SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING and DIGITAL SCIENCES

Circuits Theory

Chapter 2 – Resistive Circuits

1
 Resistive Circuits
Series Resistances
• A series combination of resistance has an equivalent
resistance equal to the sum of the original resistances

KVL: v=v1 +v2 +v3 = R1 i+ R2 i+ R3 i = (R1+R2+R3 )i= Req i

Req = R1+R2+R3

2
 Resistive Circuits
Parallel Resistances
• A parallel combination of resistance has an equivalent
resistance equal to the sum of the reciprocals of original
resistances

KCL: i=i1 +i2 +i3 = v/R1+ v/R2 + v/R3 = (1/R1+1/R2+1/R3 ) v= 1/Req v

1/Req = 1/R1+1/R2+1/R3

KCL: i=i1 +i2 +i3 = Geq v (G – conductance, [S])

1 Geq = G1+G2+G3 3
 Resistive Circuits
Network Analysis by using Series and
Parallel Equivalents
Network analysis is the process of determining the current,
voltage, and power for each element given the circuit diagram and
the element values. The steps are:
1. Begin by locating a combination of resistances that are in series or
parallel. The best place to start is usually farthest from the source.
2. Redraw the circuit using the equivalent resistance for the combination
found in step 1.
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 until the circuit is reduced as far as possible.
Often (but not always) we end up with single source and a single
resistance.
4. Solve for the current and voltages in the final equivalent circuit. Then,
transfer results back each step and solve for all unknown currents
and voltages. Again, transfer the results back each step and solve.
5. Repeat until all of the currents and voltages are known in the original
circuit.

4
Example: Ladder Resistor Networks

5
 Resistive Circuits
Network Analysis by Using Series and Parallel
Equivalents - 1

6
 Resistive Circuits
Network Analysis by Using Series and
Parallel Equivalents - 2

i1  3 A;
i2  2 A;
i3  1A.

7
 Resistive Circuits
Network Analysis by Using Series and
Parallel Equivalents - 3

Transfer results back

ps=-vsi1 =-(90)  3A = -270 W
v2=Req1i1= 20  3A = 60V (opposite to the passive configuration)

i2=v2/R2= 60V/30 = 2A p1= R1i12 =10(3A)2 =90 W

i3=v2/R3= 60V/60 = 1A p2= v22/R2=(60V)2/30 = 120 W

p3= v22/R3=(60V)2/60 = 60 W
v1=R1i1=10 3A = 30V
ps+ p1 + p2 + p3 =0 – Energy Conservation Law
8
 Resistive Circuits
Voltage Divider - 1
Principle of voltage division:
Of the total voltage, the fraction that appears across a given resistance
in a series circuit is the ratio of the given resistance to the total series
resistance

Req = R1+R2+R3

i=vtotal /Req

v1=R1 i = R1 (vtotal /Req )

v2=R2 i = R2 (vtotal /Req )

v3=R3 i = R3 (vtotal /Req )

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Resistive Circuits
Voltage Divider - 2
R1
v1  R1i  v total
R1  R2  R3
R2
v 2  R2 i  v total
R1  R2  R3

10
 Resistive Circuits
Voltage Divider - 3

R1
v1  vtotal
R1  R2  R3  R4
1000
 15
1000  1000  2000  6000
 1.5V

What are v 2 , v 3 and v 4 ?

11
 Resistive Circuits
Voltage Divider - 4

R1
v1  vtotal
R1  R2  R3  R4
1000
 15
1000  1000  2000  6000
 1.5V
v1  1.5V ;
What are v 2 , v 3 and v 4 ? v2  1.5V ;
v3  3V ;
v4  9V . 12
 Resistive Circuits
Current Divider
Principle of current division:
For two (only) resistances is parallel, the fraction of the total current
flowing in a resistance is the ratio of the other resistance to the sum of
two resistances. [If more than two in parallel, they must be combined
only to two in the circuit.]

1/Req = 1/R1+1/R2+1/R3

Req = (R1 R2)/(R1 + R2)

v=Req  itotal
i1=v/R1 = [R2/(R1 + R2)]  itotal
i2=v/R2 = [R1/(R1 + R2)]  itotal

G1
i1  itotal ;
G1  G2
G2
i2  itotal
G1  G2 13
 Application of the Current Division Principle
v R2
i1   itotal
R1 R1  R2
v R1
i2   itotal
R2 R1  R2

60 1
i2  5  3 A;
RR 30  60 Req 20 30  60 3
Req  2 3   20 i1  is  15  10A
R2  R3 30  60 R1  Req 10  20 30 2
i3  5 1 A
G1 30  60 3
i1  itotal ;
G1  G2  G3
G2
i2  itotal ;
G1  G2  G3
G3
i3  itotal 14
G1  G2  G3
 Resistive Circuits
Current and Voltage Divider Example

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 Resistive Circuits
position transducer potentiometer (Voltage Divider Example)
A transducer produces a voltage proportional to a physical quantity of interest
(such as distance, pressure, temperature, … )
Moving (sliding) contact

K is sensitivity of the device [ Volts / degree ]

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 Resistive Circuits Analysis
• Series/parallel equivalents and the current/voltage division principles are not sufficient to
solve all circuits ‐ the general approach is to apply Kirchhoff equations
• Example: 6 unknowns; 3 KCL (N‐1) and 3 KVL equations
(below is the same circuit drawn in a different way)
• Systematic methods simplify equations compilation and
reduce the linear equations system order
• Those systematic methods are:
Node Voltages analysis (Метод Узловых Потенциалов)
Mesh Currents analysis (Метод Контурных Токов)

8 vertices (nodes)
12 edges (resistances)

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 Resistive Circuits
Node Voltage Analysis - 1
Example: (note positive polarity at the head of the arrow)

Variables: node voltages -

V2 and V3

Reference node

For unknown Vx , using KVL for the loop with the unknown
-V2 + Vx + V3=0 Therefore, the voltage across any floating element
Vx = V2 - V3 is the difference between node voltages -
Vy = V2 – V1 ; Vz = V3 – V1
• Ohm’s law is used to find currents when node voltages are known

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 Resistive Circuits
Node Voltage Analysis - 2
• To find the current flowing out of node n through a resistance
towards node k, we subtract the voltage at node k from voltage at
node n and divide the difference by the resistance between the nodes

• We apply KCL, adding all the currents leaving (entering) node n

and setting the sum to zero

• Repeat the same for all independent nodes in the circuit

• Straightforward for multiple current sources and “grounded” voltage

sources (common reference node)

• More tricky if there are “floating” voltage sources (supernode)

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 Resistive Circuits
Node Voltage Analysis - 3
We use KCL to write an equation at each node.
v1 v1  v2
Node 1:   is
R1 R2
v2  v1 v2 v 2  v3
Node 2:   0
R2 R3 R4
v3 v3  v 2
Node 3:   is
Three equations, three unknowns R5 R4
(G1  G2 )v1  G2 v2  is ; G1  G2  G2 0  v1   is 
 G2 v1  (G2  G3  G4 )v2  G4 v3  0;  G G  G  G  G  v    0 
 2 2 3 4 4   2  
 G4 v2  (G4  G5 )v3  is  0  G4 G4  G5  v3   is 

Matrix form: GV  I
V  G 1I 20
 Resistive Circuits
Node Voltage Analysis - 3

G1  G2  G2 0  v1   is 
 G G  G  G  G  v    0 
 2 2 3 4 4   2  
 0  G4 G4  G5  v3   is 

Circuit equation in Standard Form:

 g11 g12 g13  v1  i1 
g g g  v   i 
1. Circuit must contain only resistances and  21 22 23   2   2 
independent current sources g31 g32 g33  v3  i3 
2. Diagonal terms of G  sum of conductances
connected to corresponding node GV  I
3. Off diagonal terms of G  negative conductance
between connected nodes V  G 1I

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 Resistive Circuits
Node Voltage Analysis - 4
Node 1: v1  vs
v2  v1 v2 v2  v3
Node 2:   0
R2 R4 R3
v3  v1 v3 v3  v 2
Node 3:   0
R1 R5 R3
Two equations, two unknowns

(G2  G4  G3 )v2  G3v3  G2 v1 G2  G4  G3  G3  v2  G2v1 

 G3v2  (G1  G5  G3 )v3  G1v1  G    v   G v 
 3 G1 G5 G3  3  1 1
Matrix form: GV  I
V  G 1I
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 Resistive Circuits
Solving the Network Equations
• Once we have written the equations needed for the node voltages we
put equations into standard form

• We group the node-voltage variables on the left-hand side of the

equations and place terms that do not involve the node voltages on the
right-hand sides

• Then we can solve for the node voltages by variety methods, such as
substitution and determinants, MATLAB etc.

• I recommend on-line solver WIMS that is capable of making parametric

(symbolic) calculations –

https://wims.univ-
cotedazur.fr/wims/wims.cgi?session=621653AE07.1&+lang=en&+modul
e=tool%2Flinear%2Flinsolver.en&+method=matrix&+cmd=resume

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 Resistive Circuits
Solving the Network Equations – WIMS - 1
• WIMS numerical example – insert numbers and press “Solve”

• Check the system – is it indeed what you want to solve?

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 Resistive Circuits
Solving the Network Equations – WIMS - 2
• WIMS parametric (symbolic) – example 1

• Check the system – is it indeed what you want to solve?

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 Resistive Circuits
Solving the Network Equations – WIMS - 3
• WIMS parametric (symbolic) – example 2

• A powerful tool

• There may be no solution at all

• If there is no unique solution – infinite set of solutions (matrix A rank

is less than its size), WIMS will prompt about the structure of the
solutions’ family

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 Resistive Circuits
Solving the Network Equations

• Example

Solve using WIMS or Matlab 27

 Resistive Circuits
Node Voltage Analysis - Circuits with Voltage Sources - 1

• For this circuit it is impossible to

write a current equation in terms
of the node voltages for every
node because of the floating
voltage source
• The circuit requires to form a
supernode

• The supernode is formed by drawing a dashed line around several

nodes, including the elements (voltage sources) connected between
them
• The modified KCL for supernodes: The net current flowing through any
closed surface (enclosed by dash lines) must equal zero

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 Resistive Circuits
Node Voltage Analysis - Circuits with Voltage Sources - 2

• The modified KCL for

supernodes: The net current
flowing through any closed
surface (enclosed by dash lines)
must equal zero.
• Note v3 = -15 V because node 3
connected to the negative
terminal of the source

• Then, for the supernode enclosing the 10-V source, we sum currents
leaving the supernode surface through one of the resistors

v1 v1   15 v 2 v 2   15
   0
R2 R1 R4 R3

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 Resistive Circuits
Node Voltage Analysis - Circuits with Voltage Sources - 3

• Note, we obtain linearly

dependent equations if we
use all the nodes in writing
current equations, i.e., if we
would use current equations
for both supernodes (they
comprise all 4 nodes of the
circuit)
• To avoid dependency we can v2  v1  10
use KVL (clockwise sense) to
the loop that include the
v1 v1   15 v2 v 2   15
voltage source    0
R2 R1 R4 R3
• These two equations form an independent set that can be used to
solve for v1 and v2

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 Resistive Circuits
Node Voltage Analysis - Circuits with Voltage Sources - 4
Exercise 2.13 (Page 91 - 92)

• To solve for three voltages any two of

the following three KCL equations can
be used (one supernode and two normal
nodes, including the reference node)

• Node 3 equation
v 3  v1 v 3  v 2 v
  3 0
R2 R3 R4 Reference
• Supernode (1,2) equations node
v1 v1  v3 v2 v 3 v1  v2  10
  1
R1 R2 R3
• If node 1 or 2 is selected as ground (reference), the solution does not require
supernode

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 Resistive Circuits
Node Voltage Analysis - Circuits with Dependent Sources - 1
• Write KCL equations at each node, including the current of the controlled source the same
as if it were an ordinary current source (independent node):

v1  v 2
 is  2i x
R1
v2  v1 v 2 v2 v 3
  0
R1 R2 R3
v3 v 2 v3
  2ix
R3 R4
• Then use one additional equation for the dependent source current
value ix in terms of node voltage
v3 v 2
ix 
R3
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 Resistive Circuits
Node Voltage Analysis - Circuits with Dependent Sources - 2

Substitution yields:
v1  v2 v v
 is  2 3 2
R1 R3
v2  v1 v2 v2 v 3
  0
R1 R2 R3

v3 v 2 v3 v3 v 2
  2
R3 R4 R3

Three equations, three unknowns

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 Resistive Circuits
Mesh Current Analysis - 1 (Метод Контурных Токов)

• Applying KVL to the loops with Applying KCL to the node:

normal branch currents:
i3  i2  i1
Combined equations:

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 Resistive Circuits
Mesh Current Analysis - 2

• If a network contains only resistances and independent voltage sources, we can write the
required equations by following each current around its mesh and apply KVL
• i1 and i2 are mesh currents, normally chosen to flow clockwise (CW)
• When several mesh currents flow through one element, we consider the current in
that element to be algebraic sum of the mesh currents
• The current in R3 (referenced downwards) is i3 =i1 - i2 and v3 = R3 i3
• You can write down mesh current equations right away as

 R1  R3  R3   i1   v A 
 R 
 3 R2  R3  i2   vB 
35
 Resistive Circuits
Mesh Current Analysis - 3
• Mesh current analysis advantages seen for more complex networks

• Note actual current direction in the common resistor for two meshes

• For example, if current in R2 referenced to the right, then i2 is algebraic

sum i1 - i3, if to the left, then i3 - i1

• After solving for mesh currents, actual currents may take negative actual
values for selected reference directions

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 Resistive Circuits
Mesh Current Analysis - 4

Using this pattern for mesh 1

R2 i1  i3   R3 i1  i2   v A  0 R1i1  R2 i1  i4   R4 i1  i2   v A  0

For mesh 2, we obtain: R5i2  R4 i2  i1   R6 i2  i3   0

R3 i2  i1   R4 i2  v B  0
R7 i3  R6 i3  i2   R8 i3  i4   0
For mesh 3, we have:
R2 i3  i1   R1i3  v B  0 R3i4  R2 i4  i1   R8 i4  i3   0
37
 Resistive Circuits
Mesh Current Analysis - 5

RI  V
I  R 1V

 R1  R3  R3   i1   v A 
 R 
 3 R2  R3  i2   vB 

- 150  20 i1  10 (i1 - i 2 )  0 30 i1 - 10 i 2  150

10 (i 2 - i1 )  15 i 2  100  0 - 10 i1  25 i 2  - 100

i1  4.23 A What is the total current flowing

i 2  - 2.31 A through the 10  resistor ?

38
 Resistive Circuits
Mesh Current Analysis - 5

RI  V
I  R 1V

 R1  R3  R3   i1   v A 
 R 
 3 R2  R3  i2   vB 

- 150  20 i1  10 (i1 - i 2 )  0 30 i1 - 10 i 2  150

10 (i 2 - i1 )  15 i 2  100  0 - 10 i1  25 i 2  - 100

i1  4.23 A
i 3  i1 - i 2  4.23  2.31  6.54 A
i 2  - 2.31 A
39
 Resistive Circuits
Mesh Current Analysis - 6

You can write down mesh current equations

right away –

 R1  R2  R4  R4 0  R2   i1  v A 
  R4 R4  R5  R6  R6 0  i   0 
  2    
 0  R6 R6  R7  R8  R8  i3   0 
    
  R2 0  R8 R2  R3  R8  i4   0 

40
 Resistive Circuits
Mesh Current Analysis with Current Sources - 1

• Classic mesh current analysis – voltage sources

• Analysis for current sources is dual for node voltage analysis with voltage
sources
• Current source in an individual mesh explicitly defines respected mesh current
(dual to a grounded voltage source that defines a node voltage)

• Example – mesh 1 current is equal to current source current

i1  2 A
• KVL is applied to mesh 2
10(i2  i1 )  5i2  10  0
i2  2 / 3A  0.666A 41
 Resistive Circuits
Mesh Current Analysis with Current Sources - 2

• How do we write KVL for meshes 1 and 2 that have common current source?
• Supermesh – combination of meshes 1 and 2
• KVL is applied to the supermesh first 1* i1  2 * i1 i3   4 * i2  i3   10
• Then KVL is applied to mesh 3 3i3  4i3  i2   2i3  i1   0
• Then for the current source :
i1  i2  5
• Finally, we can define all of the mesh currents from these equations

42
 Resistive Circuits
Mesh Current Analysis - Controlled Current Source Example

• Supermesh equation
•
 20  4i1  6i 2  2i 2  0
• Finally, we can define all of the mesh currents from these equations
i1  i2  
vx
and v x  2i2 i1  i2 / 2
4
i1  1 A
i2  2 A
43
 Infinite 2D Network
 Infinite 2-Dimensional network
with one edge eliminated
 Guess what is the equivalent
resistance between terminals A
and B?
 Infinite 2D Network
 Infinite 2-Dimensional network with
one edge eliminated
 Guess what is the equivalent
resistance between terminals A and
B?
 1 Ohm
 It is easier to calculate the
equivalent resistance for the
symmetric infinite net than for a finite
one
 For a finite one, we will have to write
and solve MCA / NVA equations
 What will be the equivalent
resistance between terminals A and
B if the edge between A and B is not
deleted?
 Finite Symmetric 2D Network - 1
 Now consider a finite net
 To find equivalent resistance,
there are 2 options:
- to connect voltage source and
calculate current
- to connect current source and
calculate voltage
 We will first use voltage source
and MCA to find the source
current
 Guess - the equivalent resistance
will be larger than that for the
infinite net (>1 Ohm) or smaller
(<1 Ohm)?
 Finite Symmetric 2D Network - 2
 We will connect voltage source
and make first Mesh Currents
Analysis

 Enumerate cells and select CW -

clockwise – positive mesh current
directions
 Finite Symmetric 2D Network - 3
 Write Mesh Currents Analysis
equations
 Positive directions are CW

4 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0   i1   0 
0 0 0
 1
 4  1 0  1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0   i2   0 
0  1 4 0 0  1 0 0 0 0 0 0   i3   0 
    
 1 0 0 4  1 0  1 0 0 0 0 0   i4   0 
0  1 0  1 3  1 0 0 0 0 0 0   i5   1 
    
0 0  1 0  1 4 0 0  1 0 0 0   i6   0 

0 0 0  1 0 0 4  1 0  1 0 0   i7   0 
    
0 0 0 0 0 0  1 3  1 0  1 0   i8   1
0 0 0 0 0  1 0  1 4 0 0  1  i9   0 
    
0 0 0 0 0 0  1 0 0 4  1 0  i10   0 
    
0 0 0 0 0 0 0  1 0  1 4  1 i11   0 
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  1 0  1 4  i12   0 
 Finite Symmetric 2D Network - 4
 Solve mesh current equations
and analyze the solution (Matlab,
WIMS, Wolfram etc)

3 3
i1  i3  A; i10  i12   A;
49 49
5 5
i4  i6  A; i7  i9   A;
49 49
7 7
i2  A; i11   A;
49 49
22 22
i5  A i8   A
49 49

44
is  i5  i8 A;
49
v 49
Req  s    1.11
is 44
 Finite Symmetric 2D Network - 5
 Large systems of linear equations require large computation (processor) time
(curse of dimensionality - проклятие размерности) and may compromise a
solution accuracy
 The number of equations may be reduced based on symmetry considerations
that were not used so far
 We will show how to reduce the number of equations making use of:
- Horizontal symmetry (around horizontal axes H) – 6 equations instead of 12
- both Horizontal and Vertical symmetry (around axes H and V) – 4 equations
 Finite Symmetric 2D Network - 6
 Let’s make use of horizontal axis H anti-symmetry (odd symmetry)

 4  1 0  1 0 0   i1  0
 1 4  1 0  1 0  i  0
  2   
 0  1 4 0 0  1 i3  0
     
  1 0 0 5  1 0  i4  0
 0  1 0  1 3  1 i5  1
    
 0 0  1 0  1 5  i6  0

 To account for anti-symmetry, we use

 Mesh 4: i4  i7 ;
i5  i8 ;
i6  i9
 Mesh 6:
 Finite Symmetric 2D Network - 7
 Let’s make use of horizontal axis H anti-symmetry (odd symmetry)

 4  1 0  1 0 0   i1  0
 1 4  1 0  1 0  i  0
  2   
 0  1 4 0 0  1 i3  0
     
  1 0 0 5  1 0  i4  0
 0  1 0  1 3  1 i5  1
    
 0 0  1 0  1 5  i6  0

 The solution
3
i1  i3  A;
49 44
5
i4  i7 ; is  i5  i8 
49
A;
i4  i6  A;
49 i5  i8 ; v
Req  s 
49
  1.11
7 is 44
i2  A; i6  i9
49
22
i5  A
49
 Finite Symmetric 2D Network - 8
 Next, let’s make additional use of vertical axis V symmetry (even symmetry)
 To make the circuit vertically symmetric, split 2 resistances, voltage source
and select ground (reference node)
 Due to the symmetry, points C and D have zero potential (voltage), therefore,
they can be connected by ideal conductor
 Finite Symmetric 2D Network - 9
 The left and right halves become totally “decoupled”

 The circuit to be analyzed is reduced to

 Finite Symmetric 2D Network -
10
 We end up with 4 meshes instead of the original 12
 Mesh current analysis equations

4 1 1 0   i1   0 
 1 2 0  1 / 2  i   0 
  2    
 1 0 5  1  i4   0 
    
 0  1 / 2  1 3 / 2  i5  1 / 2

 The solution - 3
i1  i3  A;
49
7 44
i2  A; is  i5  i8 A;
49 49
5 v 49
i4  A; Req  s    1.11
49 is 44
22
i5  A
49
 Finite Symmetric 2D Network - 11
 Now we will connect a current
source and make Node
Voltages Analysis

 Enumerate nodes and select a

node with zero voltage (ground)
 Finite Symmetric 2D Network - 12
 Write Node Voltages Analysis equations
 Node B voltage is zero
 Node voltages matrix; the right half 15x1 vector is all zeros with 1 on the 8th
place
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1 2.5 ‐1 ‐0.5 ‐1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 ‐1 2.5 0 0 ‐1 ‐0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 ‐0.5 0 2.5 ‐1 0 0 ‐1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 ‐1 0 ‐1 4 ‐1 0 0 ‐1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 ‐1 0 ‐1 4 ‐1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 ‐0.5 0 0 ‐1 2.5 0 0 ‐1 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 ‐1 0 0 0 3 ‐1 0 ‐1 0 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 0 ‐1 0 0 ‐1 3 0 0 ‐1 0 0 0 0
9 0 0 0 0 0 ‐1 0 0 3 0 0 0 ‐1 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 ‐1 0 0 2.5 ‐1 0 0 ‐0.5 0
11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ‐1 0 ‐1 4 ‐1 0 ‐1 0
12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ‐1 4 ‐1 0 ‐1
13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ‐1 0 0 ‐1 2.5 0 ‐0.5
14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ‐0.5 ‐1 0 0 2.5 ‐1
15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ‐1 ‐0.5 ‐1 2.5
 Finite Symmetric 2D Network - 13
 Solve node voltage equations
and analyze the solution (Matlab,
WIMS, Wolfram etc)
 Finite Symmetric 2D Network - 14
 Large systems of linear equations require large computation (processor) time
(curse of dimensionality - проклятие размерности) and may compromise a
solution accuracy
 The number of equations may be reduced based on symmetry considerations
that were not used so far
 When making use of Horizontal symmetry (around horizontal axes H) – 9
equations instead of original 15 1 1 1
2
1

 To account for the symmetry, use

1 1 1 1

1 4 1 5 1
3 6

1 1 1 1

1 1
A 1A B
H 7 9
8

1 1 1

10 13
11
 Finite Symmetric 2D Network - 15
 Let’s make use of horizontal axis H symmetry (even symmetry)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 2.5 ‐1 ‐0.5 ‐1 0 0 0 0 0
2 ‐1 2.5 0 0 ‐1 ‐0.5 0 0 0

3 ‐0.5 0 2.5 ‐1 0 0 ‐1 0 0
4 ‐1 0 ‐1 4 ‐1 0 0 ‐1 0

5 0 ‐1 0 ‐1 4 ‐1 0 0 0

6 0 ‐0.5 0 0 ‐1 2.5 0 0 ‐1
2
7 0 0 ‐2 0 0 0 3 ‐1 0 1 1 1 1

8 0 0 0 ‐2 0 0 ‐1 3 0
1 1 1 1
9 0 0 0 0 0 ‐2 0 0 3
1 4 1 5 1
3 6

1 1 1 1

1 1
A 1A B
H 7 9
8

1 1 1

10 13
11
 Finite Symmetric 2D Network - 16
 Let’s make use of horizontal axis H symmetry (even symmetry)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1
2
1
1 2.5 ‐1 ‐0.5 ‐1 0 0 0 0 0
2 ‐1 2.5 0 0 ‐1 ‐0.5 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
3 ‐0.5 0 2.5 ‐1 0 0 ‐1 0 0 1 4 1 5 1
3 6
4 ‐1 0 ‐1 4 ‐1 0 0 ‐1 0
5 0 ‐1 0 ‐1 4 ‐1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
6 0 ‐0.5 0 0 ‐1 2.5 0 0 ‐1 1 1
A 1A B
7 0 0 ‐2 0 0 0 3 ‐1 0 H 7 9
8
8 0 0 0 ‐2 0 0 ‐1 3 0 1 1 1
9 0 0 0 0 0 ‐2 0 0 3
10 13

 The solution 11

 Equivalent resistance
 Finite Symmetric 2D Network - 17
 Next, let’s make additional use of vertical axis V symmetry (odd symmetry)
 How to make the circuit vertically symmetric – to have zero (ground) potential
at vertical axis V?
 Replace the floating current source by 2 grounded current sources
 Then due to the symmetry the point on vertical axes have zero potential
(ground)
1 1/2 1/2 2
2
1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1
4 5
1 4 1 5 1
3 6
3 6
1/2 1/2

1 1 1 1

1 1
A 1A B 7 9
H 7 9
8
8

1 1 1

1A 1A
10 13 10 13
11 11 12
 Finite Symmetric 2D Network - 18
 Next, let’s make additional use of vertical axis V symmetry (odd symmetry)
 How to make the circuit vertically symmetric – to have zero (ground) potential
at vertical axis V?
 Replace the floating current source by 2 grounded current sources
 Then due to the symmetry the point on vertical axes have zero potential
(ground) V
1 1/2 1/2 2 1 1 1/2

1 1

4 5 1 4

3 6 3
1/2 1/2 1/2
1 1

1
A
7 9 H 7
8 8

1 1

1A 1A 1A
10 13 10
11 12 11
 Finite Symmetric 2D Network - 24
 NVA matrix and right half vector
1 3 4 7 8
1 3.5 ‐0.5 ‐1 0 0 0 V
3 ‐0.5 2.5 ‐1 ‐1 0 0 1 1 1/2

4 ‐1 ‐1 5 0 ‐1 0

7 0 ‐2 0 3 ‐1 0 1 1

1 4
8 0 0 ‐2 ‐1 3 1
3
1/2
1 1
 The solution
1
A
H 7
8

1 1

1A
10
11
 Resistive Circuits
Bonus Problems
• We considered 3x4 cells case
• Extra problems – 5x4 (below); 3x6 (below); 5x6; 5x8, 7x6 …

65
Thanks for your attention and
Good Luck!