RATTANCONVENT SCHOOL

PHYSICS PROJEGT FILE

TOPIC:
TRANSFORMERS
CONSERVATOR TANK BREATHER

LOW VOLTAGE
MAIN TANK BUSHES

TANK COVER
COOLING
TUBES

DRAIN OFF

SUBMITTED TO8 SUBMITTED BY:

MR.VINOD NAME HARSH
CLASS XIIA

ROLL NO.
 CERTIFICATE
It is to certify that HARSH of class

XII-A, RATTAN cONVENT SCHOOL

has comnpleted his project file under
my supervision, He has taken proper
care and shown utmost sincerity in

completion ofthis project.

I certify that his project isupto ny

expectations as per the guidelines

issued by C.B.S.E.

MR.VINOD
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
would like to express my
I

special thanks of gratitude to

my teacher MR. VINODWho gave
methe golden opportunity to do
thiswonderful project on the
topic TRANSFORMERS, while
working on this project icame
to know about somany new
things.
Secondly i wouldalso liketo
thank my parents and friends
whohelped me a lot in finalizing
this project within the limited
time frame.
HARSH
CLASS: XII A
 INDEX

INTRODUCTION

PRINCIPLE

CONSTRUCTION

THEORY ANDWORING
EFFICIENCY

ENERGY LOSS

USES

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION
Atransformer is one of the most common devices
found in electrical system thatlinks the circuits which
are operating at different voltages. These are
commonly used in applicationswhere there is a need
of AC voltage conversion from one voltage level to
another.

It ispossible decrease or increase the

either to
voltage and currents by the use of transformer in AC
circuits based on the requirements of the electrical
equipment or device or load. Various applicationsuse
wide variety of transformers includingpower,
instrumentation and pulse transformers.

In a broad, transformers are categorized into two

types, namely, electronic transformers and power
transformers.Electronic transformers operating
voltages are very low and are rated at low power
levels. These are used in consunmer electronic
equipment like televisions, personal computers,
CD/DVD players,and other devices.

The term power transformer is referred to the

transformers with high power and voltage ratings.
These are extensivelyused in power generation,
transmission, distribution and utility systems to
increase or decrease the voltage levels. However, the
operation involved in these two types of transformers
is same.
PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMERS
A transformer is based on

the principle of mutual induction,

i.e.,whenever the amount of

magnetic flux linked with a coil

changes, an emfis induced in the

neighbouring coil

Transformer Core

Np
Turns
Ng
Turns

Primary
Current l41
Secondary
Current

Primary Secondary

Leakage
Flux

Primary Secondary
Winding Winding
Magnetic Flux = m
www.electricaltechnology.org
CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of primary and secondary coils
insulated from each other, wound on a soft iron core.
To minimize eddy current a laminated iron core is
Used. The a.c. input is applied across the primary coil.
The continuously varying current in the primary coil
produces a varying magnetic flux in the primary coil,
which in turn produces a varying magnetic flux in the
secondary. Hence, an induced emf is produced across
the secondary.
Let EP and ES be the induced emf in the primary and
secondary coils and NP and NS be the number of
turns in the primary and secondary coils respectively.
Since same flux links with the primary and secondary,
the emf induced per turn of the two coils must be the
Same.

SoftIron Core

P S

Input
R Output
A.C.

P S
THEORY AND WORKING
The working of the transformer is explained below.
The transformer consists of two separate windings
placed over the laminated silicon steel core.

Primary Secondary
winding winding
Npturns Ng turns
Primary Magnetic
current Flux. Secondary
current

Primary
voltage
Vp Secondary
voltage
V's

1. Transformer
Core

The winding to which AC supply is connected is called

primary winding and to which load isconnected is
called secondary winding as shown in the fig. below.
It works on the alternating current only because an
alternating flux isrequired for mutual induction
between the two windings.
When the AC supply is given to the primary winding
with a voltage of vl, an alternating flux sets up in

the core of the transformer, which links with the

secondary winding and as a result an emf is
of it,

induced in it called Mutually induced emf. The

direction of this induced emf is opposite to the
applied voltage vl, this is because of Lenz's law.

Metal core
Secondary
Primary Coil
Coil

Pover
supply

Physically,there no electrical connection between

is

the two windings, but they are magnetically

connected. Therefore, the electrical power is

transferred from the primary circuit to the secondary

circuit through mutual inductance. The induced emf in

the primary and secondary coil depends upon the

rate of change of flux linkage i.e., (Nd/dt).
do/dt is scme for both the
the change of flux and is

primary and secondary coils. The induced emf in the

primary winding is directly proportional to the
number of turns of primary coil. Similarly,induced
emf in the secondary coil directly proportional to the
number of turns in the secondary coil.

TRANSFORMER ON DC SUPPLY: -
As discuSsed above, the transformer works on AC
supply, and it can not work on DC supply. If the
rated dc voltage is applied across the primary coil, a
constant magnitude flux will set up in the core of the
transformer and hence there will be no self-induced

emf generation, and as for the linkage of flux with

the secondary coil there must be alternating flux not
a constant flux.
 According to OHM'sLaw: -

PRIMARY CURRENT DC APPLIED VOITAGE

RESISTANCE OF PRIMARY COIL

The resistance of the primary coil is very low, and the

primary current is high. So, this current is much higher
than the rated full loaded primary coil current.
Hence, as a result, the amount of heat produced will

be greater and therefore eddy current loss will be

more. Because of this, the insulations of the primary
coil will get burnt, and the transformer will be

damaged.
Turn ratio: -

It is defined asthe ratio of no of turns in the primary

coilto that of the secondary coil.

Turn ratio =Ni/N2

If N2>N the trcansformer is called step up
transformer.

If N2<N the transformer is called step down

transformer.
Transformer Efficiency
The Efficiency of the transformer is defined cs the
power to the input power. The
ratio of useful output
input and output power are measured in the same
unit. Its unit is either in Watts (W)or
KW.Transformer efficiency is denoted by n.

output power output power

=
input power output power +losses

output power
=
output power +iron losses +copper losses

V,l,Cosq, + R+ P
Where.

•V-Secondary terminal voltage

h-Fulload secondary current

• Cost2-power factor of the load

•P,-Iron losses =hysteresis losses +eddy current losses

•P-Fulload copper losses =lR

Energy losses in a transformer
Even though transformers are very efficient machines,
they do result in small energy losses due to four main
Causes:

The resistance of windings -The low resistance

copper cable used for the windings remains resistant
and thus leads to heat loss. In order to minimize this
loss thick wires with considerably low resistance are
Used.

-
Leakage of flux If the core design is not good then
the flux produced by the primary coil may not all be
connected to the secondary coil. This can be reduced
by considering the core of shell type.

Eddy currents loss -The varying magnetic field not

only induces secondary coil currents but also iron core
currents themselves. In the iron core, these currents
flow in small circles and are termed as eddy currents.
The eddy current loss can be minimized by
considering the laminated core.

-
Hysteresis This is because of the repeated iron
core magnetization and demagnetization induced by
the alternating input current. By using alloys such as
silicon steel, this can be reduced.
USES OF TRANSFORMER

Power Transformers: These kinds of transformers

are used for high voltage power transfer

applications (more than 33 KV). They are usually
bigger in size and can occupy larger space.

Distribution Transformers: These types of

transformers are used to distributethe generated
power to distant locations. It is used for distributing

electricity at low voltage that is less than 33 KV in

220-440 V for household purposes.

industry or
Measurement Transformers: This kind of uses of
transformer helps in measuring voltage, current, and
power, etc.
According to the place of use, transformers are
classified into:

Indoor Transformers: These are covered with roofs

and shelters just like the industry types.

Outdoor Transformers: These are mainly kept

outside and are Used as distribution type
transformers.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

i. www.wikipedia.com
ii. wwW.vedantu.com
iii. www.byjuys.com
iv. www.brainly.com
V. www.meritnation.com
vi. wwW.quora.Com
vi. www.jagaranjosh.com
viii. www.sciencehub.com
ix. wwW.sciencevilla.com
x. wwW.phy12.com