Republic of the Philippines
CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
Calabanga | Pasacao | Pili | Sipocot
Data Presentation
❖ Methods
Objective:
At the end of this unit, the students should be able to present
the data using the different methods.
TEXTUAL METHOD
This method presents in a narrative or paragraph form. The
data are within the text or of the paragraph. This form may not get
the immediate interest of the reader. However, it can present a more
comprehensive picture of data because of further written
explanation of its nature.
TABULAR METHOD
This method presents the collected data in table which are
orderly arranged in rows and columns for an easier and more
comprehensive comparison of figures.
Guidelines in the construction of a table:
1. Every table must be self explanatory.
2. Title should be clear and descriptive. It should give information about
what, where, how and when the data were taken.
Example:
a) Obscure: Demographic Data
b) Better: Demographic Data of Applicants for College
c) Too verbose: Demographic Data of High School Graduates
Applying for Admission to the University
Guidelines in the construction of a table:
3. Each characteristic may be summarized and compared separately by
using percentage or any other appropriate procedure.
STUDENTS’ SEX AND ATTENDANCE TO KINDERGARTEN
SEX KINDERGARTEN
MALE FEMALE ATTENDED DID NOT ATTEND
280 220 330 170
56% 44% 66% 34%
4. Each column should be properly labeled.
Guidelines in the construction of a table:
5. Footnotes should be placed when necessary at the bottom of the table
to briefly explain details of the given information.
SAMPLE DATA OF INFORMATION ON FIVE STUDENTS
No. Sex1 Age2 Attendance to GSA Score4 Aptitude Test
Kindergarten3 Score5
1 1 17 1 542 94
2 0 16 0 495 92
3 1 16 1 617 115
4 0 17 1 586 110
5 0 16 0 509 102
Guidelines in the construction of a table:
1 Male (1); Female (0)
2 Rounded off to the nearest year (Ex. 16 years & 7 months is rounded
off to 17 years
3 Attended Kindergarten (1); did not attend (0)
4 Generalscholastic aptitude score. It has a mean of 500 and a
standard deviation of 100
5 Converted into a standard score with a mean of 100 and standard
deviation of 15
GRAPHICAL METHOD
Presentation of data in the form of a graph or diagram. An
attractive form of presenting data to the readers.
❑LINE GRAPH
❖ Shows the relationship between two or more sets of quantities.
❖ It is appropriate for a variable that varies with time.
❖ Involves plotting the data on a rectangular coordinate system. Usually,
the time component is plotted along the x-axis while the corresponding
observation is plotted along the y-axis.
❖ Used for comparison purposes.
Guidelines in the construction of line graphs:
1. Title of the graph must be descriptive and clearly stated. It is placed
below the graph so that it will not interfere with the curves or lines on
the graph.
2. X and y axes should be scaled and labeled with the variables they
represent.
3. Sources and footnotes should be provided when necessary.
4. Zero point should be shown. Equal spaces should be scaled for the
units they represent.
5. The graph should not be loaded with too many curves.
❑BAR GRAPH
❖ Consists of a vertical or horizontal bars of equal widths. The lengths of
the bars represent the magnitudes of the quantities being compared.
❖ Most appropriate for comparing data taken at a particular time.
Example:
1. Percentage passing of different courses in board examinations for a
particular year.
1. Enrollment of the different colleges in a university for a particular
school year.
Guidelines in the construction of bar graphs:
1. Title of the graph should be clearly stated.
2. Note the smallest and largest numbers in the given data. Select a
unit of length such that the longest bar will occupy around ⅔ of the
page for the graph.
3. Length of the bar must be proportional to the numbers they
represent.
4. If space is placed between bars, they should be uniform width and
each must not be more than ½ of the width of the bar.
5. All designations or notations on the vertical and horizontal axes
must be indicated.
6. Show the zero point.
❑PIE CHART OR CIRCLE GRAPH
❖ Appropriate in comparing the parts with the whole. Whole may be
designated as 100% and represents the whole pie.
❖ Different shades may be used for the different items in the graph.
❑PICTOGRAPH OR PICTURE GRAPHS
❖ Actual pictures or facsimiles of the objects under study are used to
represent values.
❖ Each figure is considered a unit representing a definite number.
❖ Used to compare the sizes of items or objects among countries,
institutions, agencies and the like.
Guidelines in making the graphs:
1. Symbols used must be self-explanatory. If data are about
televisions, then pictures of televisions may be drawn; if data are
about rice, the pictures of sacks of rice may be used.
2. Use legends to represent the number of units in a picture.
3. Some pictographs may show only approximate values.
4. Fractional parts are represented by parts of the figure.
Thank you!
Maricris dlP. Tapar
Instructor
