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8. The Circulatory System

Progress Check 1
Question 1
Blood and Lymph
Question 2
Conventionally, all veins are shown in blue colour and all arteries are shown in red colour. But
pulmonary vein and artery are exceptions to it. The pulmonary artery is shown in blue as it
contains deoxygenated blood and pulmonary vein is shown in red colour because it contains
oxygenated blood.
Question 3
Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Digested food and Hormones are the four substances transported by
blood.

Progress Check 2
Question 1
(i) Plasma
(ii) Haemoglobin
(iii) Nuclei, Mitochondria
(iv) Diapedesis
Question 2
(i) 120 days
(ii) 4.5 million
(iii) Granular & Non-granular
(iv) Leukocytes

Progress Check 3
Question 1
(i) False
Corrected Statement — Process of coagulation starts with the release of a substance from
platelets.
(ii) True
(iii) False
Corrected Statement — the solid fibrin and thrombin are different. Thrombin converts
fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin in presence of calcium ions.
(iv)True
Question 2
(i) Vitamin K
(ii) Haemophilia, Dengue
(iii) Antibody A and B
(iv)Rhesus (common monkey)

Progress Check 4
Question 1
(i) Ventricles have thick walls when compared with those of auricles.
(ii) Ventricles give rise to two large blood vessels called pulmonary artery and aorta.
Question 2
(i) Tricuspid valve — Right Ventricle
(ii) Mitral valve — Left Ventricle
(iii) Pulmonary semilunar valves — Pulmonary Artery
Question 3
The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation. Hence, it is
shown in blue colour in the diagram.

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Progress Check 5
Question 1
(i) Systole
(ii) Tendinous cords (Chordae tendinae)
Question 2
Ventricular Systole

Progress Check 6
Question 1
(i) The auricles have thin and less muscular walls, and have Cuspid valves to prevent back flow
of blood.
(ii) Arteries carry blood to an organ and break up into arterioles ending in capillaries.
(iii) Walls of capillaries consist of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells.
(iv)The substances to and from the tissues diffuse through the walls of capillary.

Progress Check 7
Question 1
1. Pulmonary (lung) circulation
2. Systemic (body) circulation
Question 2
(i) Pulmonary artery — from right ventricle to lungs
(ii) Renal artery — from aorta into kidney
(iii) Posterior vena cava — from lower parts of body into right atrium
(iv)Hepatic vein — from liver into posterior vena cava
(v) Hepatic portal vein — from stomach and intestine to liver
Question 3
A portal vein is one which starts with capillaries and also ends in capillaries

Progress Check 8
Question 1
Pulse is the alternate expansion and elastic recoil of the wall of the artery during ventricular
systole.
Question 2
The normal values of blood pressure in a normal human adult is 100 - 140 mm (systolic) and 60
- 80 mm (diastolic).
Question 3
Leukocytes
Question 4
1. Supplies nutrition and oxygen to those parts where blood cannot reach.
2. It drains away excess tissue fluid and metabolites and returns proteins to the blood from
tissue spaces.
3. Fats from the intestine are absorbed through lymphatics.
Question 5
Spleen and tonsils (node) are the main lymphatic organs in humans.
Question 6
(i) Lymphocyte
(ii) Lacteals
(iii) Tonsils

Multiple Choice Type

Question 1
Erythrocytes
Reason — Erythrocytes (RBC) contain haemoglobin which transports oxygen to different parts
of the body.

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Question 2
Spleen
Reason — Spleen releases stored blood during emergency like haemorrhage and emotional
stress.
Question 3
Phagocytosis
Reason — Phagocytosis is the mechanism by which neutrophils engulf particle (germs).
Question 4
Renal artery
Reason — renal artery brings blood to kidney for purification (removal of nitrogenous waste).
Question 5
Carboxyhaemoglobin
Reason — Haemoglobin combines with carbon dioxide to form Carboxyhaemoglobin. In lungs it
releases carbon dioxide to combine with oxygen and forms oxyhaemoglobin.
Question 6
Antitoxins
Reason — Antitoxins are released by Eosinophils. It neutralise the toxins.
Question 7
Pericardium
Reason — Pericardium forms the double layered protective covering of heart.
Question 8
Capillary
Reason — Capillaries are very narrow tubes with no muscles and allow diffusion of substances
into and from the tissues.
Question 9
Hepatic portal vein
Reason — Hepatic portal vein carry blood from the stomach and intestine to the liver.
Question 10
Thrombocytes
Reason — Thrombocytes, also known as platelets form the plug at the site of injury and initiate
blood coagulation.

Very Short Answer Type

Question 1
(a) Blood platelets → blood coagulation.
(b) Neutrophils → phagocytosis.
(c) Erythrocytes → transportation of gases.
(d) Lymphocytes → Produce antibodies.
(e) Bone marrow → destruction of old and weak RBC's/production of RBCs and WBCs.
Question 2
(a) Heart, Blood and Blood Vessels
(b) Red blood cells, White blood cells and platelets
(c) Artery, Vein and capillary
(d) Blood, Tissue fluid and Lymph
(e) Synovial fluid, vitreous humour and Aqueous humour
(f) Spleen and Tonsil
(g) Plasma and cellular elements
(h) Closed Blood Circulation and open blood circulation.
(i) Haemin (iron containing part) and globin protein
(j) Atrial systole and Ventricular systole
Question 3
(a) Hepatic portal vein
(b) Blood Capillaries
(c) Pulmonary artery
(d) White blood cells

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(e) Venules
(f) Portal vein
(g) Atrial systole
(h) Tricuspid valve
(i) Atrial systole
(j) Pericardial fluid
Question 4
(a) The blood vessel that begins and ends in capillaries is the hepatic portal vein.
(b) A blood vessel which has small lumen and thick wall is artery.
(c) The valve which prevents the back flow of blood in the veins and lymph vessels is pocket-
shaped valve.
(d) An anticoagulant present in the blood is heparin.
Question 5
(a) Lub: Atrio-ventricular valve: Dup: Semilunar valves
(b) Coronary artery: Heart: Hepatic artery: Liver
(c) RBCs: Polycethemia: WBCs: Leukemia
(d) WBCs: Leukopenia: RBCs: Erythropenia
(e) Chest pain: Angina pectoris: Heart attack: Myocardial infarction

Short Answer Type

Question 1
Structural Differences between White Blood Cells and Red Blood Cells:
White Blood Cells Red Blood Cells

White blood cells are irregularly Red blood cells are minute biconcave disc-like
shaped with lots of extensions. structures.

White blood cells have a nucleus. Red blood cells do not contain a nucleus.

Haemoglobin is absent in white

Haemoglobin is present in red blood cells.
blood cells.
Question 2
The first sound "LUBB" is produced when the atrio-ventricular (tricuspid and bicuspid) valves
get closed sharply at the start of ventricular systole. The second sound "DUP" is produced when
at the beginning of ventricular diastole, the semilunar valves at the roots of aorta and pulmonary
artery get closed.
Question 3
Column A Column B

(a) SA node Pacemaker

(b) Defective hemoglobin in RBC Sickle cell anemia

(c) Muscle fibres located in the heart Purkinje fibres

(d) The liquid squeezed out of blood

Serum
during clotting

(e) Never tires, keep on contracting and

Cardiac muscles
relaxing

(f) Cardiac cycle 0.85 sec

(g) Liquid part of the blood without

Plasma
corpuscles
Question 4

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Substance From To

Oxygen Lungs Whole body

Carbon dioxide Whole body Lungs

Urea Whole body Kidneys
Digested carbohydrates Intestine Whole body
Hormones Endocrine glands Target organs

Descriptive Type
Question 1
(a) Circulatory system — the circulatory system is a network consisting of blood, blood vessels
and the heart. This network supplies tissues in the body with oxygen and other nutrients,
transports hormones and removes unnecessary waste products.
(b) Blood — Blood is the circulating fluid contained in the heart and in the blood vessels such as
arteries, veins and capillaries of the circulatory system. Blood from the heart is pumped
throughout the body using blood vessels.
(c) Heart — the heart is made of specialized cardiac muscle tissue that allows it to act as a pump
within the circulatory system. Heart pushes the blood around the body and has different
chambers such as right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle to prevent the mixing of
oxygenated blood and carbon dioxide rich blood.
(d) Diapedesis — Diapedesis is the squeezing of leucocytes through the wall of capillaries into
the tissues.
(e) Phagocytosis — Phagocytosis is the process in which most WBCs and particularly the
neutrophils engulf particle-like solid substances, especially bacteria.
(f) Rh factor — Rh factor is an inherited antigen often found on the blood cells. Some individuals
have these antigens and are thus Rh positive (Rh+) while others who do not have this antigen
are Rh negative (Rh-)

Question 2
(a) Difference between Erythrocytes and Leukocytes (Nucleus):
Character Erythrocytes Leukocytes

Nucleus Absent Present

(b) Difference between Leukocytes and Thrombocytes (Life-span):

Character Leukocytes Thrombocytes

Life span Two weeks 3-5 days

(c) Difference between Arteries and Veins (Wall and lumen):

Character Arteries Veins

Wall Thick and muscular Thin and less muscular

Lumen Narrow Wider

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(d) Difference between Pulmonary and Systemic circulation (Kind of blood):
Character Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation

Pulmonary artery brings

Oxygenated blood is transported to body
deoxygenated blood to lungs
Kind of parts
and pulmonary vein takes
blood from heart and deoxygenated blood is
oxygenated blood from lungs
Transported back to heart.
to heart.

(e) Difference between Mitral valve and Tricuspid valve (Location):

Character Mitral valve Tricuspid valve

Present between left Present between right atrium and right

Location
atrium and left ventricle. ventricle.
Question 3
(a) The left ventricle pumps blood to the farthest points in the body such as the feet, the toes
and the brain against the gravity while the right ventricle pumps the blood only up to the lungs.
Therefore, the left ventricle has thicker walls than the right ventricle.
(b) The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation whereas the right auricle
receives the blood from venae cavae and passes it to the right ventricle. Therefore, walls of the
right ventricle are thicker than those of the right auricle.
(c) Vitamin K acts as a catalyst that transforms some anti-clotting proteins, which are always
present, into clotting proteins when there is a cut or wound to the body. The mechanism of
blood clotting involves the presence of calcium and other clotting factors. Thrombokinase
activates an enzyme called prothrombin activator. The enzyme prothrombin activator then
converts plasma protein prothrombin into thrombin. Thrombin is the enzyme which in turn
converts fibrinogen into fibrin. Polymerized fibrin together with platelets forms a clot at the
wound site. The prothrombin is a plasma protein synthesized in the liver. Vitamin K is essential
for the synthesis of prothrombin. Hence, Vitamin K is essential for the process of blood clotting.
(d) Lack of nucleus, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum helps erythrocytes in the
following way:
1. Loss of nucleus makes the red cells biconcave, thus increasing their surface area to
absorb more oxygen.
2. Loss of mitochondria means that they cannot use the absorbed oxygen themselves.
3. Absence of endoplasmic reticulum makes it flexible so that they can move through fine
capillaries.
(e) The heart is right in the center between the two lungs and above the diaphragm. The narrow
end of the roughly triangular heart is pointed to the left side and during working, the
contraction of the heart is most powerful at this end giving a feeling that the heart is on the left
side.
Question 4
(a) Tonsils — Tonsils are lymph glands located on the sides of the neck. They tend to localize
the infection and prevent it from spreading it in the body as a whole.
(b) Spleen — the spleen is a large lymphatic organ. The spleen acts as a blood reservoir in case
of emergency such as haemorrhage, stress or poisoning. It produces lymphocytes and destroys
worn out RBCs.
(c) Hepatic portal vein — the hepatic portal vein is a blood vessel that carries blood from the
gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen to the liver. This blood contains
nutrients and toxins extracted from digested contents.
(d) Basophils — Basophils are a type of white blood cells. They are the least common type of
granulocyte which release chemicals called histamine for inflammation which dilate blood
vessels.

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(e) S.A.N. — the sinoatrial node (SAN) is a region of cardiac fibres located in the right atrium.
The electrical wave of stimulation is initiated here and extends over the two atria, causing them
to contract. It is often referred to as the pacemaker of the heart.
Question 5
Double circulation is a process during which blood passes twice through the heart during one
complete cycle. The flow of blood in the heart consists of two phases —
1. The short pulmonary (lung) circulation
2. The long systemic (general body) circulation
Difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation —
Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation

It involves circulation of blood between the heart and

It involves circulation of blood
the
between the heart and the lungs.
Body organs (except lungs).

It carries deoxygenated blood to

It carries oxygenated blood to the body organs.
the lungs to receive oxygen.

It returns oxygenated blood back

It returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
to the heart.
Question 6
Coagulation of blood (or clotting) occurs in a series of steps as follows:
1. The injured tissue cells and the platelets which disintegrate at the site of the wound
release a substance thrombokinase (also called thromboplastin).
2. The thrombokinase acts as an enzyme and with the help of calcium ions present in the
plasma, it converts a substance prothombin (inactive) of the plasma, into thrombin
(active). Vitamin K, a fat-soluble vitamin is essential for the production of prothombin.
3. Thrombin in the presence of calcium ions reacts with the soluble fibrinogen of the
plasma to convert it into insoluble fibrin. Fibrin is a solid substance that forms threads.
These microscopic threads of fibrin are sticky and form a mesh or network at the site of
wound.
4. Blood cells are trapped in the network of the fibrin; the network then shrinks and
squeezes out the rest of the plasma which is in the form of a clear liquid, the serum. The
solid mass which is left behind is called clot (or thrombus).
Question 7
(a) Pulmonary artery
(b) Sides of neck
(c) Centre of chest, between the lungs and above diaphragm
(d) Upper right corner of the walls of the right atrium
(e) Between liver and stomach, intestine

Structured / Application / Skill Type

Question 1
(a) The parts indicated are as follows —
 1 → Red Blood Cell (RBC)
 2 → White Blood Cell (WBC)
 3 → Blood Platelet
 4 → Blood Plasma
(b) Two structural differences between red blood cells and white blood cells are:
Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells

Red blood cells are

White blood cells are amoeboid and can produce pseudopodia
minute biconcave
with which
disc-like structures.

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Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells

They can squeeze through the walls of the capillaries into the
tissues.

Red blood cells lack

White blood cells have a nucleus.
nucleus.

(c) The main functions of the parts labelled 1, 2 and 3 are as follows:
1. Part 1 (Red Blood Cell) — Transport of respiratory gases to the tissues and from the
tissues, transport of nutrients from the alimentary canal to the tissues.
2. Part 2 (White Blood Cell) — WBCs play major role in defense mechanism and immunity
of the body.
3. Part 3 (Blood Platelet) — Blood platelets are the initiators of blood clotting.
(d) The average life span of a red blood cell (RBC) is about 120 days.
(e) Fibrinogen.
Question 2
(a) The structure 3 represents the heart. It forms the centre of double circulation and is located
between the liver and the head. Also the blood circulation (indicated by 1) begins from heart to
lungs.
(b) The numbers of the structures are mentioned below:
 Aorta → 5
 Hepatic portal vein → 7
 Pulmonary artery → 1
 Superior vena cava → 9
 Renal vein → 8
 Stomach → 10
Question 3
(a) The blood vessels A, B and C are:
 A → Artery
 B → Vein
 C → Capillary
(b) The parts labeled 1-4 are:
 1 → External layer made of connective tissue
 2 → Lumen
 3 → Middle layer of smooth muscles and elastic fibres
 4 → Endothelium
(c) Two structural differences between Artery and Vein are:
Artery Vein

Have thick and more muscular walls. Have thin and less muscular walls.

Have narrower lumen. Have wider lumen.

(d) The kinds of blood that flow through A and through B are:
 A (Artery) → Oxygenated blood
 B (Vein) → Deoxygenated blood
(e) At the capillary level the actual exchange of gases takes place.
Question 4
(a) The phase is Ventricular Systole and Atrial Diastole.
(b) Ventricular muscles are contracting during this phase because the valves between the two
ventricles and pulmonary artery and aorta are open while the atrio-ventricular valves are
closed.
(c) The parts numbered 1 to 6 are:
 1 → Pulmonary Artery

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 2 → Aorta
 3 → Pulmonary Vein
 4 → Left Atrium
 5 → Bicuspid Valve
 6 → Right Ventricle
(d) Types of blood flowing through parts '1' and '2' are mentioned below:
 Part 1 (Pulmonary artery) → Deoxygenated blood
 Part 2 (Aorta) → Oxygenated blood
(e) Two valves — Bicuspid and Tricuspid valves are closed in this phase.
Question 5
(a) The cell labelled 1 is a Red blood cell.
(b) Phenomenon occurring in A is Diapedesis.
(c) Two structural differences between red blood cells and white blood cells are:
Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells

White blood cells are amoeboid and can produce pseudopodia with
Red blood cells are
which
minute biconcave
They can squeeze through the walls of the capillaries into the
disc-like structures.
tissues.

Red blood cells lack

White blood cells have a nucleus.
nucleus.

(d) The process which occurs in B and C is phagocytosis. In this process, the WBCs engulf the
foreign particles and destroy them, thus preventing the occurrence of disease.
Question 6
(a) Parts 1 and 4 are:
1 → Right Auricle
4 → body parts
(b) 3, Aorta
(c) 2, Left ventricle
(d) Lungs
(e) Labelled diagrams of the transverse section of vena cava and aorta showing their structural
differences are given below:

Question 7
(a) The kind of blood vessels shown in the
figure is vein. Its branches are termed as
venule.
(b) The structure shown inside the blood
vessels are valve. Its role is to prevent the
backflow of blood.
(c) Deoxygenated blood flows through these blood vessels normally. The blood vessel which
carries blood from the heart to the lungs is the pulmonary artery.
(d) Hepatic vein and renal vein are related to Liver and Kidney respectively.
(e) Below diagram shows the transverse section of a vein with the three layers of
its wall and lumen labelled:

Question 8
(a) Labelled guidelines are:
1 → Aortic Arch
2 → Left atrium
3 → Left ventricle
4 → Aorta
5 → Inferior vena cava

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6 → Superior vena cava
(b) Inferior vena cava transports deoxygenated blood from the posterior or the lower region of
the body (including abdomen and legs) to heart and superior vena cava transports
deoxygenated blood from the anterior or upper regions of the body (including head, chest and
arms) to the heart.
(c) Left Atrium collects blood from Lungs. The blood vessel involved is Pulmonary vein.
(d) One structural and one functional difference between Inferior vena cava and Aorta is:
Inferior vena cava Aorta

Thin wall and wide lumen. Thick wall and narrow lumen.

Transports deoxygenated blood Transports oxygenated blood from heart to body

to heart. parts.
(e) When there is a blockage in any coronary artery or in any one or more of their branches,
there is deadening of the corresponding area of heart muscles leading to myocardial infarction
(i.e., heart attack).

9. The Excretory System

Progress Check 1
Question 1
Excess water, urea, carbon dioxide, excess common salt, uric acid
Question 2
(i) Urea, Uric acid
(ii) Bilirubin, Biliverdin
(iii) Kidney, Urinary bladder
(iv)Skin, Lungs
(v) Vitamin B, Vitamin C

Progress Check 2
Question 1
(i) Ureter
(ii) Urethra
(iii) Medulla
(iv )Glomerulus
(v) Nephron
(vi) (A) Afferent arteriole (B) Efferent arteriole
Question 2
(i) Kidney Tubule
(ii) Glomerulus → Bowman's capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → Loop of Henle → Distal
convoluted tubule

Progress Check 3
Question 1
(i) True
(ii) False
Corrected Statement — Glomerular filtrate consists of many substances such as water, salts,
and glucose and plasma solutes.
(iii) False
Corrected Statement — Sodium chloride contained in glomerular filtrate is partially
reabsorbed in the renal tubule.
(iv )True

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(v) False
Corrected Statement — the blood flowing through the renal vein is deoxygenated and
normally does not contain nitrogenous waste.
(vi)True

Multiple Choice Type

Question 1
Excretion
Reason — Excretion refers to removal of all kind of wastes from the body.
Question 2
Uterus
Reason — Uterus (womb) is an organ that belongs to reproductive system.
Question 3
Nephron
Reason — Nephron is the basic structure which carries out the process of waste removal.
Question 4
Urine
Reason — Saliva, Gastric juice and Milk are secretions but urine is excretory product.
Question 5
Renal pelvis
Reason — the collecting duct receives the content of nephron and pours it in renal pelvis.
Question 6
Liver
Reason — Liver detoxifies ammonia by converting it to urea.
Question 7
Urea
Reason — the primary nitrogenous waste of the body is urea.
Question 8
Glycosuria
Reason — Glycosuria is a condition when glucose passes in the urine.
Question 9
Uremia
Reason — Uremia is the condition of raised urea in the human body.
Question 10
DCT
Reason — Tubular secretion occurs due to activity of tubular wall in Distal convoluted
tubules.

Very Short Answer Type

Question 1
(a) Cortex
(b) Glomerulus
(c) Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
(d) Kidney
(e) Urethra
(f) Urochrome
Question 2
(a) Afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, secondary capillary network, renal vein.
(b) Renal artery, kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra.
Question 3
(a) The outer darker portion of the kidney is termed as cortex.
(b) The Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus together are called as malpighian capsule.
(c) A pair of renal arteries branch off from the aorta and enter the kidney.
(d) The glomerular filtrate is collected in Bowman's capsule after the process of ultrafiltration.

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(e) The pigment bilirubin is the breakdown product of the haemoglobin of dead RBCs.
Question 4
S.
Abnormal constituents Diseases
No.

(a) Blood Haematuria

(b) Glucose Glycosuria

(c) Albumin Albuminuria

(d) Bile pigments Anaemia, hepatitis (jaundice), liver cirrhosis

Short Answer Type
Question 1
(a) Glomerulus — the main function of the glomerulus is to filter plasma to produce
glomerular filtrate, which passes down the length of the nephron tubule to form urine. It is
concerned mainly with the process of ultrafiltration. The liquid part of the blood which is
plasma including urea, salts, glucose filters out from the glomerulus into the renal tubule.
(b) Collecting duct — the collecting duct system is the final component of the kidney to
influence the body's electrolyte and fluid balance. It receives the contents of many kidney
tubules and pours it as urine in the pelvis of the kidney.
(c) Ureter — it carries urine to the urinary bladder by ureteral peristalsis.
(d) Vasa recta — 333333the vasa recta is a secondary capillary network that branches out of
the efferent arteriole. It consists of long, hairpin-shaped blood vessels that run parallel to the
loops of Henle. The hairpin turns slow the rate of blood flow, which helps maintain the
osmotic gradient required for water reabsorption.
(e) Urethra — Urine is expelled from the urinary bladder through the urethra. This process is
called as micturition.
Question 2
Column I Column II

(a) Bowman's Capsule (iv) Glomerulus

(b) Contains more CO2 and less urea (iii) Renal Vein

(c) Anti-diuretic hormone (ii) Regulates amount of water excreted

(d) Contains more urea (i) Renal artery

Question 3
In a nephron, the blood flows through the glomerulus under great pressure. The reason for this
great pressure is that the efferent (outgoing) arteriole is narrower than the afferent
arteriole (incoming). This high pressure causes the liquid part of the blood to filter out from
the glomerulus into the renal capsule.
Question 4
(a) Three nitrogenous wastes of our body:
1. Urea
2. Uric acid
3. Ammonia
(b) Three organic wastes of our body:
1. Urea
2. Uric acid
3. Creatinine
(c) Three inorganic wastes of our body:
1. Common salt (NaCl)
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2. Iron
3. Calcium
(d) Three main parts of our urinary system:
1. Kidney
2. Urinary bladder
3. Ureter
(e) Six main parts of nephron:
1. Bowman's capsule
2. Glomerulus
3. Renal capsule
4. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
5. Henle's Loop
6. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
(f) Three stages of urine formation:
1. Ultrafiltration
2. Reabsorption
3. Tubular secretion
(g) Three types of fluids in different parts of a nephron:
1. Glomerular filtrate
2. Glomerular filtrate with glucose and sodium
3. Urine
Question 5
(a) Odd term: Neuron
Category: Others are parts of the human excretory system.
(b) Odd term: Excess sodium chloride
Category: Others are organic nitrogenous wastes.
(c) Odd term: Loop of Henle
Category: Others are parts of the internal structure of kidney.
(d) Odd term: Papilla
Category: Others are parts of the kidney tubule or nephron.
Question 6
(a) PCT — Proximal Convoluted Tubule
(b) DCT — Distal Convoluted Tubule
(c) ADH — Antidiuretic hormone
(d) ORS — Oral Rehydration Solution
Question 7
(a) Kidney — it is located on either side of the backbone and protected by the last two ribs.
(b) Uriniferous tubule — Uriniferous tubule begins in the cortex; the tubule dips down to the
medulla, then return to the cortex before draining into the collecting duct.
(c) Malpighian capsule — it comprises of Bowman's capsule and glomerulus and is located in
the kidney tubule.
(d) Loop of Henley — it runs in the medulla to turn back and to re-enter the cortex to continue
into the next convoluted region of the tubule.

Descriptive Type
Question 1
(a) Excretion — Excretion is the passing out of substances that have no further use in the
body or are harmful.
(b) Kidney — the kidneys are a pair of organs that are found on either side of the spine, just
below the rib cage in the back. The Kidneys are powerful chemical factories that perform the
following function of removing waste products from the body, filter waste materials out of the
blood and pass them out of the body as urine. It also regulates blood pressure and the levels of
water, salts and minerals in the body.

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(c) Micturition — Urine is expelled from the urinary bladder through the urethra by
relaxation of the sphincter muscles located at the opening of the urinary bladder into the
urethra under impulse from the nervous system. This process is called micturition.
(d) Osmoregulation — the regulation of osmotic pressure of the blood by regulating its
composition (water and electrolyte) is called osmoregulation.
Question 2
(a) Difference between Ureter and Urethra (function):
Property Ureter Urethra

The urine is intermittently emptied from the

Ureter brings urine from
Function urinary bladder to the outside of the body
kidneys to urinary bladder.
through the urethra.

(b) Difference between Diabetes mellitus and Diabetes insipidus (hormones involved):
Diabetes
Property Diabetes insipidus
mellitus

Hormones Deficiency Deficiency of vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone

involved of insulin (ADH)

(c) Difference between Glycosuria and Albuminuria (abnormal constituents):

Property Glycosuria Albuminuria

Abnormal Presence of glucose

Presence of Albumin protein in urine.
constituents in urine

(d) Difference between Diuresis and Uremia (problem):

Property Diuresis Uremia

Diuresis results in increased Uremia is the accumulation of high

Problem production of urine due to quantities of urea in Blood due to inability of
less secretion of ADH. the kidneys to filter out wastes.

(e) Difference between Malpighian capsule and Loop of Henle (location):

Properties Malpighian capsule Loop of Henle

Location Beginning of nephron Between first and second convoluted tubule.

Question 3
(a) Excretion is a necessary process of our body as it is necessary to eliminate certain waste
and toxic products, such as carbon dioxide, urea etc. When these toxic materials are not
removed from the body, they get mixed with blood and can cause poisoning that slows down
critical chemical reactions and damage the cells of the body. Hence it is necessary to remove
such poisonous waste materials from our body.
(b) The Bowman's capsule and the proximal convoluted part of all the nephrons lie in the
cortex of kidneys giving it a 'dotted' appearance.
(c) During summer when the surrounding temperature is high, we lose a considerable part of
water through perspiration (i.e., in the form of sweat, direct evaporation, etc.). This means
that the kidneys have to reabsorb more water from the urine. Due to this reason, we urinate
fewer times in summer than in winter and the urine passed is generally thicker.
(d) Henle's loops and collecting ducts lie in the medulla of kidneys giving it a 'striped'
appearance.
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Structured / Application / Skill Type
Question 1
(a) Conical or Renal pyramids
(b) Nephron
(c) Purification of blood by extracting nitrogenous waste from the blood.
(d) Kidneys are located on either side of the backbone and protected by last two ribs.
(e) Two differences in the composition of blood flowing through blood vessels A and B:
S.
Blood vessel A Blood vessel B
No.

It is renal artery. It contains It is renal vein. It contains deoxygenated

1.
oxygen rich blood. blood.

2. Blood has wastes. Blood is purified.

(f) Collecting Duct
(g) The regulation of osmotic pressure of the blood
by regulating its composition (water and electrolyte)
is called osmoregulation.
(h) Dialysis
(i) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
(j) The labelled diagram of a malpighian capsule is
shown below:

Question 2
(a) Excretory system and Circulatory system.
(b) The parts numbered 1-5 are:
 1 → Kidney
 2 → Renal Artery
 3 → Ureter
 4 → Urinary Bladder
 5 → Urethera
(c) Nephron
(d) Urea and Ammonia
(e) Ultrafiltration and Selective Absorption
Question 3
(a) Glomerulus (Part 5)
(b) Malpighian Capsule
(c) Bowman's Capsule (Part 3)
(d) Proximal Convoluted Tubule (Part 2)
(e) Collecting Duct (Part 7)
(f) Loop of Henle (Part 1) & Collecting Duct (Part 7)
(g) Distal Convoluted Tubule (Part 6)
(h) The efferent arteriole is narrower than the afferent arteriole. This creates the hydrostatic
pressure.
(i) Glomerulus (Part 5)
(j) Urea, Sodium chloride
Question 4
(a) Excretion is the removal of harmful and unwanted nitrogenous waste products from the
body.
(b) The Bowman's capsule and the proximal convoluted part of all the nephrons lie in the
cortex of kidneys giving it a dotted appearance.
(c) Henle's loops and collecting ducts lie in the medulla of kidneys giving it a striped
appearance.

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(d) The blood vessel 'B' is renal artery and the blood vessel 'A' is renal vein. So the blood
vessel 'B' contains oxygenated blood with high concentration of urea and glucose whereas the
blood vessel 'A' contains deoxygenated blood with low concentration of urea and glucose as
compared to renal artery.
Question 5
(a) The structure is a Bowman's capsule, which is part of the nephron. The Bowman's capsule
is found in the cortex of the kidney.
(b) The parts labelled 1-4 are:
 1 → Afferent arteriole
 2 → Glomerulus
 3 → Bowman's capsule
 4 → Efferent arteriole
(c) Urine formation occurs in three major steps:
1. Ultrafiltration
2. Reabsorption
3. Tubular Secretion.
(d) The process occurring in 2 and 3 is known as Ultrafiltration.
The blood flows through the glomerulus under great pressure which is much greater than in
the capillaries elsewhere. The reason for this greater pressure is that the efferent arteriole is
narrower than the afferent arteriole. The high pressure causes the liquid part of the blood to
filter out from the glomerulus into the renal tubule. This filtration under extraordinary force
is called Ultrafiltration.

10. The Nervous System

Progress Check 1
Question 1
(i) Neuron
(ii) Impulse
(iii) Axon
(iv)Synapse
(v) Nerve
(vi)Motor Nerve
Question 2
(i) Stimulus — touching a hot plate.
Response — Withdrawal of hand.
(ii) Stimulus — seeing a green light turning into red at a road crossing.
Response — applying the brakes.
(iii) Stimulus — something falling into the eye.
Response — Pain in the eye.

Progress Check 2
Question 1
(i) Brain and spinal cord are the parts of central nervous system.
(ii) Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain.
(iii) White matter consists mainly of axons.
(iv)The part of the brain concerned with body balance is cerebellum.
Question 2
(i) Simple reflex.
(ii) Conditioned reflex.
(iii) Conditioned reflex.
(iv)Simple reflex.
Question 3
(i) The parts numbered 1-7 are:
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1 → White matter
2 → Spinal cord
3 → Dorsal root
4 → Association Neuron
5 → Ventral root
6 → Gray matter
7 → Central canal
(ii) The diagram depicts spinal reflex action.
It is defined as an automatic/quick/immediate, involuntary action in the body brought about
by a stimulus.
(iii) Synapse
(iv)Receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, spinal nerve, effector muscles

Multiple Choice Type

Question 1
Neuron
Reason — Neurons are the basic structure capable of transmission of impulse.
Question 2
Centrosome
Reason — Centrosome is absent in nerve cells because they lose their ability to divide (after
differentiation).
Question 3
12, 31 pairs
Reason — there are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerve.
Question 4
Cerebellum
Reason — the cerebellum is primarily responsible for coordinating and controlling voluntary
movements, including posture and balance.
Question 5
Ventricle
Reason — the central cavity of the brain is called the ventricle. These ventricles are filled with
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which helps protect and cushion the brain.
Question 6
Nerve cell
Reason — Nerve cell have many free ribosomes and many ribosomes associated with
endoplasmic reticulum, giving the cell granular appearance.
Question 7
Arachnoid
Reason — Arachnoid is the middle layer of the meninges.
Question 8
Stimulus
Reason — a stimulus is any agent or an environmental change which initiates a response in
the body.
Question 9
Cerebral cortex
Reason — in the cerebral cortex, the folds of gray matter are called gyri and the grooves are
called sulci.
Question 10
Axons
Reason — Axons are covered with myelin sheath which gives it white colour.

Very Short Answer Type

Question 1
(a) Cerebrospinal fluid

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(b) Synapse
(c) Cerebrum
(d) Ventricle
Question 2
(a) Stimulus: Receptor: Impulse: Effector
(b) Cerebrum: Diencephalon: Cerebellum: Medulla oblongata
(c) Receptor: Sensory nerve: Motor nerve: Effector
(d) Axons: Nerve: Cytons: Nerve cells
(e) Cerebrum: Corpus callosum: Cerebellum: Pons
Question 3
(a) Odd term: Gray matter
Category: Coverings of the brain and spinal cord (Meninges)
(b) Odd term: Spinal cord
Category: Parts of the brain
(c) Odd term: Pons
Category: Components of neurons
(d) Odd term: Hypothalamus
Category: Parts of the hind brain
(e) Odd term: Knitting without looking
Category: Natural reflexes

Short Answer Type

(a) Corpus Callosum — Corpus callosum ("hard body") is a sheet of fibres connecting the two
cerebral hemispheres. It is located in the forebrain. It connects two cerebral hemispheres and
transfers information from one hemisphere to other.
(b) Central Canal — it is located in centre of the spinal cord. It is in continuation with the
cavities of the brain. It is filled with cerebrospinal fluid and acts as shock proof cushion. In
addition, it also helps in exchange of materials with neurons.
Question 2
(a) False
Corrected Statement — the main component of the white matter of the brain is axon.
(b) False
Corrected Statement — the arachnoid layer forms web like cushion.
(c) True
(d) True
Question 3
S.
Example Type of Reflex
No.

(i) Sneezing Simple

(ii) Blushing Simple

(iii) Contraction of eye pupil Simple

(iv) Lifting up a book Conditioned

(v) Knitting without looking Conditioned

Sudden application of brakes of the

(vi) Conditioned
cycle on sighting an obstacle in front
Question 4
(a) Association neuron — Association neurons carry impulses from the motor neuron to the
Central Nervous System (CNS) or a nerve cell found entirely within the central nervous
system. It acts as a connecting neuron and interconnects the sensory and motor neurons.
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(b) Myelin sheath — it acts like an insulation and prevents mixing of impulses in the adjacent
axons.
(c) Medullary sheath — it provides insulation and prevents mixing of impulses in the adjacent
axons.
(d) Cerebrospinal fluid — it acts like a cushion and protects the brain from shocks.
Question 5
(a) Stimulus — receptor — sensory neuron — central nervous system — motor neuron —
effector — response.
(b) Resting — depolarization — repolarization.
(c) Dendrites — Dendron — perikaryon — nucleus — axon — axon endings.
(d) Cerebrum — diencephalon — mid-brain — cerebellum — pons — medulla oblongata.
Question 6
(a) Three types of neurons —
1. Sensory neurons
2. Motor neurons
3. Association neurons
(b) Three types of nerves —
1. Sensory nerves
2. Motor nerves
3. Mixed nerves
(c) Three main parts of the neuron —
1. Cyton
2. Dendrites
3. Axon
(d) Two major divisions of the nervous system —
1. Central nervous system
2. Peripheral nervous system
(e) Three layers of the meninges —
1. Dura mater
2. Arachnoid
3. Pia mater
(f) Three main parts of the brain —
1. Cerebrum
2. Cerebellum
3. Medulla oblongata
(g) Two parts of the autonomic nervous system —
1. Sympathetic nervous system
2. Parasympathetic nervous system
(h) Two types of reflexes —
1. Natural (inborn) reflex
2. Conditioned (acquired) reflex.
Question 7
(a) CSF — Cerebrospinal fluid
(b) CNS — Central Nervous System
(c) PNS — Peripheral Nervous System
(d) ANS — Autonomic Nervous System

Descriptive Type
Question 1
(a) Neuron — Neuron (nerve cells) are the fundamental units of the nervous system
specialized to transmit information in the form of electrical impulses to different parts of the
body.
(b) Nerve — Nerve is a bundle of nerve fibres (axons) of separate neurons, enclosed in a
tubular sheath.

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(c) Stimulus — an agent or the sudden change of the external or internal environment that
results in a change in an organism or any of its body parts is called a stimulus.
(d) Synaptic cleft — the gaps between the axon terminals and the dendrites of another one or
more neurons are called synaptic clefts.
(e) Reflex action — Reflex action is an automatic or quick or immediate involuntary action in
the body brought about by a stimulus.
(f) Corpus callosum — Corpus callosum is a sheet of fibres connecting the two cerebral
hemispheres.
Question 2
(a) Difference between cerebrum and cerebellum (function)
Cerebrum Cerebellum

The cerebrum is the seat of intelligence, consciousness The cerebellum maintains

and will-power. It controls all voluntary actions. It balance of the body and
enables us to think, reason, plan and memorize. Coordinate muscular activity.

(b) Difference between sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
(location and role)
Sympathetic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System

Sympathetic nervous system is located Parasympathetic nervous system is located in

between the neck and the waist region. the head and Neck region and in sacral region.

It prepares the body for violent action It is concerned with re-establishing normal
against the abnormal condition. conditions after The violent act is over.

(c) Difference between sensory nerve and motor nerve (direction of impulse carried)
Sensory Nerve Motor Nerve

Sensory nerve brings impulses from the Motor nerve carries impulse from the brain or
receptors i.e. sense organs to the brain spinal cord to Effector organs such as muscles
or spinal cord. or glands.

(d) Difference between cerebrum and spinal cord (arrangement of cytons and axons of
neurons)
Cerebrum Spinal Cord

The grey matter containing cytons lies in The grey matter containing cytons lies in the
the cortex (outer region) while the white medullary region i.e. inner side while the
matter containing axons lies in the white matter containing axons lies in The
medullary region (inner region). cortex i.e. the outer region.

(e) Difference between cranial nerves and spinal nerves (number in pairs)
Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

(f) Difference between nerve impulse and flow of electricity (transmission and speed)

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Nerve impulse Flow of electricity

Here, neither any substance nor any Here, electrons actually move along the
electrons or ions move along the nerve fibre. wire.

Nerve impulses travel at a speed of about 100 Electricity is conducted at a speed of

metres per second. about 150,000 km per second.

(g) Difference between medulla oblongata and cerebellum (function)

Medulla Oblongata Cerebellum

Medulla oblongata controls the activities of internal

The cerebellum maintains balance
organs, for example, peristaltic movement of the
of the body and Coordinates
alimentary canal, movement of breathing and many
muscular activity.
other involuntary actions.
Question 3
Organ Sympathetic System Parasympathetic System

Dilates bronchi and

e.g. Lungs Constricts bronchi and bronchioles
bronchioles

(1) Heart Accelerates heartbeat Retards heartbeat

(2) Pupil of
Dilation Constriction
the eye

(3) Salivary Inhibits secretion of saliva

Stimulates secretion of saliva.
gland (dryness of the mouth)
Question 4
(a) Central nervous system includes the brain and the spinal cord contained within the
vertebral column. They have an important role to play because all bodily activities are
controlled by them. A stimulus from any part of the body is always carried to the brain or
spinal cord for the correct response. A response to a stimulus is also generated in the central
nervous system. Therefore, the brain and the spinal cord are called the central nervous
system.
(b) Neurotransmitters are broken down by an enzyme just after passing an impulse from one
neuron to the other to make the synapse ready for the next transmission of impulse.
Question 5
Labelled diagram of a myelinated neuron is shown below:

Question 6
The advantages of having a nervous system are as follows:
1. Keeps us informed about the outside world through
sense organs.
2. Enables us to remember, think and reason out.
3. Controls and harmonizes all voluntary muscular
activities such as running, holding, writing.
4. Regulates involuntary activities such as breathing,
beating of the heart without our thinking about them.

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Question 7
Reflex Action Voluntary Action

Initiated by some stimulus (touch, pain,

Initiated by a willing thought.
pressure, heat, light)

Mainly self-protective due to environment. Fulfilment of a desired goal.

Commands originate mostly in the spinal cord

and autonomic nervous system and a few in Commands originate in brain.
the brain as well.

Involve muscles and glands. Involve only muscles.

Structured / Application / Skill Type

Question 1
Salivation can occur as a conditioned reflex simply at the sight or by the smell of a familiar
tasty food. This means that if we have not eaten that food earlier, the response will not occur.
Boy B starts salivating because he has tasted the foods in the menu earlier, so his brain
remembers the tastes of those foods and salivation occurs as a conditioned reflex for him. On
the other hand, boy A has not tasted those foods earlier, his brain does not know the taste of
those foods hence no conditioned reflex occurs for him.
Question 2
(a) The parts labelled 1-4 are:
 1 → Cerebrum
 2 → Cerebellum
 3 → Pons
 4 → Medulla oblongata
(b) The brain is protected by 3 membranous coverings called Meninges. The three layers of
meninges are:
1. Dura mater
2. Arachnoid
3. Pia mater.
(c) Neuron/nerve cell.
(d) Cerebellum (part 2) is concerned with maintaining the balance of the body and the
coordination of muscular activities.
Question 3
(a) The phenomenon shown in the figure is Spinal reflex.
Spinal reflex is an automatic/quick/immediate, involuntary action in the body brought about
by a stimulus.
(b) The parts labelled 1 & 2 are:
1 → Sensory nerve
2 → Motor nerve
One functional difference between Sensory & Motor nerve is:
Sensory nerve Motor nerve

Brings impulse from receptors Carry impulse from brain and spinal cord to effector
to brain or spinal cord. organs.

(c) Back bone or vertebral column is the bony protective covering. Meninges (dura mater,
arachnoid and pia mater) is the membranous protective covering.
(d) Guidelines 3 and 4 are:
3 → Gray matter

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4 → White matter
(e) Gray matter is composed of cytons and white matter is
composed of axons.
(f) Synapse
(g) Cerebrospinal fluid
(h) Synapse
(i) Acetylcholine
(j) Diagram of nerve cell with the parts labelled is shown below:

Question 4
(a) Neuron
(b) Brain and spinal cord
(c) Neurons are the fundamental building blocks of the nervous
system. They help us to process information, control our
movements, allow us to perceive the world around us, and are
involved in learning and memory.
(d) Centrosome is the cell organelle absent in these cells. It is
absent because the nerve cells have lost the ability to divide.
(e) Below is the labelled diagram of neuron:

Question 5
1 - Central Nervous System
2 - Autonomic
3 - 12
4 - spinal
5 - 31
6 - Neck
7 - Waist
8 - Dilates
9 - Constricts
10 - Liver
11 - Neck
12 – Sacrum

11. Sense Organs

Progress Check 1
Question 1
(i) Eyelids — protects the outer surface of the eyes and can shut out light.
(ii) Eyelashes — prevent falling of large particles into the eye.
(ili) Tears — serve as lubricant, washes away dust particles.
(iv)Iris — regulates the amount of light that can enter the eye.
(v) Ciliary muscles — it changes the shape of the lens during accommodation reflex.
Question 2
Conjunctiva → cornea → aqueous humour → lens → vitreous humour → retina
Question 3
(i) Yellow spot
(ii) Blind spot
(iii) Rod cells
(iv)Pupil
(v) Suspensory ligaments
(vi)Accommodation
(vii) Concave
(viii) Choroid
Question 4

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(i) Nasolacrimal duct connects the eyes with the nasal cavity. Medicines dropped in the eye,
sometimes flow down through this duct and come into the nose.
(ii) When a person enters a poorly lit room after being exposed to bright sunlight outside,
they may feel blinded for a short while due to dark adaptation. The following changes take
place in dark adaptation:
1. Visual purple or rhodopsin, the pigment of rods, is regenerated which was earlier
broken down due to bright light.
2. Pupil are dilated permitting more light to enter the eyes.
These adjustments take a little time during which the person feels blinded.

Progress Check 2
Question 1
 External Ear — Ear drum, pinna, tympanum
 Middle Ear — Hammer, Anvil, stirrup, Eustachian tube, oval window
 Internal Ear — Cochlea, semi-circular canals
Question 2
(i) Semi-circular canals
1. Dynamic Equilibrium
2. Detects head rotation
(ii) Cochlea
1. Contains organ of corti which plays role in hearing.
2. Converts sound vibrations into electrical signals and transmits it to the brain via the
auditory nerve.
(iii) Auditory nerve
1. Transmits auditory signals from ear to brain.
Question 3
(i) False
Corrected Statement — Human ear is concerned with hearing and balancing.
(ii) True
Question 4
(I) the parts numbered 1-6 are:
1 → Ear canal
2 → Ear fossils
3 → Ear drum
4 → Oval wind
5 → Opening of Eustachian tube
6 → Round Window
(ii) Middle Ear

Multiple Choice Type

Question 1
Retina
Reason — Sensory cells are present in Retina. It acts as screen where image is formed.
Question 2
Vitamin A
Reason — Vitamin A (Retinol) is necessary for the synthesis rhodopsin.
Question 3
Pupil
Reason — the size of pupil increases or decreases to regulate the amount of light entering the
eyes.
Question 4
Lysozyme
Reason — Lysozyme helps to fight the infection or avoid infection due to its antiseptic
property.

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Question 5
Iris
Reason — the iris contains radial muscles to widen and circular muscles to constrict the pupil.
Question 6
Endolymph
Reason — the median canal of cochlea is filled with fluid called endolymph.
Question 7
Cornea
Reason — the thin, transparent extension of sclerotic layer found in front of the lens is
transparent and buldges out. This is known as cornea.
Question 8
Cochlea
Reason — Cochlea has organ of corti which is responsible for hearing.
Question 9
Organ of Corti
Reason — the middle canal of cochlea contains spiral organ called organ of Corti for hearing.
Question 10
Eustachian tube
Reason — Eustachian tube connects the cavity of middle ear with throat. It equalises the air
pressure on either side of the tympanum.

Very Short Answer Type

Question 1
(a) Rhodopsin
(b) Eustachian tube
(c) Hammer
(d) Eustachian tube
(e) Sclerotic layer or Sclera
(f) Auditory nerves
(g) Rods and cones
(h) Hypermetropia
Question 2
(a) Cones: Iodeosin: Rods: Rhodopsin.
(b) Eyes: Photoreceptors: Ears: Phonoreceptors.
(c) Ears: Auditory nerve: Eyes: Optical nerve.
(d) Ear pinna: Auricle: Inner ear: Membranous labyrinth.
(e) Semi-circular canal: Ampulla: Cochlea: Basilar membrane.
Question 3
Column I Column II

Conjunctiva Transparent epithelium

Cornea Transparent but appears black

Choroid Contains melanin, Ciliary body

Cochlea Spiral-shaped

Conjunctivitis Viral infection

Short Answer Type

Question 1
(a) False
Corrected statement — Deafness is caused due to rupturing of the eardrum.

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(b) False
Corrected statement — Semi-circular canals are concerned with dynamic balance.
Question 2
(a) Yellow spot lies at the back of the eye almost at the centre on the horizontal axis of the
eyeball. It is the region of brightest vision and also of colour vision.
(b) Lacrimal glands are located at the upper sideward portion of the eye orbit. They pour the
secretion in the form of tears which serves as a lubricant, antiseptic and even washes away
dust particles from the eyes.
(c) Organ of Corti is present in the middle cochlear canal of the ear. It helps in hearing.
(d) Eustachian canal connects middle ear to throat. It balances air pressure on either sides of
tympanum.
(e) Incus is located in middle ear. It helps in transmission of sound from external to internal
ear.
Question 3
(a) Auditory canal, tympanum, ear ossicles, oval window, cochlea
(b) Conjunctiva, cornea, lens, retina, optic nerve.
Question 4
(a) Cochlea — Hearing.
(b) Semi-circular canal — Dynamic Equilibrium.
(c) Iris — regulates the size of pupil controlling the amount of light entering the eyes.
(d) Choroid — Provides nourishment to the eye and prevents light rays from reflecting and
scattering inside the eye.
(e) Biliary body and suspensory ligament — Accommodation of eye.
Question 5
Structure Function

Auditory nerve Transfers impulse from inner ear to brain

Biliary muscle Helps to change the focal length of the eye lens

Semi-circular canals Dynamic equilibrium

Question 6
(a) Rhodopsin or visual purple and iodeosin or visual violet.
(b) Dark adaptation and light adaptation.
(c) Distant vision accommodation and near vision accommodation.
(d) Sclera, choroid and retina.
Question 7
Cause Eye defect

(a) Lens turns opaque Cataract

(b) Uneven curvature of the cornea Astigmatism

(c) Deficiency of vitamin A Night blindness

(d) Lens loses its flexibility Presbyopia

(e) Eye ball lengthens from front to

Myopia
back

(f) Lens becomes too flat Hyperopia

Descriptive Type
Question 1

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(a) Conjunctiva — A thin membrane covering the entire front part of the eye. It is continuous
with the inner lining of the eyelids.
(b) Lysozyme — Lysozyme is an enzyme present in tear which has antiseptic property.
(c) Adaptation — Adaptation of the eye is the process by which the eyes adjust to changes in
light levels, allowing us to see clearly in both bright and dim environments.
(d) Power of accommodation — Power of accommodation is the ability of the eye lens to focus
near and far object clearly on the retina by adjusting the thickness of lens (and hence focal
length).
(e) Ear ossicles — the three bones present in ear, i.e. malleus, incus and stapes; together are
called ear ossicles.
Question 2
(a) Difference between myopia and hyperopia (type of lens used for correction) —
Myopia Hyperopia

Myopia can be corrected by suitable concave Hyperopia can be corrected by

(diverging) lens which causes the light rays to suitable convex
diverge before they strike the lens of the eye. (Converging) lens.
(b) Difference between rods and cones (sensitivity) —
Rods Cones

Rods are sensitive to dim light Cones are sensitive to bright light and are responsible
but do not respond to colour. for colour vision.

(c) Difference between aqueous humour and vitreous humour (location) —

Aqueous humour Vitreous humour

Aqueous humour is the front chamber Vitreous humour is larger cavity of the eyeball
between the lens and the cornea. behind the lens.

(d) Difference between near and distant accommodation (shape of lens) —

Near accommodation Distant accommodation

For near accommodation, the lens For distant accommodation, the lens is more
becomes more convex or rounded. flattened or thinner.

(e) Difference between dark and light adaptation (pigments which will be regenerated) —
Dark adaptation Light adaptation

For dark adaptation, visual purple or For light adaptation, visual violet or iodeosin
rhodopsin pigment will be regenerated. pigment Will be regenerated.

(f) Difference between night blindness and colour blindness (sensory cells which cannot
function properly) —
Night blindness Colour blindness

In night blindness, the rod cells In colour blindness, the cone cells cannot
cannot function properly. function properly.
Question 3
(a) Nasolacrimal duct connects the eyes with the nasal cavity. Medicines dropped in the eye,
sometimes flow down through this duct and come into the nose and even throat.
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(b) Three small bones of ear ossicles transmit the vibrations received by the tympanum and
amplify them. If these were replaced by a single bone, the vibrations received by the
tympanum would not be amplified. Hence, three small bones of ear ossicles are advantageous
as compared to one single bone for hearing.
(c) There are no sensory cells in the blind spot and therefore, this is considered as 'area of no
vision' and image striking it cannot be perceived.
Question 4
The image formed on the retina is inverted and real.
Question 5
Light rays from the object enter the eyes through the transparent structures.

For distant vision, the lens is more flattened or thinner.

For near vision, the lens becomes more convex or rounded.

While reading a book, the lens is more convex or rounded due to contraction of ciliary muscles
because the book is usually read from a short distance. When we raise our head and look at a
distant object, the ciliary muscles relax to build the tension on the suspensory ligament so
that they can stretch the lens. This change in the curvature of the lens makes us focus on
distant object.

Question 6
The sensation of light persists for a period of time after we look at a bright object and then
close eyes. It lasts for one-tenth of a second. Due to this by closing the eyes and gently
pressing them with our palms, we see some specs of brilliant light.
Question 7
The three ear ossicles are: Malleus (hammer), Incus (anvil) and Stapes (stirr up).
The last ear ossicle, stapes, vibrates and transmits the vibration to the oval window.
The role of other two ear ossicles is to magnify the vibration of stapes as a result of their lever
like action.

Structured / Application / Skill Type

Question 1
(a) Kinds of adjustments done in the figure:
(A) → dilated pupil due to dim light.
(B) → Constricted pupil due to bright light.

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(b)
S.
Factor A B
No.

(i) The size of pupil bigger smaller

The pigment
Rhodopsin (visual
(ii) which gets Iodopsin.
purple)
regenerated

Rods become active and Cones become active and rods

(iii) Cells of the retina
cones become inactive become inactive
Question 2
(a)
(i) Regulation of the size of pupil — Iris.
(ii) Regulation of the shape of lens — Ciliary muscles.
(iii) Keeping the lens moist and protecting it from physical shock — Aqueous Humour.
(iv)The layer providing nourishment to the eye — Choroid layer.
(b)
(i) Static balance — Vestibule.
(ii) Dynamic balance — Ampulla.
(iii) Hearing — Organ of Corti.
(iv)Amplification of vibrations — Ear ossicles (Malleus, incus and stapes).
Question 3
(a) The guidelines are labelled below:
 1 → Aqueous chamber
 2 → Lens
 3 → Iris
 4 → Cornea
 5 → Conjunctiva
 6 → Sclera
 7 → Choroid
 8 → Retina
 9 → Yellow spot
 10 → Optic nerve (Blind spot)
(b) Part 3 (Iris) — It contains radial muscles to dilate the pupil and circular muscles to
constrict the pupil.
Part 7 (Choroid) — It is the middle layer of the eyeball, richly supplied with blood vessels and
provides nourishment to the eye.
(c) Part 9 (yellow spot) contains sensory cells especially the cone cells while part 10 (blind
sport) contains no sensory cells.
(d) Part 6 (sclera) gives shape to the eyeball and part 8 (retina) acts as screen to form image
of an object.
Question 4
(a) Myopia
(b) The two possible reasons for myopia are either the eye ball is lengthened from front to
back or the lens is too curved.
(c) Parts labelled 1 to 4 are:
 1 → vitreous humour
 2 → blind spot
 3 → lens
 4 → pupil
(d) Concave lens

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(e) The below diagrams show the condition of Myopia and how it is corrected using a Concave
Lens:

Question 5
(a) Below labelled diagram shows the membranous labyrinth found in the inner ear:

(b)
(i) Cochlea
(ii) Organ of corti
(iii) Oval window
(iv ) Auditory nerve
(v) Eustachian tube
Question 6
(i) Ear ossicles
(ii) The labelled parts are:
 A → Cochlea
 B → Semicircular canals
 C → Ear ossicles
(iii) Cochlea helps in transmitting impulses to the brain via the auditory nerve. Semicircular
canals help in maintaining dynamic equilibrium of the body.
(iv)Organ of Corti
Question 7
Below is the labelled diagram of the inner ear:

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Utriculus and Sacculus collectively termed as vestibule are responsible for maintaining static
balance in human beings.
Question 8
(a) Myopia
(b) The condition shown in section A is Hyperopia as the image is formed behind the retina.
The condition shown in section B is Myopia as the image is formed in front of the retina.
(c) She needs reading glasses with concave lens.
Question 9
(a) The labelled parts are:
 1 → External ear (pinna)
 2 → Ear drum (tympanum)
 3 → Auditory canal
 4 → Malleus
 5 → Semi-circular canals
 6 → Cochlea
 7 → Auditory nerve
 8 → Eustachian tube
(b) Part 6 (Cochlea) — It contains sensory cells for hearing.
Part 7 (Auditory nerve) — It transmits impulse of hearing to the brain.
Part 8 (Eustachian tube) — It equalizes air pressure on both the sides of the tympanum.
(c) It is harmful to use a sharp object to remove ear wax as it can rupture the ear drum.
The part involved is part 2 — Ear drum (tympanum).

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