UNIT-3 What is a Linear System? System — An entity which acts on an input signal and transforms it into an output signal is called the system. Linear System — A linear system Is defined as a system for which the principle of superposition and the principle of homogeneity are valid. Superposition Principle The principle of superposition states that the response of the system to a weighted sum of input signals is equal to the corresponding weighted sum of the outputs of the system to each of the input signals. Therefore, if an input signal x:(t) produces an output signal y;(t) and another input signal x2(t) produces an output y2(t), then the system is said to be linear if, T[ax1(t)+bx2(t)]=ay2(t)+by2(t)tlaxl (t) +bx2(t) J=ayl (t) +by2 (t) Where,a and b are constants. Types of Linear Systems Linear systems can be of the following two types — Linear Time-Invariant [LTI] System Linear Time-Variant [LTV] System Linear Time Invariant (LTI) System A system which is both linear and time-invariant is called the linear time- invariant. system. In other words, a system for which both the superposition principle and the homogeneity principle are valid and the input-output characteristics of the system do not change with time is called linear time invariant (LTI) system.Therefore, for an LTI system, the output for a delayed input [x(t -to)] must equal to the delayed output [y(t -to)], i.e., Yy(t,to)=y(t-to)y (1, 10) =y(t-10) (tty) system Y(taty) = (tty) X(tly) = It means that if the input to the system is delayed by (to) units, then the Corresponding output will also be delayed by(to) units. Also, for a linear time-invariant system, all the coefficients of the differential equation describing the system are constants. Linear Time-Variant (LTV) System A system which is linear but time-variant is called the /inear time-variant system. In other words, a system for which the principle of superposition and homogeneity are valid but the input-output characteristics change with time is called the linear time-variant (LTV) system. Therefore, for a linear time variant (LTV) system, the output of the system corresponding to the delayed input signal [Ie.,x(t -to)] is not equal to the delayed output [y(t -to)], I.e., y(t,to)eqy(t-to)y (t, t0) eqy(t-t0) y X (Lalo) = X(teLp) system Y(tto) # y(t) It means that, if the input to an LTV system is delayed by (to)(tO) units, then the corresponding output will not, be delayed by exactly (to)(t0) units. Also, for a linear time variant (LTV) system at least one of the coefficients of the differential equation describing the system vary with time.ONIT —lY ANALYSIS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS Linear time Invariank sytem CLT sy em) Io A tenhnuny or Crtucte time system 4 Soul to be Uneor time invaonb Sy sem, rh ob Sods trer bots liven fy ond “Anne tpvenon [= property , Tre pole Retponve > the Rernante fhe item fo Om onelied tropolty -G& @lled * tropule veaponte” ok the Yytteo Csntinun time sytem hd Drderele hme eyktom 7 hus) Can der On LTE MY Mein io BL ET) hut) ave) hwy aA) on : ‘| s4aiero Yip = Luo ain) GET) OT age! | @ Se = ww). ey TS See} arrey + {um ( ney hue) ole eahson uv yeakimabally debinas 07 OoNaWVHI Entel” a) yu = ak) & hey =) AWE) Syren Ky = wk it yiky = alee WU Tay ET yO meishdy hb suet (0 Ye) = Key) HO) wt Hes) AS) xy) id Nemo Hyer Funthenn” 4 Hy Ber, Areh & Gl we TE MO : iw, ap ue dake Fountr on Uferm ad hey we ger the deo ter Fun eho, Of tha wavttro, Discrele Hime aye = 6m) hin oy Sy | mt Ve) S4 Hern Me 2 Ylny = Trt]be tov en Any hansl ALA) Gan oo atm 2 HW binky co © Yo) = 7 jaw] co a | Tr Mw any | \c= co a x { he] ae a? yey) = Fath) Rew) \e- Yin) = Maye heey Convolubm Fecmule bv Dirteete bone Sy are ant oe hon) Z ——Tonpulie Reepanee of 0 Sy Slee Oo the Response of te Kyo fev on impuly Glled oa im pulie rerponye ob the BARI. hw, ste Greneelly rnpuly reqnonsye Go be repremfad . + h wk) lex = ube hY Yb) = ask) hu) Ye) = KW) to) wy Trim ter tum chen ek a tir, é z' [wo J = Wk) = Depule Poepon te Hee = 2. x oy =aPropertrey Ho Con volute: Cen kdler -two RAMol ALY orl ath), the Csnvolvtm oh thee tuo hanalr & given bY @ AVE) HE) = ( ae) wT) ay co GW) Comoutetus property t- AWE Ath = WO ark) aly Derbys Property 2 ae [asw+asts | = ag lhe astke) fp AW AE), ai) Reaocradte be per o— au) (vce ean] c (aiid ky fe ayy 3) Gime ShiFhng Property So aioe a = HH ae WET) = SEN) NUT) WAH oS Ck) athe) % tk) a elk)wy) corvoludrns wits rool Pe ee Cen © one J ate) GEM AT = 2h) a \ wer WD yale do Gaede tm ate) ak) et eh Cena Corcade al musta} sal wut oo yorallel os ule) awd ‘aE — hee ira fren aw =kFerd ke Con voludim eh bol losing hanaty © MU) = raat) SA atk uu QO awa & uw 5 MIS & ule) Sel: Cen volutrm ef hao banal Afb) ad my 4 Heo oo 4 ALLE) HM) = i ayer) ate AT 0° i lk _ WM arse” Uy 5 nue 2 t* uy oo 7 =k) AUK) Re) = i} Sow) ea et) AT me uw) ————— ae @ * oe UleT+ b) & MOK = { gen ste) dy oOat (eg. fe - 4 ferret] W #20 allem) 2b [eter] veg 6 Me) = BU) mtty = HUY ath) % AE) = ce mee) wen) aT “(2 MID AKL) = te iG 2 iM aru) (Ev) Ulet) Ae ee & kK J a (eat) At = yin” dl “ee 3 we BS 420 kw = Uke t 7ai) att eCorb vty 5 my =U & Awe wh = f acy) WET) ar —% . =f osrue vue) at te dv aye = aonb uly re aero eM EULA YD te Corson, & L Car dt -[wrr], = &nk 5 bo ay) BUH CW = J ACUTE) ca te > —ar . J Sum ev certty) at te ult) a ee ular sy) A a i tt Rts ve 43kd | any az —Mked Z a fyee ) ] tw 23 AE) fe te = Ty a) anne ay ey BO unt R ad) = ak oy ° UT) UE) se MED = f wuld ez vier) AT po —e k 2k an : rene dy = gthfee™ de! iW 0 i ke ok = (vet et | mi 0 mk ee ee seal REO ge ~ break a eS Mey Ade = zane eee vGyraphi@s re preentebuo { teavolytm = (Fad He amethed atk) = Ulk+2) sie ua = act) # KO kiy = ceavolv hee eh te dollesingy Senate 4 gperhvtal v( k=) “we /- yw ate) hub ark) Gk ye) = MOF hy @) hye AO se %© e {aw huest) AY i en) ALT) AY ee —e% = Uk) = v(tt2) 4 ee wer @: Go plo acer) : mH) aut) at) t = lo WAS To Plot NG) = EX): her) at —_,[ —, hud = VFS) her) = UCY-3)her) —— j+ —3 0 * hoed EE La _ e-3 Y el k-3 A aoe OP, | pred) HET) oo &-3 yu = i ay he dy = i dv 1) —_ —0o 2 L b3t2 = £-/ whi Ee | k yw 2 0 theo K< G4) when E> | (ww) 4 =<(ED vUet) =rine) the Grovelvtsen tk Hr follostng Grads ey gaphrtl woetiod - ayee tow hig = UlETS) wl yw = ney NE CO hug MY cy = (Pacey hoes) at ow) { heyy aceaidy —00 te BQ «plo ALT) * te ab oe ut nev) <2" 0) 4® — % pub REM) hey < UES) her) = ULV) “i Nealwy: A [ato a Pct) ol pas x Gedo: hen EAS KO CY *S-3 ater CET) wee NR. G43 10 " oo yu < { au heey dt 20 Ghey E<-3. Ue candy the He) KD aT) Commas | ar 5 ° E43 or | we hen AED = —av eee al on yor fo eed abe 3, = 3 0! —uMHt \ a y | then ¢ 2 ——0 when &<- Yin = ana a — bY tC ise 7) hen £78, = x= pARSEYAUS THEOREM wary Uo the ne ry ka 7 por sevallt thence Foul hramstom , gayeal wma be Obtained ests ts help oh 2 Hin means thee ovccording fe parteval's trier, JoMgg? inl , energy oh Bal wnlBouk Kenosig dutytame odoweun, Qreeks Lal be a Bama MtE/ nig ih Pousiee jeomebarm =X U9) tg energy Eb Signal ,teprnd oo eo e= | arte) dk = { muy. ey Ae oe = eT Tn vex Freer prams tos at U wettm = jer act) ate e [xo] = dar i e da = Ce e ae) {a \ xf) ede avo } dt —o eo ° d ko Ee feo | J \" mt) od mar | i uk, ny) = \ mace eit dt aelt8) = _ [mel Ae — ~ _co c - a | xGe xcie) de Hz Reel Sarah NO, by Poustey aeteng Fo) (fod and x(Ju) are Com flex Conguant tel (49 =, Gy) Ved . oR. to Week xo), xlge) = Re) FOS) Kj) dw) = \ ngur| , : “e a Ep be WV? [eam d ae ida. ce Cilac at a [adel ab bey Geant SAP pcetevel [sree a ony ae —————Filler Chavacen su of Linea systems 3 re ard BRE chovotten sh Tk powes all Prenuney ble a vejeols @) ocenuaty Cdl LPF, HPF, & deal Las pou bl ee 3 forty os| or ctefk brequenty: Orel ctor frequen cu. for units cakekb breguenty 1 RMS {rool exr- Lo pos bi . sop none pated 7 <— stopborol > lo Be wo eval igh pou flier: Te pws oll fremeneet oon rarets wale cab obt qreeuiensy, TRO) or ocddenurtey ether fee qnen Oe. ex: deal trgh pau Erie wits a a woke | LEMS.