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Integration IGCSE Notes

a level integration exercises

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85 views12 pages

Integration IGCSE Notes

a level integration exercises

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asherisboi
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© © All Rights Reserved
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8.1.1: Indefinite Integrals Let F(x) and f(x) be functions such that Jiro = f(a). Then J f(x) de = We write "+c" because F(x) is not the only function with derivative f(x). In fact, there are infinitely many functions with derivative f(x) and they are all written in terms of the arbitrary constant c. Such integrals are also known as indefinite integrals and the solution with the arbitrary constant is known as the general solution. From Chapter 7 Differentiation, we have seen a few rules and we can establish corresponding rules for integration: dy . rule: Ity = x"!, then & = Power rule: If y ther ‘Therefore, ifn # -1, then Je d= 1 Note: The integral ft dx will be discussed in Pure Mathematics 3. + Addition / subtraction rule: Jit + g(2)] d= + Scalar multiple rule: J Kf(x) de = Note: + For the integration of sum of a few terms, clear brackets should be written in the integral + Itis recommended to simplify an expression before integrating, and write the powers of each term clearly. Example 1. Find y in terms of x for each of the following. 8y _ toys oy @ q = lor Or Example 2. Find each of the following indefinite integrals. 2 @ Jsor-neenar ©) fore Example 3. Differentiate (41° — 5)’ with respect to x and hence find froe = 5)° de. Example 4. Differentiate Vix? — 6x with respect to x and hence find J When we are given the derivative of a curve, we can find the equation of the curve by integration. In this ease, the arbitrary constant c can be determined if additional information about the curve (such as the coordinates of a point on the curve) is given. 4 Example 5. Find the equation of the curve, given and a point P on the curve dy _ dy _ ver @ qe th P(1.4) OR aE POD F Example 6, A function f is defined for.x ¢ R and is such that {"(x) = 8 - 2x, The range of the functio {(x) < 20, Find f(x) and sketch the graph of y = f(x). Example 7. Acarve is such hat £2 = 12x + 12. The gradient of the curve at the point (0, 4) is 10. (a) Express y in terms of x. (b) Show that the gradient of the curve is never less than 4. Reverse Chain Rul Let y = (ax+b)", Then by chain rule, g- We can perform reverse chain rule when doing integration. However, reverse chain rule can only be applied if the “inner” function is linear. Jeaxsoy dr = Note: If the function ‘inside’ is not linear, you are not allowed to reverse the process. For example, Joes 1° de Example 8. Find each of the followi 3s 9 J 5 I (es) wo fx 3 de | oe ol eS* @ Jiao) & indefinite integrals. i dw 2 , Example 9, A curve is such that & = , where a is a constant. The point P (2, 14) lies on the curve and the dr Vix+a pe normal to the curve at P is 3y +x = 5. (a) Show that a = 8. BI (b) Find the equation of the curve. 14) [9709 s14.qp13 q6] 8.1.2: Definite Integrals We can evaluate the value of an integral if its limits are given. Such integrals are known as definite integrals. a » Let F(x) and f(x) be functions such that =—[F(x)] = f(x). Then f f(x) de = Here, a and b are values of x. a is known as the lower limit and b is the upper limit. + Itis mandatory to show the working when the limits x =a and.x = b are substituted into F(x). + The arbitrary constant c is not writien as it is cancelled when the limits are substituted into F(x). os J f(x) de = Example 10. Evaluate each of the following definite integrals. 2 x5 — + 8 @ J &) J Se 9 V+20F x Example 11, Differentiate = =.= ped respect to.x and hence evaluate 8.2: Area In this section, we will learn the reason to why the mechanism of integration is the reverse of differentiation and the way we evaluate definite integrals. 8.2.1: Area Between the Curve and the x-axis Consider the region bounded by the curve y = f(x), the x-axis and the vertical lines.x = a and x = b. We denote the area of this region as follows: Let y = f(x) be a curve and let P (x,y) and Q (x + 6x, y + 6y) be two points on the curve. Let 6A be the area the region bounded by the curve y = f(x), the x-axis and the two vertical lines joining P and Q with the x-axis. We can compare 6A with the area of two rectangular strips. sy Wg ythy me s (yr) Fa. As $n 70, sy ytty oy . 2 Rd Ae [yd Example 12. Find the area of the region enclosed by the curve y = 3x”, the x-axis and the lines x = 4 and x = 6. Example 13. yevil+40) ‘The diagram shows the curve y = VI+4x, which intersects the x-axis at A and the y-axis at B. The normal to the curve at B meets the x-axis at C. (a) Find the equation of BC. 15] (b) Find the area of the shaded region. 15] [9709 s13 qpl2 q11] Area Below the x-axis Let f(x) be such that the curve of y = f(x) lies below the x-axis fora g(x) forall x values between a and b. Then we can find the area of R as follows: ‘As we can see, it does not matter whether the curves y = f(x) and y = g(x) lie above or below the x-axis. All we need is to identify the "upper" curve and the "lower" curve. In the case where both f(x) > g(x) and f(x) < g(x) are possible in the interval a 0, and a straight line with equation y =3—x. The curve crosses the x-axis at A (4,0) and crosses the straight line at B and C. (a) Find, by calculation, the x-coordinates of B and C. ta o A(4.0) (b) Show that B is a stationary point on the curve. 21 (©) Find the area of the shaded region. (61 [9709 w20 gp! q12] 5.1: Integration of Functions 5.1.1: Exponential Functions Recall from P3 Chapter 4, we have seen that Gye = A (earidy = » fay Zee ent) = zo Therefore, + fears + fem acs + foraz Example 1. Find the following integrals @ Jera to) fs a Jarsac (frm ar Example 2. Evaluate the following integrals: 2 1 1 (a) fie de (b) ferases ax (©) fie rent ac Example 3. (a) Find foc + 6¢*) dr, where a is a positive constant. 14] ae Example 4. By considering = (re —e*), find the area bounded by the curve y = xe*, the x-axis and the line x = 3. 5.1.2: Functions of the form axed Recall from PI Chapter 8, if n # -1 and a # 0, then + ferace + fasta ax For the case n = —1, we first recall the following result from P3 Chapter 4: . Zany = : Stier») = Therefore, Jee ‘Sass The graph of y = + is defined forx #0, but the first result only holds for x > 0. 4 genni sea were

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