TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

LUMBINI ICT CAMPUS

Gaindakot-4, Nawalpur

Lab report on:

Geographical Information System

Submitted by: Submitted to:

Name: Krishna Tiwari
Faculty: BCA
Semester: Eighth
PRACTICAL NO: 1
TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO ArcGIS

ArcGIS, developed by Esri, can be used for data management, analytics, and
visualization, while in each function it has geographical locations in consideration. An
overview of how ArcGIS works and what its key elements are exists:

ArcGIS Core Functions:

i. Data Capture and Management: ArcGIS enables capturing geographic data from a
multitude of sources, including GPS devices, through remote sensing, or by importing
data from external databases.

ii. Mapping and Visualization: The key feature of ArcGIS is to generate detailed,
personalized maps. It can overlay any number of layers in relation to topography,
population density, land use, or any other geographic information.

iii. Spatial Analysis: It offers the most advanced sets of analysis tools available to study
patterns, trends, and relationships in geography.

iv. Geoprocessing: Geoprocessing is the ability of ArcGIS to manipulate spatial data,

hence creating new information. Examples include buffering to produce zones around the
features; clipping, in which specified data is extracted; and merging datasets.

v. Data Sharing and Collaboration: ArcGIS can easily facilitate sharing maps and
geographic information with any other person in various formats, whether in printed maps
form, PDFs, or web-based interactive maps.
ArcGIS Components:

I. ArcGIS Desktop: It is the core application suite for professional GIS users,
consisting of ArcMap, ArcCatalog, and tools in ArcScene.
II. ArcGIS Pro: The newest 2D and 3D line desktop application comes with even more
powerful tools, better performance—all backed with modern user interface support. It
has a wide use for editing data, conducting spatial analysis, and producing maps.
III. ArcGIS Online: It is a web-based application for making and sharing maps, apps,
and spatial data from any device. With it, you get access to ready-prepared spatial
datasets, create web maps from scratch, and also construct story maps for public
sharing.
IV. ArcGIS Enterprise: This version is aimed at organizations that require on-premise
deployment of GIS. It provides advanced capabilities for the management of large
spatial databases, analytics, and secure access to GIS services.

What makes ArcGIS so useful: Examples of industries where ArcGIS is used:

I. Urban and Regional Planning: It involves the design of infrastructure, analysis of

zoning patterns, and land use management.
II. Environmental Management: For wildlife census, conservation management, and
natural resource audit.
III. Transportation: Optimization of routes, analysis of traffic trends, and improvement of
the logistic process.
IV. Public Health: In tracking outbreaks of diseases, assessing access to healthcare services,
and responding immediately to emergencies.

Real-World Applications:

I. Urban Development: Planners use ArcGIS in the display of zoning, land use, and
development infrastructure.
II. Environmental Monitoring: Scientists interpret environmental data to monitor changes
in ecosystems and wildlife habitats.
III. Public Health: Mapping disease outbreaks and identifying regions most in need of
resources.
IV. Disaster Response: Emergency services use GIS in material deployment and evacuation
planning.
PRACTICAL NO: 2
TITLE: MAPPING DISTRICTS, MUNICIPALITIES IN THE MAP
OF NEPAL
Steps
1. Open ArcGIS and add a new project.
2. Obtain shape files of Nepal’s districts and municipalities from a reliable source
or create them if they are not available.
3. In ArcMap or ArcGIS Pro, go to the Add Data option to import the shape file
of Nepal.
4. Once the data is added, use the Symbology panel to assign unique colors to the
districts and municipalities to distinguish them clearly.
5. Save the map by exporting it as a PDF or an image for further use.
PRACTICAL NO: 3
TITLE: MAPPING THE NATURAL RESOURCES IN THE MAP OF
NEPAL
Steps:
1. Download or gather shape files or relevant data for the natural resources in
Nepal, such as water resources, forests, and minerals.
2. Open the map of Nepal created in Step 2, then add a new layer with the natural
resource data using the Add Data function.
3. Use the Symbology tool to represent different resources with various symbols
or colors for easy identification.
4. Customize the appearance of the natural resources on the map using Labeling
options.
5. Save or export the map showing natural resources.
PRACTICAL NO: 4
TITLE: MAPPING ADMINISTRATIVE AND POLOTICAL
BOUNDARIES OF OUT COUNTRY
Steps:
I. Download or obtain shape files or data about natural resources in Nepal, such as
water resources, forests, and minerals.
II. Open again the map of Nepal from Step 2, and using the Add Data option add the
natural resource data as a new layer.
III. Use the Symbology tool to represent the resources in various colors or images of
resources so that they may be differentiated with ease.
IV. Customize how natural resources display on the map by selecting Labeling options.
V. Save or export the natural resources map.
PRACTICAL NO: 5
TITLE: MAP OF NEPAL WITH MUNICIPALITIES
DISTRIBUTIONS AND DISSOLVES IT INTO DISTRICT &
PROVINCE RESPECTIVELY
Steps:
I. Download or scan shape files or data regarding water resources, forests, and
minerals.
II. In Step 2 again, open the map of Nepal; with the help of the Add Data option,
insert the natural resources data as a new layer.
III. Represent resources with different colors or images of resources so that they may
easily be distinguishable with the help of the Symbology tool.
IV. Customize how natural resources display on the map, including Labeling options.
V. Save or export the natural resources map.
PRACTICAL NO: 6
TITLE: CLIP TWO DIFFERENT DISTRICTS ON YOUR OWN
PERFORM MERGE OPERATION BETWEEN THEM
Steps:
I. Dotted any two districts on the map of Nepal.
II. Use the Clip tool from the Geoprocessing toolbox: Set one of the districts as an
input feature and the other district as a clip feature.
III. Once clipped, run the Merge tool in the Geoprocessing toolbox. Under Input
Features, add the districts that were just clipped to be merged into one.
IV. Save the merged feature as a new shape file.
PRACTICAL NO: 7
TITLE: PERFORM UNION BETWEEN TWO DIFFERENT CLIPPED
DISTRICTS AND THEN PERFORM INTERECTION OPERATION
BETWEEN THE CLIPPED DISTRICTS AND SINGLE DISTRICT

• Union:
Steps:
1. Use the Union tool from the Geoprocessing toolbox.
2. Input the two clipped district layers from the previous step as the input features.
3. Run the operation to combine both districts and preserve the attributes of both.

• Intersection:
Steps:
1. Use the Intersection tool from the Geoprocessing toolbox.
2. Input the previously clipped districts along with another single district for
intersection.
3. Run the intersection operation to find the overlapping area between the districts.
PRACTICAL NO: 8
TITLE: SHOW THE ATTRIBUTE TABLE AND IDENTIFY THE
RESULT OF UNION AND INTERSECTION AND DISSOLVE
OPERATION
Steps:

1. After performing the union and intersection, right-click on the new feature layers
and select Open Attribute Table.
2. The union operation's attribute table will contain combined attributes from both
input layers, showing the spatial extents and new geometries created from the union.
3. The intersection operation's attribute table will display only the overlapping areas
of the input features and the corresponding attributes.
4. Analyze the attribute tables to observe changes and results after each operation.
• Union:

• Intersection:

• Dissolve: