FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY - FINALS COVERAGE
LENS
It is the image-forming device of the lens that actually
has a greater effect on the quality of the image to be
formed.
A medium or system which converge or diverge light
rays passing through it to form an image.
Can be a glass or transparent material which permits
light to pass through and change the direction of light.
DANIEL BARBARO
first to introduce the use of lens in the camera.
He was an Italian who encouraged the use of camera
obscura for artistic endeavors. By the time he
adapted the technique, however, the chamber of the
camera obscura was typically a simple box rather
than an entire room.
PIN-HOLE CAMERA
a type of camera without a lens, made with a small hole in
one of its side.
2. ACCORDING TO DEGREE OF CORRECTIONS
A. MENISCUS LENS - lens that has no correction.
B. RAPID RECTIINEAR LENS - lens corrected of
distortion.
CLASSIFICATION OF LENSES C. ANASTIGMAT LENS - correcting astigmatism
D. ACHROMATIC LENS - correcting chromatic aberration.
1. ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF IMAGE TO BE E. APOCHROMATIC LENS - correcting both astigmatism
PRODUCED. and chromatic aberration.
a. POSITIVE or CONVEX LENS (Converging Lens)
Characterized by the fact that it is thicker at the
center and thinner at the side which is capable of INHERRENT LENS DEFECTS
bending the light together and form the image
inversely. ABERRATION
An aberration is something that deviates from the norm,
b. NEGATIVE or CONCAVE LENS (Diverging Lens) usually in an unwanted way. In regard to optics, this
Characterized by the fact that it is thinner at the describes the failure of rays of light passing through a lens
center and thicker at the side and forms the virtual to converge at a single point.
image on the same side of the camera.
1. SPHERICAL ABERRATION
Inability of the lens to focus light passing the side of the
lens producing an image that is sharp in the center and
blurred in the side.
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A. Positive Coma - a kind of lens coma results in a star
images near the outer edges of the viewing field seeming
to have comet-style tail scattering radially towards its
optical axis (center).
B. Negative Coma - (scattering radially away from optical
axis)
Spherical Aberration
POSITIVE COMA - stars have tails pointing away from the
center
2. COMA
Also known as lateral aberration, comatic aberration
NEGATIVE COMA - tails point toward the center.
Inability of the lens to focus light that travels straight
or lateral, thus making it blurred while the light
3. CURVATURE OF FIELD
reaching the lens oblique is the one that is
The relation of the images of the different points are
transmitted sharp.
incorrect with the respect to one another. (Circular dome-
It is a type of optical aberration that occurs when light
like shape)
from a point source (like a star or a bright point of
It describes how an image, instead of being projected
light) enters the lens at an angle. Instead of
onto a flat plane (like the sensor of a camera or the retina
appearing as a perfect point, the light spreads out
of the eye), is instead focused onto a curved surface. As a
into a comet-like shape, with a tail radiating outward.
result, parts of the image may appear out of focus when a
flat imaging surface is used.
The teardrop-shaped highlights in this image are an example of comatic
aberration.
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B.
5. CHROMATIC ABERRATION
often called “color fringing,” is a common optical color
distortion that results in stray color along the outline
of objects within a photograph.
Inability of the lens to focus light of varying
wavelength.
The lens refract rays of short wavelength more
strongly than those of longer wavelength, and
An example of strong field curvature, this image shows a sharp therefore bringing blue rays to a shorter focus than
central region with strong blurring and distortion in the corners and
edges of the frame. the red.
4. DISTORTION
Is a defect in shape not in sharpness.
It can either be Pincushion Distortion (curving inward) or
Barrel (curving outward) and waveform (also known as
mustache) distortion.
A.
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6. ASTIGMATISM LENS CHARACTERISTICS
Is a form of lens defects in which the horizontal and
vertical axis are not equally magnified. 1. FOCAL LENGTH
Inability of the lens to focus both horizontal and vertical It is the distance measured from the optical center of the
lines. lens sets to focus at infinite position.
According to focal lenses, it may be classified as:
A. WIDE ANGLE or SHORT FOCUS
With focal length not longer than diagonal half of
the negative. Useful in taking photograph at short
distance with wider area coverage. (<35mm)
B. NORMAL or MEDIUM FOCUS
With a focal length longer than twice the diagonal
half of the negative. Best diagonal half of the
negative. (>35 <70mm)
C. LONG or TELEPHOTO LENS
With a focal length longer than twice the diagonal
half of the negative. Best used in long distance
photographing but with narrow area coverage.
D. ZOOM LENS
Lens with variable focal length or that which can
be adjusted continuously by the movement of one
or more elements in the lens system. A
combination of positive and negative lenses.
2. RELATIVE APERTURE
The light gathering power of the lens expressed in F-
number.
A. DEPTH OF FIELD
refers to the distance between the nearest and
furthest objects in a photograph that looks
acceptably sharp. This crucial concept affects how
you draw attention to your subject and creates a
sense of focus within the frame.
7. FLARES
Condition of the lens producing multiple images.
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B. HYPERFOCAL DISTANCE
It is the nearest distance at which when a lens is
focused with a given particular diaphragm opening
will give the maximum depth of field.
C. DEPTH OF FOCUS
Refers to the distance toward and away from the
film that the lens can be moved when a given f-
value, and have the object being photographed
still appears in focus.
D. APERTURE
The aperture is the opening created by a set of
overlapping metal blades, known as the
diaphragm, inside a photographic lens. This
opening controls the amount of light coming
through the lens. The wider the aperture, the less
depth of field you capture. The smaller the
aperture, the deeper the depth of field.
3. FOCUSING
Is the setting of the proper distance in order to form a
sharp image. The one that controls the degree of
sharpness of the object.
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FILTERS
Homogeneous medium (plastic or glass) which absorbs
and transmits different light rays passing through it. Its
basic purpose is to subtract (control) light rays of varying
wavelengths.
FILTER FACTOR
Refers to the number of times that the normal exposure
must be multiplied.
TYPES OF FILTER
A. CORRECTION FILTERS
Used to change the response of the film so that all colors CHEMICAL PROCESS
are recorded at approximately the relative brightness The process of making latent image visible and
values by the eye. permanent.
B. CONTRAST FILTERS A. DEVELOPMENT
Used to change the relative brightness so that two colors (use of either D-76, Dektol or Universal Solution)
which would otherwise be recorded as nearly the same Is the process necessary for reducing the silver halides to
will have decidedly different brightness in the picture. form the image.
Elon, Hydroquinone = used as main developing agents.
C. HAZE FILTER
Used to eliminate or reduce the effect of a serial haze. B. STOP BATH
Normally composed of water with little amount of dilute
acetic acid that serves as a means to prevent
contamination between the developer and the acid fixer.
C. FIXATION
The process by which all unexposed silver halides are
dissolved or removed from the emulsion surface and
making the image more permanent.
Sodium Thiosulfate (hypo) is the main fixing agent that
dissolves unexposed silver halides.
OTHER CHEMICALS AND PROCESSES USED:
1. ACETIC ACID AND BORIC ACID - serves as
neutralizer
2. SODIUM SULFATE - serves as the preservative
3. POTASSIUM BROMIDE - restrainer or hardener
4. SODIUM BICARBONATE and BORAX POWDER -
serves as accelerator.
5. DODGING - process of eliminating unwanted portion
of the negative during enlarging
6. CROPPING - ist the process of omitting an object
during the process of enlarging and printing.
7. VIGNETTING - the gradual fading of the image
D. POLARIZING FILTER towards the side through skillful adjustment on the
Used to reduce or eliminate too much reflections on highly dodging board.
reflective surfaces such as newly painted object with high 8. DYE TONING - is the process designed in changing
glossiness. the color tone of the photograph.
9. BURNING-IN - additional exposure on a desired
portion of the negative used for puspose of making a
balance exposure.
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