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Crop Science Notes

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2K views10 pages

Crop Science Notes

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Mou OM PRR NNN CROP SCIENCE cae ‘oe are ar 8% ALAS ac’ a ce aa.07 32.8% 42.07 “ar 13.0“ 23.87 B6/ 8° fom nite As 3u-8% quo wee sce gsicr 30% ue Sear Oe tee Om BAT HAZ o* ee a a oa ae 18-AZ 28.87 wOA Neo” qe ja OF 29-58% 2B" BA fo-AZ— ad-AZ 30-A4% 0°07 way edlings from one seed box seansRrring He see ctor braght fe field te another seed 0x =7Prickling ‘easiest method of plant propagaken =? wttage timer gevrel 27 Momordica charant, dor AIP ig prodyeed in Aecin tamper! cytkm if He electron carer #8 FAD 22 arr # of ATP produced ia elycolysis 274 ATP, 1B of ATP produced ia tne formakin oF acetyl CoA 212 ATP. ‘a of ae produced ia Krebs Cyels 224 ATP. fora) # of ATP. produced in the complet cxydation of glvcose fe Coz, and walter via Tucaiysig Aormakin_of GA , krebs cycle ‘and €féchron Transport Systm 2) 9% ATP ol ¢ op ar poaieed in Me compet oxydahen and wate vid the Hexose monophosphate sunt. 2) %6 ATP of glucose te pyrvvic acid = glycotysrs Anal product of glycolyets Deynie_acid compound! dai can ener we ereDs Cycle 57 Acetyl CoA gtycoysis occur io the =) eyteplarm = Krebs cycle occur in tne 2 mitechondna, * Brectron Transpert system car in’ fe D>) mitochondro += deyradahin Each turn motecures. s es how many =? 2 molecules — Pn Baw OB UB A aL A gee GAS we G.KB Gn-DA D8 naA7 gg.AC ae.C 0 HB ATWO! BHA WAL os 84 15.8% B¢¢.0 88% eC? W067 ge. AB WwOS 5 a 3 BM BAAS TOS A 8B Be’ a8. B A ch ct we we Lae aa 7 bo. BCA 10'O% Bo-g/ 1O- BY 1vo-D B 908 ES BAB sy 08 5.08 BH oeidakon ~ removal of electro? Rduchion - addline of electron metabolic pathways by whith organisms niberok chore energy S7 Respicakhon phe low suhstrak availabilhy means [ow eespicahon rakes + respicahion rake sooreases when femperahiry increases up to 30-4S°C role of COs ia respicahien >? inhibits ATP = adenosine friphosphak App - adenosine diphosphak photophosphoryahon fs me synthes of 27 ATP “pin fake place provided photosynrnesis 27 photosynthehic unit amet is me The clirect transfer of phorphake ‘for organic carnpuynds fo nop tS what hype of phosphorylation ? substrate revel ADP te ATP coupling energy from an electron donor to an electron carrier % what type oF phosphorylah'on 7 7 oxidahire # of ATP produced 10 Evecion Transport Civiem a te eleekron_corriee is NAP. 2 ATP WA AW A A A a ea a ae da CROP SCIENCE | AGRICULTURE + involves production oF Plonts and ammals For end Piece + processing . morketing and distritovtion oF agriaultyral products CROP SCIENCE * concerned With tHE doservahon ond classification oF Kenowled ge concerning, economically ‘engorant CARE Swdyor Agficoltyral MOPS 4 4 pee : ywlar oTyANVcens im Hoe RNigRiNes + PLANTS + Exaryoric » SURES eipskoe cies ‘eclonging to Wngsot 7 orice ae evpesis = COMETS - ce C SHUNUSYNRNESTS scoconut grote syarnee CO + corm, + sugercan® emors + plants whic O domesheotd / coinvoted grown Pr progit ws ecqamicaly Jnpockant Fitids oF Cfop Science * ; Agronomy, + deals with yodoetion OF gickd_crops_and sell sHANAQeMEN 2 oa cefers te crops grown On LO cnecale wat requires Witte momaagemen + EtOSIVE commercial production, worticulture + deals | with gorden and plantation crops <1 ioken sive commercial production Plant Breeding -# science driven cmeohve SS doa) eo varieties por chop improvernent, cultivar development » sted development AGRONOMIC CROPS WORTICULTRAL CROPS Cdurale) Cerise) + cereals sroot crops evegetapies Cotericvlture) + legumes s Filer crops sFwit crops CPomotogy) «oil crops + medicinal crops /plants + ornamental crops + sogar crops *Forage crops + Plontation crops | sw eoncumed processed or dried Bkien cocapevecd ea. nigh density calorie, living gral Low ViFamins and minccals ~ Low density colories i Ramé iy Amportance OF COPS Qh vitamins and minerals source OF FOOA ~ Source OF easenol avtrients: source OF peed ~ approximadk |y 36%e of te World's harvested crops are Fed to livestock: cooree oF Fiber for textile ond powrics = source oF TOW mmattsials gor industrial MaNyFacturing source OF revENUES FOM export source oF empioyenent iH WHE VFO aortas NADA ACA a aa ata ded DATA , FACTS , PROBLENS , AND PROSPECTS OF PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURE *30M ha Total land aq Top 5 cMps lcased on 13.42 M pa Cropped ored volume OF production + \ sugarcane 5-corn TOPS crops based on \ond ara Paley 2- Coconut 3. orm 2. palay 3. coconut A. banana. 5. sugarcane Step. eredbe fen ob _tentons Palay —* Central Luzon corn —* Cagayon valley, covonut * Cavao region Sugarcone — western visayas canara —* pavae gio Speer + banang Pineapple 2 Northern mindango + PIocopre . wrrte —* Si i Foucee tobacco FF OCC SKSARGEN Mango — Wocos region Choracterishes oF Philippine Agriculture. -generolly srnall- Scale dependent on manual labor -ROFMETS GLE neterQeNcouSs commercial , SEmi-commmercial, cuLsistence and Jandless Form workers \ssucs and challenges oF Pri: Agriculture sLand -\and Fragmentation C CARP tow) RA S657 s Lalor - better educated people look For more high paying jobs ecapital - Vienited capitalization in agricutturt Clow mechonizarvon) inpracteuctyrt . structure — curl ag es grcuttura\ tnd “7 eduction in gorest cover sResouree loose - expansion OF % spumic spending : 7 + Yrade Policy —taripe and nontaritr barrie strengin oF Philippine Agricole sprovides GOP of about 4-4%e seaotner of many iNuaties ican ‘eect omd indiccel employment — + land aster ee oe om sFEMAINS fo be NOwIE HUMAN Profession spood sewtit Weaknesses OF pripping — Agrieulture stow Adoption Hes oF sechNology ccepert vit Miteriote soon aependeacs 00 imported inputs + prtsence oF “middlemen” in tne seHUIKPIe —_probleens cee ~eoysicad Cetimate change) 3 = wielogion’ Cinceck peed, rysiniogicol disorders) = socio -econgwnic (tow Fash *eomt) eqnono- catturtd= leased Atsign oF dominant cops RRROTTR TATED a SE orrortumhes gor Philippine Agnutture, Threats to Philippine Pious sdiverse agro- eavironment oe oe variety, oF climate cmd soil that ANows pmduction of a wide Noriety, OF crops, Swihole year-round growing period sFeenle / Suitable soils For agrien\tural producton s Farming Families engaged in various agnevttural - related actvihes *Glodalizahon /\mport \beratization ~tnFlux oF cheap ionports ToNCOMPEHAVE emall ZaCtns “Erratic caingall patter e\ntroduchion oF saline wattr RA Buss oe Agricutture and Fisheries Modernization, Ack OF (997 Philippine Agricoltyral Development A author : See. Edgardo Angora =~ ‘production and Morketing Support services Focus oF APMA . Fess bempait a. Research Development ond Extension —or “Poverty alleviation and gxdal equit 3 - \acome enhancement and Paley % Trade and fiscal incennves + global comperitvencss olden + sUstainodbility CLASSIFICATION oF CROPS | Taxonomy - deals with description , identification, nomenclature , Ond elaggipicahon oF organisms Systematics - studies *oxonomy and He evolutionary wistory oF phylogeny oF re | eo me Gren Ranks 3 vomoins of Lire viridiplantae oe chlorobionta S_Domains of LiFe” sinetudes green algae ond 4he 1 Archaea ad} emboryophytes land plants) a+ Bacteria CEuloa! Mee) goutosynnesis, a. ELRATYA CHKorYye! veicarcht ne we Tbs carl a ict Ccorays \innaeus) Binomial nomenciaturr A geVE and specie: G gainer of modern ToXoROMmY species NARIETIES _ ae s gyodivision of species = also colled tookanical varichy - paturolly occuring variant conserved same Never same Nermacvlar name eormpositae = ———__ Asteraceae ——___sunplower Family crucigerat, —————_ Brafticaceae ssustard amily gromineac = Poactat grass somily guaigerat. ——————_ Ssiaceat St Sona's Wort garnily i \dloiatoe —————_ Lamia. Ceare ———_—__ mint amily, \equenino sat —————_ Tabaceat legume qamily paint ————_ heecaceane pai sarnity, Umvigthiccrat ————— Aviactae —————_ ‘corny parnily, | UTIWAR ~eltivoted variety, ~eeeduel of stipicial eelestion or plant breeding = maintained as Aones oF Vines YW oA AL OA OA oddone oR Oa WVU UHD Ennai ad aa dd 2 systems of Classi¢ication % Botanical sysitin - largely based on ane vor a a i Flower hype , MOFPHIOGY, and sexual comin 2 Agricuttucal system - Eunchonal_ system. indicates tne usepWINtss of a plant wor specitic purpe: General cassipicchon of Plants “Pese tAccording to class - monocot or dicot + According te Growth Kalit — eros, vines, shrubs, Wes occas allel sACCOrAING YO Life CYLIt — annUals Cone growing sedsOn) | oi amt io %y A GEO) , wien Cove sreeS perennials (persistent yeot POUND nos dormancy stage eaccording to How MEY reproduce - sexual’ or asexual Based on walter RequictMents — mesoplaylts , HydroPnYles , KorDPhylES eSpecial type chassificdhon — parasites , epiphytes , nalophytts Gaped ptytes) Agricultural Systern agronomic cassigication workiteltural_clascigication Ramon Barba scarce «drug and svegetaolts: = porascivin nitrerte + seed Yequenes joeerag es + pris = yor powering oF + porage oe gueerte ners fe oCMOMeN AS mango + ber oi) prantation TOPS classification OF Crops ‘ aggicuttorat chastigicaon, = cidn_ in carteanigarale, Cenergy giving) weet Sega PRN, yeangumed fh Buy etd fem a. aco 3. Root Crops — souree OF ae i a ae aa ‘i POSE dksificahon ar awcekeners — Source OF SUD! Seren manu Ome sean Soi CHOPS - Sagt ERIOUEREAL SOP) G Fiver COPS 2 GetEN COOP = eAMPIMON Crop 4. Forage erops = catch /EMEG ANY crop stor houttuca\ aanifiey carding, to sietitarities in theiF method of wwthure “= wv vegans Growtn \ Dermal Tissues \ Jsttm - grow in {eo i apical meristtm - gro s a. Ground Tissues. Lokeral meristem - grou in PRINCESS Of, iertn, 8. Memeular Tees inkeecalony meristem = {eak clongotion DERMAL TISSUES Tissues 0 “CONES Bind profecte sat plant aot = Rls vt HE 3-Dimensional ulk epidermnis - mechanical protection Se nant peridtrm - prOlReRWt issues io _tne A= storage of starch WSENCE OF epidermis partner! sioemge ol dear : enitenchy ea - Support _clong cred _ sles VASCULAR TISSUES, sclereneng 9a 7 permonent_sepert ~ for tans port ~ereoctural eupeo™ - dead ok meturity, xylem - mots food and water down. PRLoeMM- maVtS food and warte UP ° ~digecnaridt SReADSE Tucnse + Frustost rackose ~ golactore + glucose mmartore ~ qlucost # glocost Plant organs \ roots - anchorage and dosorption a. hem = raise leaves and Sowers | B.eaves - silt OF photosynthesis 4. MOWERS - Organ for reproduction + accessory parts sessentiol parts “Petals Ccorolia) ~ PIL CqyROECiUM) contains ovary , cigms , ayle Fo enhance suntight expesurt =7 Female sepals Calyx) ~stomen Candrecivm) cortaing anther and flament =? ynale | ~ meepracte % dovole feflization = a ERE TEANON OF puts \eapertn 4 egg = 2ygnt (20) = Aeemy, Butte, bs SPEC & polar owdlti * endosperm (Sn) at oe —— 5. Revit = gatort , cigened ovary egperidivn (cine) 2eR0 Coucurlbitey, PME Copple , pear’) ~~ partnenocarpy, - Fruit development wikoout Fechlizatig eo ore CAehiscenty ~indvced Aprmugh auxin, gibloertiling “on: seeds ~ ripened ovult enclosed ing cetd coat ports of seeds = eeNOryo ricropyle seed GOOF = radicle = endosperm = plumule Savion ~Wgpecotl A hype of seeds mortrodex (can BE stored ak VON texnperaly rec) ~inkeemediate Cotored under wermenc canditions) ceeeaicitvont susceptible to Reczing ang dhiling) PHYSIOLOGICAL MeTaBoLsM - sum of the chemical tiving organism = catabolism ( oreaking dawn) ~ anabotism Cbvilding up) x carbon dioxide absorbed by the stumdto * water transported via the xylem x cun-loviag Cheliophytes) ‘ x shade-toving Ceiophytes) palisade parenchyma organization of me enotesyntnenc Apparatus s mesophytl cells + chlomplast Aylakoids - site of tight machen. stroma - sike_af dark /earbon_reachon fonction of PS\ - produce nari sontorophylls =zontoins 1 dem of magaesiwm - strongly absorbs blue ond rtd funchon OF Pell - cplit wotr and miease electron co, Reavon PatWays io Plants ay ~ calvin Benson Oycte \. Cy Patinws i parnwouy — Hatch ack Ratnwary -PEP carboxylase a. Cy . a cant crasutacean AGA metopalic mm ca_paraway ~ CaN BENSON CYCLE stages = : \ arooxytoKon a-eeduchon 3p meqenerton ractors AtrecKng Mnetoayetnes's a. External Factors w-taeena facts i saan aLight agenesc Factor sTernperatvet ae +co3 concentration “MeO Pot plank Foes swind velocity ror onorooynwnares «pus snsect Pest sagrouat OF Wat ETHOS TRANSPIRATION Nake woes, from plants. io, the form of wate vapor Montiderd “necessony evil PROCESSES. = eubisco of RUBF carboxylase (N PLANTS: reachons that take place within cach cell of a LcHT reacTION C#nylokeid) rend product ATP2 NADPH 7 by - product + oxygen + uses water and light energy Rhotsystrm Mt -absorbs ed light ~ oxygen —Prelease dectron mhotysyshrim | -olosortss far-red Night ecduce NAPE to NADPH DARK /CARBON/ STROMA agaction 4 C02 fixation and eduction Ane 4 NADP From Light Feackon — carbohydrates STates oF RESPIROWON ‘a GUUCALYSIS ~ocoes in He caghoplasth b. Krebs Gyelt - Citric Acid cycle =woppens i@ mitochondrig C. Eleotron Teds port system CETSY ~ecturs i isMeT_enifachondsia membrane Foctors affecting Respirator, sage and Tissue Type sNemperat urt soxygen, scoroon dioxide levels senysiclogiea’ states of plant or plant parts smoisturt content OF Tigers, Types of Transpiration scotianlar Respitation =] &- Lenviovtar {Anszicaon fe SOMONE Transpiration, ve ee Fe eS PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN PLANTS MetaBouism - sum of the chemical reachons that take place within each cell of 0 living organise - catabolism ( erraking dawn) ~ Anakolism C building up) x carbon dioxide absorbed by the stemato water transported via the xylem -xcun-toving Cheliophytes) ve shade: toving Ceiapby es) orgamaton of whe enotesyminetic Apparatys LIGHT REACTION Cinylakeid) + mesophyil cells s Gapnpiact vend products ATP NAQPH #aylakoids - site of tight reactor 7 by emavel oxygen, tiroma ~ tite_ef_dork /earbon_rachon Se ae function of PE\ - product NADPH ae eee ped Fi ight Pootysysteim | -alosor'os far-red light + onlorophylls -ontains 1 drom of magnesium eeduce NADPE to NADPH -steongly absorbs vlc ond red ni jeromnaeeageand function of PSil - eptit DARK / CARBO! . funchion of Pst - emit wotr ond mlease electron m/e TE adecn cb, RedWion Fotnways in Pants nt 4 NADPH From Kight Feachion = qubises of RUE? carboxylase > carpohyslrates 1 Cy Pathway — calvin Benson Cycle match OEK Panwa -PEP carborylase ere ae cid Wetolodlis - cuiacean At coals staces oF RESPIRGWON CAWIN BENSON CYCLE a GINCOLY SIS ca_pATAWaY ~ COLIN BE ere en sage ooxytahon be Mreos Gel, ara yg a-peduchon =woppens i mito cnonatrig 3 Regeneration 6. Elexaron eans Port systim (ETSY = fee factors Atreching Pnotosystnesi Piece fittts, Be honda _enembrane offecting Resp coment eet we Aeon eg 3 SNemperaturt “remecrivet rocnekc fader men seb coneenitrahon, Si ‘of pland parts *corbon dioxide tevtls swind velocity wee anorocyNnanes senysiclogical status of plant or plant + woker awake ont oF FOE oe : spust glant content OF “Tissues suns PEST shmopnit of Mat HOEMONES ips oy elicaws TRANSPIRATION entionlar Revpicaton plants in tne form of walter vapor =7 Lentiwlar TWONspicaion, ewer 10Ks from iv, ~emtidurd “necessary oil e StomMara) Transpiration. MAW WP MRANSLOCATIEN, -iovolwes xylem and phtocm toy te ee suerlementary notes = x what is the Pynchon of PSI =) pmduce NADPH ROR Hau d ao Light - dependent reaction occurs in what part of the chloroplast => thylak oid What light wavtlengths or color is normally dbsorbed by the chlorophyll molecult 27 rtd and wlve wnat is the funchin of Pst 2 -pifs wate und rtlease electrons A qastour wompound that inhibits cellular espiration at high concentrahin =7 Co2 Site oF glycolysis =) cytoplasm Which eonditin does not promot high etspicahon rates =7 cried ceeds A type of transpiration tat accounts for significant wakr loss =7 ‘lumatal + Which is nok o C4 plant =I rree “The primary carbon acceptor in Hatch - clack pathway =7 PEP The kranz anahmy is found in the leaves of =? CY plants Te product of glycolysis in higher forme of plants grt =? NADH and ATp caves PLANT GRowM REGULaTIM * What are plant Hormenes : : = cignal molecules thot carries informakiem between cells to coordinatt growth and development AUXIN - chmutakt cell entargemtnt Choospert downwards) GIBBERE LLIN S GIBBERE LIN S associated with tiem elongahon ~inereace plant height CYTDKINING — involved in cell divician ABSCISIC ACIO - for ceed maturati = transport upwards = promotes chloroplast formation — im ond onti-shess signal ~promotes seed dermancy ETHYLENE ~ responce to stress and fvit ripening = promoks senescence in leaves and in Mowers + Rice cing a Cy plant produces this first stabit 3-carbon product during phororynthesis - Not a sink organ jn plants =7 siy expanded? phosphoglycerate + Plants with tropical origin Rx carbon dioxide using this = ; apical origin Rx path way =? U% path _Wancpicakon is minimal in this apecifc omdihim =Pevok-en aaa a

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