMmY species
NARIETIES _ ae
s gyodivision of species
= also colled tookanical varichy
- paturolly occuring variant
conserved same Never same Nermacvlar name
eormpositae = ———__ Asteraceae ——___sunplower Family
crucigerat, —————_ Brafticaceae ssustard amily
gromineac = Poactat grass somily
guaigerat. ——————_ Ssiaceat St Sona's Wort garnily i
\dloiatoe —————_ Lamia. Ceare ———_—__ mint amily,
\equenino sat —————_ Tabaceat legume qamily
paint ————_ heecaceane pai sarnity,
Umvigthiccrat ————— Aviactae —————_ ‘corny parnily, |
UTIWAR
~eltivoted variety,
~eeeduel of stipicial eelestion or plant breeding
= maintained as Aones oF VinesYW oA AL OA OA oddone oR Oa
WVU UHD Ennai ad aa dd
2 systems of Classi¢ication
% Botanical sysitin - largely based on ane vor a
a i
Flower hype , MOFPHIOGY, and sexual comin
2 Agricuttucal system - Eunchonal_ system.
indicates tne usepWINtss of a plant wor
specitic purpe:
General cassipicchon of Plants “Pese
tAccording to class - monocot or dicot
+ According te Growth Kalit — eros, vines, shrubs, Wes occas allel
sACCOrAING YO Life CYLIt — annUals Cone growing sedsOn) | oi amt io
%y A GEO) , wien Cove sreeS
perennials (persistent yeot POUND nos dormancy stage
eaccording to How MEY reproduce - sexual’ or asexual
Based on walter RequictMents — mesoplaylts , HydroPnYles , KorDPhylES
eSpecial type chassificdhon — parasites , epiphytes , nalophytts
Gaped ptytes)
Agricultural Systern
agronomic cassigication workiteltural_clascigication Ramon Barba
scarce «drug and svegetaolts: = porascivin nitrerte
+ seed Yequenes joeerag es + pris = yor powering oF
+ porage oe gueerte ners fe oCMOMeN AS mango
+ ber oi) prantation TOPS
classification OF Crops
‘ aggicuttorat chastigicaon, = cidn_ in carteanigarale, Cenergy giving)
weet Sega PRN, yeangumed fh Buy etd fem
a. aco
3. Root Crops — souree OF ae i a ae
aa ‘i POSE dksificahon
ar awcekeners — Source OF SUD! Seren manu Ome sean
Soi CHOPS - Sagt ERIOUEREAL SOP)
G Fiver COPS 2 GetEN COOP = eAMPIMON Crop
4. Forage erops = catch /EMEG ANY crop
stor houttuca\ aanifiey carding, to sietitarities in theiF method of wwthure
“=
wv vegans Growtn
\ Dermal Tissues \ Jsttm - grow in {eo i
apical meristtm - gro s
a. Ground Tissues. Lokeral meristem - grou in PRINCESS Of, iertn,
8. Memeular Tees inkeecalony meristem = {eak clongotion
DERMAL TISSUES
Tissues
0
“CONES Bind profecte sat plant aot
= Rls vt HE 3-Dimensional ulk
epidermnis - mechanical protection Se nant
peridtrm - prOlReRWt issues io _tne A= storage of starch
WSENCE OF epidermis partner! sioemge ol dear :
enitenchy ea - Support _clong cred _ sles
VASCULAR TISSUES, sclereneng 9a 7 permonent_sepert
~ for tans port ~ereoctural eupeo™
- dead ok meturity,
xylem - mots food and water down.
PRLoeMM- maVtS food and warte UP
° ~digecnaridt
SReADSE Tucnse + Frustost
rackose ~ golactore + glucose
mmartore ~ qlucost # glocost
Plant organs
\ roots - anchorage and dosorption
a. hem = raise leaves and Sowers
| B.eaves - silt OF photosynthesis
4. MOWERS - Organ for reproduction
+ accessory parts sessentiol parts
“Petals Ccorolia) ~ PIL CqyROECiUM) contains ovary , cigms , ayle
Fo enhance suntight expesurt
=7 Female
sepals Calyx) ~stomen Candrecivm) cortaing anther and flament =? ynale |
~ meepracte
% dovole feflization = a ERE TEANON OF puts
\eapertn 4 egg = 2ygnt (20) = Aeemy, Butte,
bs SPEC & polar owdlti * endosperm (Sn) at oe ——
5. Revit = gatort , cigened ovary egperidivn (cine)
2eR0 Coucurlbitey,
PME Copple , pear’)
~~ partnenocarpy, - Fruit development wikoout Fechlizatig
eo ore CAehiscenty
~indvced Aprmugh auxin, gibloertiling “on:
seeds ~ ripened ovult enclosed ing cetd coat
ports of seeds
= eeNOryo ricropyle
seed GOOF = radicle
= endosperm = plumule
Savion ~Wgpecotl
A hype of seeds
mortrodex (can BE stored ak VON texnperaly rec)
~inkeemediate Cotored under wermenc canditions)
ceeeaicitvont susceptible to Reczing ang dhiling)PHYSIOLOGICAL
MeTaBoLsM - sum of the chemical
tiving organism
= catabolism ( oreaking dawn)
~ anabotism Cbvilding up)
x carbon dioxide absorbed by the stumdto
* water transported via the xylem
x cun-loviag Cheliophytes)
‘ x shade-toving Ceiophytes)
palisade
parenchyma
organization of me enotesyntnenc Apparatus
s mesophytl cells
+ chlomplast
Aylakoids - site of tight machen.
stroma - sike_af dark /earbon_reachon
fonction of PS\ - produce nari
sontorophylls
=zontoins 1 dem of magaesiwm
- strongly absorbs blue ond rtd
funchon OF Pell - cplit wotr and miease electron
co, Reavon PatWays io Plants
ay ~ calvin Benson Oycte
\. Cy Patinws
i parnwouy — Hatch ack Ratnwary -PEP carboxylase
a. Cy .
a cant crasutacean AGA metopalic mm
ca_paraway ~ CaN BENSON CYCLE
stages = :
\ arooxytoKon
a-eeduchon
3p meqenerton
ractors AtrecKng Mnetoayetnes's
a. External Factors w-taeena facts
i saan
aLight agenesc Factor
sTernperatvet ae
+co3 concentration “MeO Pot plank Foes
swind velocity ror onorooynwnares
«pus
snsect Pest sagrouat OF Wat ETHOS
TRANSPIRATION
Nake woes, from plants. io, the form of wate vapor
Montiderd “necessony evil
PROCESSES.
= eubisco of RUBF carboxylase
(N PLANTS:
reachons that take place within cach cell of a
LcHT reacTION C#nylokeid)
rend product ATP2 NADPH
7 by - product + oxygen
+ uses water and light energy
Rhotsystrm Mt -absorbs ed light
~ oxygen —Prelease dectron
mhotysyshrim | -olosortss far-red Night
ecduce NAPE to NADPH
DARK /CARBON/ STROMA agaction
4 C02 fixation and eduction
Ane 4 NADP From Light Feackon
— carbohydrates
STates oF RESPIROWON
‘a GUUCALYSIS
~ocoes in He caghoplasth
b. Krebs Gyelt - Citric Acid cycle
=woppens i@ mitochondrig
C. Eleotron Teds port system CETSY
~ecturs i isMeT_enifachondsia membrane
Foctors affecting Respirator,
sage and Tissue Type
sNemperat urt
soxygen,
scoroon dioxide levels
senysiclogiea’ states of plant or plant
parts
smoisturt content OF Tigers,
Types of Transpiration
scotianlar Respitation
=] &- Lenviovtar {Anszicaon
fe SOMONE Transpiration,ve ee Fe eS
PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN PLANTS
MetaBouism - sum of the chemical reachons that take place within each cell of 0
living organise
- catabolism ( erraking dawn)
~ Anakolism C building up)
x carbon dioxide absorbed by the stemato
water transported via the xylem
-xcun-toving Cheliophytes)
ve shade: toving Ceiapby es)
orgamaton of whe enotesyminetic Apparatys
LIGHT REACTION Cinylakeid)
+ mesophyil cells
s Gapnpiact vend products ATP NAQPH
#aylakoids - site of tight reactor 7 by emavel oxygen,
tiroma ~ tite_ef_dork /earbon_rachon Se ae
function of PE\ - product NADPH ae eee ped Fi ight
Pootysysteim | -alosor'os far-red light
+ onlorophylls
-ontains 1 drom of magnesium eeduce NADPE to NADPH
-steongly absorbs vlc ond red ni jeromnaeeageand
function of PSil - eptit DARK / CARBO! .
funchion of Pst - emit wotr ond mlease electron m/e TE adecn
cb, RedWion Fotnways in Pants nt 4 NADPH From Kight Feachion
= qubises of RUE? carboxylase > carpohyslrates
1 Cy Pathway — calvin Benson Cycle
match OEK Panwa -PEP carborylase
ere ae cid Wetolodlis
- cuiacean At
coals staces oF RESPIRGWON
CAWIN BENSON CYCLE a GINCOLY SIS
ca_pATAWaY ~ COLIN BE ere en
sage ooxytahon be Mreos Gel, ara yg
a-peduchon =woppens i mito cnonatrig
3 Regeneration 6. Elexaron eans Port systim (ETSY
= fee
factors Atreching Pnotosystnesi Piece fittts, Be honda _enembrane
offecting Resp
coment eet we Aeon
eg 3 SNemperaturt
“remecrivet rocnekc fader men
seb coneenitrahon, Si ‘of pland parts *corbon dioxide tevtls
swind velocity wee anorocyNnanes senysiclogical status of plant or plant
+ woker awake ont oF FOE oe :
spust glant content OF “Tissues
suns PEST shmopnit of Mat HOEMONES ips oy elicaws
TRANSPIRATION entionlar Revpicaton
plants in tne form of walter vapor =7 Lentiwlar TWONspicaion,
ewer 10Ks from iv,
~emtidurd “necessary oil e StomMara) Transpiration.MAW WP
MRANSLOCATIEN,
-iovolwes xylem and phtocm
toy te ee
suerlementary notes =
x
what is the Pynchon of PSI =) pmduce NADPH
ROR
Hau d
ao
Light - dependent reaction occurs in what part of the chloroplast => thylak oid
What light wavtlengths or color is normally dbsorbed by the chlorophyll molecult
27 rtd and wlve
wnat is the funchin of Pst 2 -pifs wate und rtlease electrons
A qastour wompound that inhibits cellular espiration at high concentrahin =7 Co2
Site oF glycolysis =) cytoplasm
Which eonditin does not promot high etspicahon rates =7 cried ceeds
A type of transpiration tat accounts for significant wakr loss =7 ‘lumatal
+ Which is nok o C4 plant =I rree
“The primary carbon acceptor in Hatch - clack pathway =7 PEP
The kranz anahmy is found in the leaves of =? CY plants
Te product of glycolysis in higher forme of plants grt =? NADH and ATp
caves
PLANT GRowM REGULaTIM
* What are plant Hormenes : :
= cignal molecules thot carries informakiem between cells to coordinatt growth and development
AUXIN - chmutakt cell entargemtnt Choospert downwards)
GIBBERE LLIN S
GIBBERE LIN S
associated with tiem elongahon
~inereace plant height
CYTDKINING — involved in cell divician
ABSCISIC ACIO - for ceed maturati
= transport upwards
= promotes chloroplast formation —
im ond onti-shess signal
~promotes seed dermancy
ETHYLENE ~ responce to stress and fvit ripening
= promoks senescence in leaves and in Mowers
+ Rice cing a Cy plant produces this first stabit 3-carbon product during phororynthesis
- Not a sink organ jn plants =7 siy expanded? phosphoglycerate
+ Plants with tropical origin Rx carbon dioxide using this =
; apical origin Rx path way =? U% path
_Wancpicakon is minimal in this apecifc omdihim =Pevok-en aaa a