VENUS PUBLIC

SCHOOL

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
“SESSION 2024-2025
PHYSICS”

SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-

MR. SUNIL SIR DEVASHISH
SHIVHARE
 CLASS:- 12TH (PCB)

INDEX

o CERTIFICATE
o ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
o AIM OF PROJECT
o MATERIAL REQUIRED
o THEORY
o PROCEDURE
o OBSERVATIONS
o CALCULATIONS
o RESULTS
o PRECAUTIONS
o SOURCE OF ERROR
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that DEVASHISH

SHIVHARE of class XII-B has
successfully prepared the report on
the project under the guidance of Mr.
SUNIL SIR. This report is the result
of her efforts and endeavours. This
report is found worthy of acceptance
as final project report for the subject
Physics of class XII

Signature of educator - Mr. SUNIL

SIR
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to my physics
teacher, Mr. Sunil sir, for the
invaluable guidance and feedback
provided throughout this project.
Sir’s vast knowledge and
encouragement have been
instrumental. I would also like to
thank our principal, for enabling
access to resources that made
this project possible. Finally, I am
deeply thankful to my parents for
their constant support and
motivation. This project would not
have been achievable without
them.
AIM:-
To study the Earth's magnetic field by using a compass needle, bar
magnet, and tangent galvanometer, plotting magnetic field lines, and
investigating the influence of magnetic fields on a compass.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:-
1. Compass needle
2. Bar magnet
3. Tangent galvanometer
4. Drawing board
5. White paper sheets
6. Pencil and ruler
7. Protractor
8. Stand for fixing the bar magnet
9. Power supply (for tangent galvanometer)

THEORY:-
1. Earth's Magnetic Field: The Earth acts as a huge magnet with a
magnetic field extending from the core to space. It has a magnetic
dipole aligned close to the geographic poles, creating a magnetic
field that can be observed at the surface.
2. Magnetic Field Lines: Magnetic field lines represent the direction
and intensity of a magnetic field around a magnet. They emerge
from the northpole and enter the south pole of a bar magnet,
creating a closed loop.
3. Compass Needle: A compass needle aligns itself with the Earth's
magnetic field, pointing towards the magnetic north and south.
4. Tangent Galvanometer: It is an instrument used to measure small
currents. When a current flows through the coil of a tangent
galvanometer, it produces a magnetic field perpendicular to the
plane of the coil, which can interact with the Earth's magnetic field.
5. Magnetic Declination and Inclination: Magnetic declination is
the angle between geographic north and magnetic north, while
inclination is the tilt of the magnetic field with respect to the
horizontal plane.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Part A: Magnetic Field Lines of a Bar Magnet
o Place a sheet of white paper on a drawing board.
o Place a bar magnet at the centre and outline it on the paper.
o Use a compass needle to plot the magnetic field lines
o Start from one pole of the magnet
o Place the compass at various points and mark the direction
the needle points.
o Draw the magnetic field lines by connecting these points.
o Repeat this process at multiple positions around the magnet
to create a clear pattern of field lines.
2. Part B: Using the Tangent Galvanometer to Study Magnetic
Field
o Place the tangent galvanometer horizontally and align it with
the magnetic north-south direction using a compass.
o Connect the tangent galvanometer to a power source,
adjusting the current to create a measurable deflection.
o Measure the angle of deflection (θ) of the compass needle in
the galvanometer due to the interaction of the magnetic field
produced by the coil and the Earth's magnetic field.
o Record the current (I) in the circuit.
3. Part C: Calculation of Horizontal Component of Earth’s
Magnetic Field (BH)
o The tangent galvanometer operates on the tangent law:

o Where B is the magnetic field due to current in the coil, and

BH is the Earth's horizontal magnetic field.
o Using the known parameters, calculate BH from the formula.
 OBSERVATIONS:-
• Deflection angle θ observed in the tangent galvanometer for
various currents.
• Magnetic field lines plotted around the bar magnet .

Using the following known values:

• Radius (R) of the tangent galvanometer coil: 0.1 m0.1 \,

\text{m}0.1m
• Number of turns (N) in the coil: 50
• Magnetic constant (μ0): 4π×10−7 Tm/A

The magnetic field B due to the coil is calculated as:

Here are the data readings for different current values and their
calculations:

CALCULATIONS:-
Example Calculation for Current I=0.1 A and θ = 15∘ :
1) Magnetic Field (B):

2) Horizontal Component of Earth's Magnetic Field (BH):

Repeat similar calculations for other current values in the table to obtain BH

RESULT:-
The calculated values of Earth's horizontal magnetic field (BH) for
different current values are close to an average of approximately 1.2x10-
5
T, representing the Earth's horizontal magnetic field strength in this
region.

PRECAUTIONS:-:
1. Ensure the compass is not near any magnetic objects other than
the bar magnet.
2. Keep the tangent galvanometer perfectly aligned with the Earth’s
magnetic field direction.
3. Take readings accurately, avoiding parallax error in deflection
measurements.
4. Avoid external magnetic disturbances, as they can interfere with
the compass needle and galvanometer readings
SOURCES OF ERROR:-
1. Misalignment of the tangent galvanometer with the Earth’s
magnetic north-south direction.
2. Inconsistent power supply causing fluctuations in current readings.
3. External magnetic fields affecting the compass needle's alignment.