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Module 1: Introduction 2

Structural Steel Design

Module 1 : Introduction

John Gales PhD

York University, Canada

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Today

1. Who am I?
2. Course Outline
3. Big picture
4. Limit States and
Structural Steel

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Module 1: Introduction 5

John Gales (PhD)

• Tenure Track Prof began in 2014.
– Formerly Carleton University
– Now cross appointed at Waterloo and York University in
Toronto
– Evac training with Steve Gwynne (NRC) and Michael Kinsey
(Arup)
• PhD from University of Edinburgh, Uk
– IAFSS nominated ; Project on Shard London
– Masters at Queens University
• ASTM E5 fire standards member
– Chair of symposium of standard fire resistance (2018)
• ASCE Fire Protection Committee
– Acceptance criteria chair
• CSCE Fire Behaviour and Safety of Structures
– Chair since 2015
• Associate Editor Fire and Materials (John Wily)
• 100+ publications in Structural fire, Fire dynamics,
Human behaviour in fire.
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Module 1: Introduction 7

Stadiums

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Course Outline

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Course information and contact

Instructor: Dr. John Gales

E-mail: [email protected] (preferred)
Room: 335A BERG

Office hours: Friday 430 to 530pm

Course website: Moodle
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Learning objectives

The objective of this course is for students to first

enforce and then expand their knowledge in design of
steel structures using principles established previously
in CIVL 3230 Introduction of Structural Design.

Im going to assume we are starting from the

beginning, but well have some fun with that…

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Tentative lecture schedule*

Week 1: Course introduction
Week 2: Review of the design of tension and compression
members
Week 3: Design of beams and local and lateral torsional buckling
Week 4-6: Design of beam-columns and Connections
Week 7: Design and behavior of composite beams
Week 8: Design of steel plate girders
Week 9: Design of truss systems
Week 10: Stability of Structures
Week 11-12: Special Topics in Timber Design

Beyond these topics ill add case studies and things of interest
regarding the industry
* We may not get through everything above or stay on this schedule, timber may make up a large majority of
the course

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Reading materials:
• Design of structural steel components
following requirements of Canadian
Standards Association (CSA) Standard S16
Design of Steel Structures (Mandatory –
official version only)

• Kulak and Grondin, (2016). Limit States

Design in Structural Steel. 10th Edition,
Canadian Institute of Steel Construction,
Toronto. (not required; we will follow this
closely)
* In a consultancy firm youll be asked to use
the design manual, if you do not know how to
navigate it – you will be in trouble.
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Project: 10% Grading

Mid Term and Problem sets: 40%
Final Examination: 50 %

• Senate Policy on Academic Honesty - Class policies

http://secretariat-
policies.info.yorku.ca/policies/academic-
honesty-senate-policy-on/
• Academic Integrity -
http://lassonde.yorku.ca/academic-integrity
• Pass the final to pass the course ; 50% or higher
before final to be eligible for deferral.
• Behave in class, be on time, hat rule
• Late Policy
• Cell phones and recording policy
• Copyright rules
• Final examination is for evaluation purposes
only and will not be returned to the student

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The Big Picture

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Big picture

“Trusting a computer without any cross checking

is a good way to get people killed in Structural
Engineering work.”

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SOM Broadgate Exchange Tower

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SOM Broadgate Exchange Tower

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SOM Broadgate Exchange Tower

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Limit States

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Limit States

• Design procedure
• Codes specifications and standards
– NBCC 2015 (new revision coming in 2020)
– CSA (s16 – buildings ; s6 – bridges)

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The Titanic Defence

It complies with the code

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Structural Analysis

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Structural Analysis

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Structural Analysis

Data:
Dead load (D): 3 kN/m2
Live Load (L): 4kN/m2
Two storeys, floor height =4m
Simple construction, simple
connection to foundation.

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Limit States

• Serviceability Limit State (SLS)

means the structure is fit for
purpose. It does not cause
discomfort in use.

• Ultimate Limit State (ULS) means

the structure meets life safety. It
does not collapse.

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Limit States

• Loads
– Wind (W) ∅ ≥

– Earthquake (E) Φ - resistance factor

– Snow (S) α – load factor
R – nominal resistance of a
– Dead (D) structural element
S – load effect under specified loads
– Live (L)

• Importance factors
– Based on probability of occurrence (resilience
implications)
– Use and occupancy
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Limit States

• Ultimate Limit State (failure)

∅ ≥

Φ - resistance factor
α – load factor
R – nominal resistance of a
structural element
S – load effect under specified loads

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Limit States

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Limit States

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Limit States

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Limit States : Estimation of Loads

• See NBCC (code)
• Preliminary designs (rules of thumb)
– 78 Kn/m3 (steel) ; 24 KN/m3 (concrete)

– Non-load bearing/Partition walls = 1.15 kN/m or allow 0.5 kPa over a given area

Commercial Floors

– Incredibly variable. Based primarily on the amount of concrete involved. Even steel
buildings tend to have concrete floors, even if “just” a topping on a steel pan.

Calculate the assembly in detail, then check is against:

– 0.024 kN / mm of thickness (the thousandth 2-4)
– Add 1.15 kPa for framing and basic M&E
(easy to remember as it was your timber floors)
– Add 0.5 kPa for partition allowance
Module 1: Introduction 83

Limit States Example

The loading conditions for a roof beam in a

school building are to be determined.
Assume snow load is 1.5 kpa (KN/m2) and the
dead load is 2.0 kpa (kN/m2)

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Limit States Example

The loading conditions for a roof beam in a

school building are to be determined.
Assume snow load is 1.5 kpa (KN/m2) and the
dead load is 2.0 kpa (kN/m2)

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Limit States
Example

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Limit States Example

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Limit States Example

The loading conditions for a roof beam in a
school building are to be determined.
Assume snow load is 1.5 kpa (KN/m2) and the
dead load is 2.0 kpa (kN/m2)

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Limit States Example

What we have done is calculated the factored
load which would be used for the factored
Moment at ultimate state.
We also need to
check the Service
Limit State

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“The ability to prepare for and adapt to changing

conditions and to withstand and recover rapidly from
disruptions.”

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Module 1: Introduction 98

Structural Steel

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Structural Steel

Structural steel is used for different types of structural members

www.gic-edu.com www.castconnex.com

Columns & beams Bracings

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Structural Steel :
Production

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Structural Steel - Designation

• ASTM begins with a letter ‘A’ followed by 2 to 4 numbers

• Commonly used structural steel:

• Carbon steels
• High strength low alloy steels (HSLA)
• Corrosion resistant high strength low alloy steels
• Quenched and tempered low alloy steels

• Valid for different shapes; plates, pipes and hollow sections

• For more in depth information refer to each ASTM specification:

(e.g. ASTM A36- Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel)
• For CSA refer to G40.20 and G40.21

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ASTM-

American
Society for
Testing and
Materials

CSA-

Canadian
Standards
Association
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Structural Steel : ASTM

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Structural Steel Grades : CSA

The seven types of structural steel available in Canada, as specified in
CSA G40.20-04: General Requirements for Structural Quality Steel,
(Issued by Canadian Standards Association) are as follows:

1. Type W -Weldable Steel

2. Type WT -Weldable Notch Tough Steel
3. Type R -Atmospheric Corrosion-Resistant Steel
4. Type A - Atmospheric Corrosion-Resistant Weldable Steel
5. Type AT - Atmospheric Corrosion-Resistant Weldable Notch Tough Steel
6. Type Q - Quenched and Tempered Low Alloy Steel Plate
7. Type QT - Quenched and Tempered Low Alloy Notch-Tough Steel Plate

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Structural Steel-CSA Designation

These seven types and eight strength levels have been combined into
twenty-five grades, as follows:

400WT

Grade is identified by a number and one or two letters:

e.g. 400 WT means Fy = 400 MPa; Weldable Notch Tough Steel
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Structural Steel : Shapes

I-Sections:
W-Shape (Wide Flange): - Interior surface of flanges are parallel and wide
- Used for beams & columns
S-Shape (American Standard ): - Interior flanges short and sloped by16.7%
- Used in cranes & rails
WWF (Welded Wide Flange): -If a situation requires greater depth then 44in
- Flanges produced by welded plates up to
depths of 78 in
- Used in plate girders in bridge structures
Typical designation:
web e.g. W200 x 46
weld
depth tapered
surface
flange
depth (mm)
W Shape S Shape WWF Shape mass (kg/m)
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Structural Steel : Shapes

Hollow & shaped sections:

HSS-Shapes (Hollow Structural Sections)
- Made by bending steel plate and welding seamlessly
C-Shapes (Channel Sections) - Similar to the S-shape
L-Shapes (Angle Sections) - They may have equal or unequal-legs
T-Shapes (Tee Sections) - Split a W-shape or S-shape into two equal parts
- Called WT or ST depending on its origin
(e.g. Two WT6 x 29 sections are obtained from one W12 x 58.

HSS Shape C Shape L Shape WT Shape

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Structural Steel : Nomenclature examples

Class H sections can be designed for a larger axial compressive resistance

than Class C sections
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Structural Steel : Availability

Always rely upon a local steel supplier's stock,.

Blue page bold lines are generally
what is available nationally not locally.
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Structural Steel :
Properties estimation

For use in your preliminary sizing work ONLY

• Steel = 230 MPa (from uncontrolled source)
• Steel Beams/Columns = 350 MPa (new stock)
• Steel HSS = 500 MPa (Typically)
• Concrete = Varies from 25 MPa to 40 MPa

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Structural Steel :
Size Estimation

Primary beams are generally

Span/20 deep
Ex. a beam of a 5m span will tend
to be W250

Secondary beams are generally

Span/25 deep
Ex. a 3m span will require a W100
or W150
(We don’t have 120mm sections
available)

(Arup Fire 2010)

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Structural Steel : Size

Estimation

Columns can be estimated using

tables of
designed column capacities
against estimated loads.
● rough load estimations
compared to actual column
capacities.

(Arup Fire 2010)

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Structural Steel : Size

Estimation

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Fastening Products
Three types of bolts used in steel construction:

Common bolts (machine, ordinary or unfinished bolts)

• Limited to shear connections in non-fatigue
applications ASTM-A307 bolts
Low carbon steel Fy = 414 MPa (minimum)

High strength bolts

• Structural bolts used for any building application
A325 bolts - high strength carbon steel
Fy = 830 MPa (min.)
A490 bolts - high strength alloy steel
Fy = 1035 MPa (min.)

ASTM bolts are identified by the grade (A307, A325

or A490) marking on the bolt head:
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Other bits

Mill Symbol

Bar Size (diameter)

Weldable

Blank Space

Grade Symbol- one line (400)

or two lines (500) through five
spaces

Reinforcing steel (Normal / Prestressing)

Aluminum
Stainless steel
FRP? Module 1: Introduction 116

Next class

• Off Campus Site Visit (tbc weather depending)

• Module 2: Tension Members

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