Environmental Engineering

Course Code: 0111440

Credit Hours: 3
Mondays & Wednesdays
(5:00- 6:30 pm)

By
Dr Omayma H. Motaleb Mukhtar
E-mail:
[email protected]
 Lecture3
ENERGY BALANCES
First Law of Thermodynamics
(without nuclear reaction)
“Energy can be neither created nor destroyed”.
(But form changes)- chemical energy in coal can be
changed to heat and electricity power.
 ENERGY BALANCES
• The first law may be expressed as :
𝑸𝑯 = 𝑼𝟐 − 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑾

Where:
𝑄𝐻 = heat absorbed, kJ
𝑈2 & 𝑈1 = internal energy (or thermal energy) of
the system in states 1 and 2
𝑊= work, kJ
 Terminologies &Fundamentals
• Energy is defined as the capacity to do useful work.
• Work is done by a force acting on a body through a
distance.

• One joule (1) is the work done by a constant force of

one newton when the body on which the force is
exerted moves a distance of one meter in the
direction of the force.

• Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of

expanding energy.
 Terminologies &Fundamentals
• Energy Unit : One calorie (cal) is the amount of
energy required to raise the temperature of one
gram of water from 14.5°C to I5.5°C. In SI units
1 caL =4186 J
1 kcal= 4.186 kJ
• The specific heat of a substance is the quantity of
heat required to increase a unit mass of the
substance one degree( metric units is kcaI/kg. K
and in SI units as kJ/kg.K where K is kelvins.
(K = °C + 273.15)
 Terminologies &Fundamentals
• Enthalpy is a thermodynamic property of a
material that depends on temperature, pressure,
and the composition of the material(volume) of
the system. It is defined as: 𝐻 = 𝑈 + 𝑃∀
Where:
𝐻 =enthalpy, kJ
𝑈= internal energy (or thermal energy), kJ
𝑃 =pressure, kPa
∀=Volume, 𝑚3
 Terminologies &Fundamentals
Special case of Enthalpy:
When a non-phase-change process occurs without
a change in volume, a change in internal energy is
defined as: ∆𝑈 = 𝑀𝑐𝑣 ∆𝑇
Where:

∆𝑈= change in internal energy

𝑀 = mass
𝑐𝑣 = specific heat at constant volume
∆𝑇= change in temperature
 Terminologies &Fundamentals
When a non-phase-change process occurs without a
change in pressure, a change in enthalpy is defined
as: ∆𝐻 = 𝑀𝑐𝑝 ∆𝑇
Where:
∆𝐻= enthalpy change
𝑀 = mass
𝑐𝑝 = specific heat at constant pressure
∆𝑇= change in temperature
 Terminologies &Fundamentals
• In equations :
∆𝑈 = 𝑀𝑐𝑣 ∆𝑇 and ∆𝐻 = 𝑀𝑐𝑝 ∆𝑇
Assume that the specific heat is constant over the
range of temperature (∆𝑇 ).
Solids and liquids are nearly incompressible and
therefore do virtually no work. The change in 𝑃∀
is zero, making the changes in H and U identical.
Assume 𝑐𝑣 = 𝑐𝑝 and , so the change in energy
stored in a system is: ∆𝐻 = 𝑀𝑐𝑣 ∆𝑇
 Example1
A person weighing 70 kg requires approximately 2,000
kcal for simple existence, such as eating and sitting in a
chair. Approximately 61% of all the energy in the foods
we eat becomes heat during the process of formation of
the energy-carrying molecule adenosine triphosphate
(ATP). Still more energy becomes heat as it is transferred
to functional systems of the cells. The functioning of the
cells releases still more energy so that ultimately "all the
energy released by metabolic processes eventually
becomes heat" .Some of this heat is used to maintain
the body at a normal temperature of 37 ℃. What
fraction of the 2,000 kcal is used to maintain the body
temperature at 37°C if the room temperature is 20°C?
Assume the specific heat of a human is 3.47 kJ/kg.K.
 Solution-Example 1

Assume that the specific heat is constant over the

range of temperature (∆𝑇 ).
Then, the change in energy stored in the body is:
∆𝐻 = 𝑀𝑐𝑣 ∆𝑇
Given:
𝑀=70kg
𝑐𝑣 = 3.47 kJ/kg.K
∆𝑇= (37°C -20℃)
 Solution-Example 1
Solution:
Note the conversion (K = °C + 273.15)
∆𝐻 = 𝑀𝑐𝑣 ∆𝑇

∆𝐻= (70 kg)(3.47 kJ/kg.K)((37 °C +273.15) –(20 °C +273.15))K

=4,129.30 kJ

Converting the 2,000 kcal to kJ gives:

(2,000 kcal)(4.186 kJ/kcal) = 8,372 kJ

So, the fraction of energy used to maintain temperature is

approximately:
4,129.30 kJ/ 8,372 kJ = 0.49, or about 50%
 Simplest form of Energy Balance
If we say that the first law of thermodynamics is
analogous to the law of conservation of matter, then
energy is analogous to matter because it too can be
"balanced," The simplest form of the energy balance
equation is :
Loss of enthalpy of hot body = Gain of enthalpy by
cold body
 Example 2
The Rhett Butler Peach, Co. dips peaches in boiling
water (100°C) to remove the skin (a process called
blanching) before canning them. The wastewater from
this process is high in organic matter and it must be
treated before disposal. The treatment process is a
biological process that operates at 20℃. Thus, the
wastewater must be cooled to 20°C before disposal.
Forty cubic meters (40 𝑚3 ) of wastewater is discharged
to a concrete tank at a temperature of 20°C to allow it
to cool. Assuming no losses to the surroundings, and
that the concrete tank has a mass of 42,000 kg and a
specific heat capacity of 0.93 kJ/kg.K, what is the
equilibrium temperature of the concrete tank and the
wastewater?
 Solution-Example 2
• Assuming the density of the water is 1000 kg/𝑚3 . The loss
of enthalpy of the boiling water:
∆𝐻 = 𝑀𝑐𝑣 ∆𝑇
• Specific heat for water= 4.186 kJ/kg. K
∆𝐻 =(1,000 kg/𝑚3 )(40 𝑚3 )(4.186 kJ/kg. K)((100°C +273.15
K)- T) = 62,480,236 - 167,440 T
The gain in enthalpy of the concrete tank is:
∆𝐻 = (42,000kg)(0.93 kJ/kg.K)(T - 293.15) =39,060T -
11,450,439

Note that the absolute temperature is:

273.15 + 100 °C = 373.15 K, and
273.15+20 °C =293.15 K
 Solution-Example 2
The equilibrium temperature is found by setting the
two equations equal and solving for the temperature.
∆𝐻𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ∆𝐻𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
62,480,236 - 167,440T = 39,060T - 11,450,439 T
K = °C + 273.15
T= 358 K or ( 358-273.15) ≈ 85°C
 Energy open System
▪ For an open system, a more complete energy balance
equation is:
Net change in energy = energy of mass entering system -
energy of mass leaving system ± energy flow into or out of
system
▪ For many environmental systems the time dependence of
the change in energy (i.e., the rate of energy change) must
be taken into account:
𝑑𝐻 𝑑𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑑𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
= − ±
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 Energy open System
• If we consider a region of space where a fluid
𝑑𝑀
flows in at a rate of and also flows out at a rate
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑀
of , then the change in enthalpy due to this
𝑑𝑡
flow is :

𝒅𝑯 𝒅𝑻 𝒅𝑴
= 𝒄𝒑 𝑴 + 𝒄𝒑 𝑻
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
 Energy open System
• The energy flow into or out of the system may be by
conduction, convection, or radiation.

➢ Conduction is the transfer of heat through a material by

molecular diffusion due to a temperature gradient. Fourier's law
provides an expression for calculating energy flow by conduction:

𝑑𝐻
= rate of change of enthalpy kJ/s OR kW
𝑑𝑡
A= Surface Area
ℎ𝑡𝑐 = thermal conductivity
𝑑𝑇
= change in temperature through a distance
𝑑𝑥
Energy Open System
 Energy Open System
➢Convection: is the transfer of thermal energy by means
of large-scale fluid motion such as a flowing river or
aquifer or the wind blowing. The convective heat transfer
between a fluid at a temperature 𝑇𝑓 and a solid surface at
a temperature 𝑇𝑠 :

𝑑𝐻
= ℎ𝑐 𝐴(𝑇𝑓 - 𝑇𝑠 )
𝑑𝑡
Where ℎ𝑐 = convective heat transfer coefficient, kJ/s.𝑚2 . K,
A =surface area, 𝑚2
 Thank you

Any questions?