FILTRATION

by: BUDI KAMULYAN

FILTERING BACKWASHING
PROCESS PROCESS
 Floating material
(wood, leaves, etc)
Particles found in
Suspension particle surface water
Colloidal particle

Algae
Particle
Virus Bacteria Classification

10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 1 m
o
1A 1mm 1 mm 1 cm 1m

Partikel size
(Source: Presentation materials by ElgaBerkefeld-VeoliaWater, 2009)

100
Reverse-
osmosis

Nano-
Filtration ability
10
filtration

Ultra-
filtration
1 Mikro-
filtration Filtration

0,1
10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 1 10 100
(Source: Wegelin etal. (1991) in Lin etal., 2006)
 PROCESS DEFINITION

Allowing water flow through granular filter with a certain size and depth of media
Filtration is the most a polishing step to remove small flocs or precipitant particles
not removed in the settling of coagulated or softened waters.
Under certain condition, filtration may serve as the primary turbidity-removal
process, e.g., in direct filtration of raw water. Although filtration removes many
pathogenics organisms from water, filtration shoulds not be relied upon for
complete health protection.
FILTRATION UNIT OF
KARANGPILANG II WTP
PDAM SURABAYA
FILTRATION
PROCESS
MECHANISM
 Straining

 Sedimentation

 Flocculation

 Biological process

 Chemically
 DESIGN PARAMETERS

Available media may be:

Too fine  low flow,

 productivity decrease
 high maintenance.

Too coarse  microorganisms

or
 fine particle difficult to be filtered
GRAIN SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION
is determined from a sieve analysis

The size frequency parameters that are used to characterize

the media of filtration are :

Uniformity coefficient, U,
which is the ratio of the P60 and P10 value
U = P60 / P10

Effective size, ES,

which is the 10th percentile value, P10
ES = P10
TYPICALLY GRAIN SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION OF FILTER MEDIA

Slow sand filter :

1) effective size 0,15 - 0, 35 mm and
uniformity coefficient 2,00 (Salvato, 1982)
2) effective size 0,25 - 0,35 mm and
uniformity coefficient 2,0 - 3,0 (Al-layla, 1980).

Rapid sand filter :

1) effective size 0,50 - 0, 70 mm and
uniformity coefficient 1,50 - 2,00 (Salvato, 1982)
2) effective size 0,45 - 0,55 mm and
uniformity coefficient < 1,5 (Al-layla, 1980).
Grain size of media layers :

1 1
..d 
2
. .D2
4 80

or : D < 4,5 d d

where :

D = the coarser media,

d = the finer media.
 Kriteria filter dan kategori tanah yang ditahan (USBR,1994)
Kategori % lewat ayakan Jenis tanah yang 1)Kriteria filter
tanah #200 (<0,074 ditahan
mm)

1 >85 Lanau dan D15 F 2)

9
lempung halus d 85 B
2 40 – 85 Pasir, lanau,
lempung, pasir D15 F  0,7mm
lanau dan pasir
lempung
3,4)
3 15 – 39 Pasir lanau, pasir ( 40  A )* 4d 85 B  0,7mm )
lempung dan D15 F  0,7mm 
kerikil 25
4 <15 Pasir dan kerikil D15 F 5)
4
d 85 B
Keterangan :
1) Filter memiliki ukuran partikel maksimum 2 mm, dan maksimum 5% lolos ayakan No.200 (0,074 mm).
Untuk menjaga agar permeabilitas cukup baik maka nilai
D15F > 5 D15B namun tidak boleh ada partikel yang ukurannya < 0,1 mm.
2) Apabila nilai 9 D85B < 0,2 mm, digunakan 0,2 mm.
3) A = % lewat ayakan No.200.
4) Untuk kategori 4, nilai D85B ditetapkan dari nilai kurva gradasi tanah yang dilindungi tanpa disesuaikan
dengan partikel yang > 4,75 mm.
Sumber : artikel dalam http:/www.scholar.lib.vt.edu.
DEPTH OF FILTER MEDIA

Typically :

0,45 - 0,90 m (Salvato, 1982),

0,60 - 0,75 m (Peavy, 1986),
0,75 - 0,90 m (Sing, 1980),
0,90 - 1,10 m (Punmia, 1979),
1,00 - 1,50 m (Al-layla, 1980).
 FILTER SURFACE CLOGGING

Indicators:
 Decreasing in the discharge operation,
 Decreasing in the discharge head in the filter media.
( More than 90% of total head loss occur at the surface of filter
media in the one third of media depth.
The remaining head loss is distributed below that layer )

For the slow sand filter :

is caused by : forming of biologic film (schmutzdecke)
at the surface of filter media
 accumulation of particle filtered

For the rapid sand filter :

is caused by : stratification of filter media after backwashing
 accumulation of fine filter media
at the surface
 HEADLOSS IN FILTER BED

hL 31  evs2  1  e  vs
2
 f  ff  3  by Carman-Kozeny
4 gde  e  dg
3
L

where :
hL = headloss setinggi media filter,
L = tinggi media filter,
ff = constante due to Reynold’s number,
1 e
e = pore number, f f  150 k
g = acceleration due to gravity,
Re
 = shape factor, v sd
Re 
d = particle diameter, 
vs = velocity,
Re = Reynold’s number,
 = dynamic viscocity,
k = constant = 1,75 (Ergun, 1952)

hL 150  1  e vs 1  e vs2
2

then :  k 3
L g e 3
d 2
e dg
 RATE OF FILTRATION
dc c = partikel concentration,
  c …..(1) y = distance from filter surface,
dy  = filter coefficient.

Integration of the equation, with boundary condition of c = 0 and y = 0,

resulting:
c  co e  y …..(2)

Mass balance during filtration : inlet – outlet = accumulation

 c  
v.c.dt  v c  dy dt  .dt .dy
 y  dt
c 1 
  . …..(3)
y v dt

  y
Combining eq. (1) & (3), resulting:  v. .c o .e
dt
 = specific deposit
Slow Sand Filter (4) Rapid Sand Filter (4)
Slow Sand Filter (1) Rapid Sand Filter (1)
1) Good for water turbidity of < 50 mg/l, and 1) Generally apply for highly turbid water
very efficient once the turbidity < 10 mg/l,
If water turbidity kekeruhan > 50 mg/l, filter
will clog during 1 to 3 days)

2) Filtration rate : 2) Filtration rate :

100 - 250 l/m2/hour (Salvato, 1982), or 1.700 - 3.300 l/m2/hour (Salvato, 1982), or
100- 400 l/m2/hour (Al-layla, 1980) 4.000 - 5.000 l/m2/hour (Al-layla, 1980), or
5.000 - 15.000 l/m2/hour (Hofkes, 1983)
3) Uniformity coefficient of 2,0 and
Effective size of 0,15 - 0,35 mm (Salvato, 3) Effective size of 0,45 - 0,55 mm and uniformity
coefficient of 1,50 (Al-layla, 1980),
1982), and uniformity coefficient of 2,0 - 3,0
and Effective size of 0,25 - 0,35 mm (Al-layla, Effective size of 0,50 - 0,70 mm and uniformity
1980). coefficient of 1,50 - 2,00 (Salvato, 1982)
( smaller media will better,
but clogging will faster, more expensive
operation)

4) Media depth of 0,45 - 0,90 m (Salvato, 1982) 4) Media depth of 0,60 - 0,70 m (Salvato, 1982), o
or 1,00 - 1,50 m (Al-layla, 1980) deeper,

5) Gravel is used for supporting media with thw 5) Gravel is used for supporting media with the
depth of about 0,30 - 0,50 m Depth of of about 0,38 - 0,60 m, and coarse san
with the depth of about 0,075 m and 0,8 - 2,0
mm effective size.
Slow Sand Filter (2) Rapid Sand Filter (2)

Media layers Depth (cm) Grain Size (mm) Media Media Depth (cm) Grain size Media
layers (mm)

0,45 - 1,50 m 0,15 - 0,35 mm Sand 0,60 - 0,70 m 0,45 - 0,55 mm Sand

0,075 m 0,8 - 2 mm Coarse

sand

0,05 - 0,08 m 2 - 5 mm Gravel

0,03 - 0,05 m 2 - 7 mm Coarse 0,05 - 0,08 m 5 - 12 mm Gravel

sand

0,05 - 0,10 m 8 - 15 mm Gravel

0,08 - 0,13 m 12 - 20 mm Gravel

0,10 - 0,15 m 15 - 30 mm Gravel

0,08 - 0,13 m 20 - 38 mm Gravel

0,10 m 50 -100 mm Gravel

0,13 - 0,20 m 38 - 65 mm Gravel
 Slow Sand Filter (3) Rapid Sand Filter (3)

6) Under drain system

6) Under drain system : pipe system (lateral perforated pipe
connected to manifold and used also for
Small filter : Backwashing operation
pipe system (lateral perforated pipe with
diameter 100 - 300 mm and The total cross section area of lateral system
distance 1,00 - 3,00 m is connected to of about 0,3 - 0,5 % of the filter area,
manifold)
The total cross section area of lateral pipe of
about 3 times the strainer area, or 3 times
material : plastic, PVC, concrete,
of the total area of lateral pipe,
Galvanized iron
The cross sectin area of manifold pipe of
about 1,5 – 2,0 times total cross section
area of the lateral pipe

Big filter :
To distribute backwash water, floor plate
floor plate supported by concrete block equipped with strainer is used and placed in
or porous concrete structure the distance range of 0,20 m each other
Small filter unit :

material : plastic pipe,

PVC pipe,
concrete pipe,
Galvanized iron pipe
Big filter unit : floor plate supported by concrete block or porous concrete structure
strainer is made of plastic, porcelain or metal placed at the
concrete plate is used in order to distribute backwash
water. Distance between strainer is 0,20 m
Slow Sand Filter (4) Rapid Sand Filter (4)

Beneficial : Beneficial :
 Effectively remove organisms and particle
suspension  Prepare treating water relatively fast
 Remove organics material causing colour,
taste and odour  (high filter capacity, applicable for big
scale treatment plant)
 Decreasing organics material causing colour,
taste and odour and remove some organisms

Unbeneficial: Unbeneficial :
 Sensitive to turbidity changing  Could not remove pathogenic organisms
 Is not applicable for high organic matter in
water
 Need big filter area  is not benefit for big
scale treatment plant
Pressure Filter
Basically same as rapid sand filter,
but using pressure in the filtration
operation

Media depth 0,45 - 0,75 m

Media size 0,40 - 0,60 mm

Filtration rate 4.800 - 15.000

l/m2/hour

Beneficial : portable

Unbeneficial:
- low capacity,
- operation and maintenance is
complex,
- could not removed pathogenic
organisms.
FILTER OPERATIAN :
 CLOSE : VALVE (C), VALVE (E), VALVE (D), VALVE (B)
 OPEN INLET VALVE (A), THEN WATER WILL FLOW TO THE TANK
UNTIL IT REACH A CERTAIN WATER LEVEL
 OPEN OUTLET VALVE (B), AND OPERATE AT THE DESIGN
FILTERING CAPACITY

Water level Water level

E
 FILTERING
PROCESS

 DECREASING OF THE FILTERING VELOCITY INDICATE THE MEDIA

FILTER HAS CLOGGED, STARTING AT THE SURFACE OF THE
FILTER MEDIA (SURFACE CLOGGING)

 INCREASING OF THE WATER LEVEL IN THE FILTER TANK IS

ALSO INDICATE THE FILTER CLOGGING
 BACKWASHING OF FILTER

Filter clogging :  Decreasing the discharge operation

 Increasing the head loss in the filter

Purpose : To remove the accumulated solid matter.

THE BACKWASHING SHOULD BE DONE CAREFULLY :

 AT LIMITED HEAD AND
 BACKWASH VELOCITY
TO MINIMIZE MEDIA LOSS DUE TO OUT-FLUSHED.

THIS MEANS :
• TIME AND ENERGY CONSUMING, AND
• REQUIRE SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF BACKWASH WATER
AND HENCE ITS OPERATION IS ALSO MORE EXPENSIVE.
 BACKWASH VELOCITY
when water wash is used alone, a high-backwash rate from 37 to 56 m/h
and a bed expansion of 20% to 50% is employed [ Baruth, 2005 ].

AMOUNT OF WATER NEEDED TO BACKWASH

about 1 to 5 % of the product water [ Droste, 1997 ], or may be more
depending on the suspended material content in raw water to be filtered.

BACKWASH TIME REQUIRED

a normal backwashing using conventional loose sand filter may require 5
to 10 minutes [ Peavy etal., 1986 ], or longer depending on the backwash
velocity and the suspended content in raw water.

Granular-media filters that are operated at average condition are

backwashed approximately once in 24 h at a rate of approximately 36 m/h for
about 5 to 10 minutes [Viessman and Hammer, 1993 ].
 HYDRAULICS OF BACKWASHING
Balancing of gravity (FG) and drag force (FD) during backwashing

FG  m.g  (  p   w )( d p ) g
3

6 p = particle density,
w = water density,
FD = 3  v d for Re<2 dp = particle diameter,
2 ,31 v = velocity
FD = Re 0.6  w v d p
2
2
for 2<Re<500

FG = FD,
According to Forcheimer flow regime during backwashing,
so that the backwashing velocity (vb) required is :
0.714
 g(  p   w )d p 1.6

vb   
 13.9  w 
0.4 0.6

 BACKWASHING METHOD
Slow Sand Filter Rapid Sand Filter (including pressure filter)
 Mechanical cleaning  backwashing
Scrapp the surface of the filter media of Supply the backwash water to the filter
about 0,5 - 2,5 cm and replace it with new through a under drain system
filter media

BLOWER
BACKWASHING BACKWASHING
by GRAVITY

POMPA
BACKWASHING
BACKWASHING
by PUMP &
BLOWER

 Backwashing rate of about 56.000 l/m2/hour during

10 minutes
 Pressure head 1 - 2 atmosphere
 Using air or not
 ( with the air discharge flow rate of 1.000 - 1.500
l/m2/minute, the bed expansions of about 50%)
FILTER BACKWASHING PROCESS :
 CLOSE : THE INLET VALVE (A), AND THE OUTLET VALVE (B)
 OPEN : THE OUTLET BACKWASHING VALVE (D), AND INLET
BACKWASHING VALVE (E)

C
 BACKWASHING
PROCESS

AIR WATER
INJECTING FLUSHING