University of Technology Chemical Engineering Department Third Stage
Combustion Engineering Professor Dr. Khalid Hamid Rashid
Combustion Engineering
"Chemical engineers have the know-how and
experience to get the job done".
Lecture No. (5)
Combustion Stoichiometry
(1)
Prepared by
Professor Dr.
Khalid Hamid Rashid
1
University of Technology Chemical Engineering Department Third Stage
Combustion Engineering Professor Dr. Khalid Hamid Rashid
Combustion Stoichiometry
The total amount of air needed for complete combustion of a fuel
depends on the following factors:
1. Type of fuel
2. Furnace (Chamber room ) arrangement
3. Heat transfer surface arrangement
Requirements of Fuel
A fuel should possess the following requirements:
1. Calorific value:
The fuel selected should have high calorific value
2. Price:
It should be cheap
3. Operating efficiency:
The fuel should burn more effectively.it should produce minimum
amount of smoke, slagging,
4. Refuse disposal:
The fuel should produce minimum ash on burning
5. Handling cost:
Handling cost of coal at power station plant is being maximum and gas
requires minimum handling cost whereas handling cost of oil is
intermediate.
6. Operating labour cost:
The operating labour cost is being maximum in coal fired plants, whereas
it is minimum where gas is used as fuel.
2
University of Technology Chemical Engineering Department Third Stage
Combustion Engineering Professor Dr. Khalid Hamid Rashid
Principal Stages of Combustion:
The combustion of fuel is a complicated physical and chemical
process in which the combustible elements of the fuel combine with the
oxygen of air with evolution of heat attended by a sharp rise in
temperature and formation of flame.
During the burning of any fuel, two stages are observed:
i) Ignition
ii) Combustion
Ignition:
It is the period during which the fuel is gradually raised in
temperature.
On attaining a definite temperature, the fuel is ignited and stable
combustion sets in.
When solid fuel is introduced into furnace (Chamber room),
moisture is first removed and the volatiles begin to be liberated.
The resultant gaseous products of the fuel decomposition are
gradually heated to the ignition point and burn in a flame over the
solid part of the fuel.
Combustion:
Combustion of the gaseous substance beats the coke which
begins to burn stability when the ignition point is reached.
At this stage maximum temperature is generated.
Burning down is the final stage in the combustion of solid fuel.
Gasification and the combustion of solid elements are completed in
this stage and enough heat is generated to maintain combustion at a
sufficiently high temperature.
3
University of Technology Chemical Engineering Department Third Stage
Combustion Engineering Professor Dr. Khalid Hamid Rashid
Complete Combustion:
It is process in which the combustible elements of fuel
combine chemically with the oxygen of air at a definite temperature.
Flue Gases (Stack gases)
The flue gases produced consists of:
𝐶𝑂2 , 𝑆𝑂2, 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟 ( 𝐻2𝑂), 𝑂𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 ( 𝑂2), 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛i𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 (𝑁2)
Incomplete Combustion:
A deficiency in air supplied causes incomplete combustion
of fuel which results in considerable unburnt fuel being discharged
from the furnace.
The presence of carbon monoxide gas (𝐶𝑂) in the combustion
products indicates incomplete combustion, where the combustion is
accompanied by soot formation.
Weight of Carbon in Flue gases:
The weight of carbon contained in 1 kg of the gases can be
calculated from the amounts of 𝐶𝑂2 and 𝐶𝑂 present in it as follows:
𝑤𝑐 = 𝑤𝑒i𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜ƒ 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 i𝑛 1𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠
3 3
𝑤𝑐 = 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐶𝑂
11 7
Where, 𝐶𝑂2 and 𝐶𝑂 are the percentage weight (% wt) of carbon
dioxide and carbon monoxide per kg of flue gas respectively.
4
University of Technology Chemical Engineering Department Third Stage
Combustion Engineering Professor Dr. Khalid Hamid Rashid
Weight of Flue gas per 1 kg of fuel burnt:
The actual weight of dry flue gases can be obtained by
comparing the weight of carbon present in flue gases with the weight
of carbon in the fuel.
Assume,
𝑤𝑐 ƒ𝑢𝑒𝑙 = 𝑤𝑒i𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜ƒ 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 i𝑛 1 𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ ƒ𝑢𝑒𝑙
𝑤 = 𝑤𝑒i𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜ƒ ƒ𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 1 𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ ƒ𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑏𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑡
𝑤𝑐 ƒ𝑢𝑒𝑙
𝑤=
𝑤𝑐
Where,
𝑤𝑐 = 𝑤𝑒i𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜ƒ 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 i𝑛 1 𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ ƒ𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠
Temperature of Fuel Combustion:
The combustion of fuel is always accompanied by heat losses.
Therefore, the real temperature or actual temperature of combustion is
lower than the theoretical temperature combustion which is obtained in
ideal cases without heat losses.
The following table shows the theoretical temperature of
combustion for various fuels in centigrade (°C)
Type of Fuel Excess Air Coefficient
1.0 1.3 1.5 2.0
Temperature of Combustion in °C
Anthracite 2270 1845 1665 1300
Lignite 1875 1590 1425 1150
Peat 1700 1510 1370 1110
Fuel Oil 2125 1740 1580 1265
Gas 2000 1749 1478 1167
5
University of Technology Chemical Engineering Department Third Stage
Combustion Engineering Professor Dr. Khalid Hamid Rashid
Examples:
Ex: 1
The percentage composition of a sample coal was found to be as follows;
𝐶 = 85% ; 𝐻2 = 3% ; 𝑂2 = 2% ; 𝑎𝑠ℎ = 10%
Determine the minimum weight of air required for the complete
combustion of one kg of coal?
Solution
For the following combustion reaction of carbon
𝐶 + 𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑂2
11
1+ 8
=
3 3
𝑘𝑔
𝐶 = 0.85 𝑜ƒ ƒ𝑢𝑒𝑙
𝑘𝑔
𝑂2 = 8 𝑘𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢i𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 1 𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛
3
8 𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ 𝑂2
∴ 𝑂𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ ƒ𝑢𝑒𝑙 @ 𝐶 = 0.85 × = 2.266
3 𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙
𝑘𝑔
𝐻2 = 0.03 𝑜ƒ ƒ𝑢𝑒𝑙
𝑘𝑔
For the following combustion reaction of hydrogen
2𝐻2 + 𝑂2 → 2 𝐻2𝑂
I 18/r
#
1+8 →9
∴ 𝑂2 = 8 𝑘𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢i𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 1 𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ 𝐻2
𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ 𝑂2
∴ 𝑂2 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ ƒ𝑢𝑒𝑙 @ 𝐻2 = 0.03 × 8 = 0.24
𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙
6
University of Technology Chemical Engineering Department Third Stage
Combustion Engineering Professor Dr. Khalid Hamid Rashid
∴ 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑂𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢i𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 2.266 + 0.24 − 0.02
𝑂2
= 2.486 𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ
𝑘𝑔𝑜ƒ ƒ𝑢𝑒𝑙
∴Weight of air required for complete combustion of 1 kg of fuel:
100
= 2.486 × = 10.8 𝑘𝑔
23
Ex: 2
The percentage composition by weight of a sample of coal was found as
follows:
𝐶 = 24% ; 𝐻2 = 5% ; 𝑂2 = 8% ; 𝑎𝑠ℎ = 63%
It was also observed that dry flue gas had the following composition by
volume:
𝐶𝑂2 = 10% ; 𝐶𝑂 = 2% ; 𝑂2 = 13% ; 𝑁2 = 75%
Determine the following:
a) Minimum weight of air required for complete combustion of 1 kg
of coal
b) Weight of excess air required per kg of coal
Solution
a)
𝐶 = 0.24 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙
8
𝑂2 = 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜ƒ 𝐶
3
8
𝑂2 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢i𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙 @ 𝐶 = 0.24 × = 0.64 𝑘𝑔
3
𝐻2 = 0.05 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙
𝑂2 = 8 𝑘𝑔 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ 𝐻2
𝑂2 = 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢i𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙 @ 𝐻2 = 0.05 × 8 = 0.4 𝑘𝑔
7
University of Technology Chemical Engineering Department Third Stage
Combustion Engineering Professor Dr. Khalid Hamid Rashid
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑂𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢i𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 0.64 + 0.4 − 0.08 = 0.96 𝑘𝑔
100
∴ 𝑀i𝑛i𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑤𝑒i𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜ƒ 𝑎i𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢i𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙 = 0.96 ×
23
= 4.17 𝑘𝑔
b)
3
𝐶𝑂2 = 0.1
𝑚
𝑚3 𝑜ƒ ƒ𝑙𝑢𝑒 g𝑎𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑜2 = 44
𝑚3
% M.rt 𝑘𝑔
𝑤𝑐𝑜2 = (0.1 × 44) = 4.4
𝑚3𝑜ƒ𝑜ƒ 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑚3
𝐶𝑂 = 0.02
𝑚3 𝑜ƒ ƒ𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑜 = 28
𝑚3
𝑘𝑔
𝑤𝑐𝑜 = 0.02 × 28 = 0.56
𝑚3𝑜ƒ𝑜ƒ 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑚3
𝑂2 = 0.13 3
𝑚 𝑜ƒ ƒ𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝑀𝑜2 = 32
𝑚3
𝑘𝑔
𝑤𝑜2 = 0.13 × 32 = 4.16
𝑚3𝑜ƒ𝑜ƒ 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑚3
𝑁2 = 0.75 3
𝑚 𝑜ƒ ƒ𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝑀𝑁2 = 28
𝑚3
𝑘𝑔
𝑤𝑁2 = 0.75 × 28 = 21
𝑚3𝑜ƒ𝑜ƒ 𝑔𝑎𝑠
8
University of Technology Chemical Engineering Department Third Stage
Combustion Engineering Professor Dr. Khalid Hamid Rashid
𝑤𝑇 = 𝑤𝐶02 + 𝑤𝐶0 + 𝑤02 + 𝑤𝑁2
𝑘𝑔ƒ𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜ƒ 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑤𝑇 = 4.4 + 0.56 + 4.16 + 21 = 30.12
𝑚3 ƒ𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜ƒ 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝐶02 4.4 = 0.146
W𝑐𝑜 = =
2 𝑤𝑇 30.12 𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ ƒ𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝑤𝐶0 0.56 = 0.0.18
W𝑐𝑜 = =
𝑤𝑇 30.12 𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ ƒ𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝑤 02 4.16 = 0.14
W02 = =
𝑤𝑇 30.12 𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ ƒ𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑤𝑁 2 21 𝑘𝑔
W = = = 0.696
𝑁2
𝑤𝑇 30.12 𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ ƒ𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑤𝑒i𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜ƒ 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙 = 0.146 + 0.018
𝑘𝑔
= 0.24
𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙
W𝑒i𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜ƒ 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ ƒ𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠
= 𝑤𝑒i𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜ƒ 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 i𝑛 0.146 𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ 𝐶𝑂2
+ 𝑤𝑒i𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜ƒ 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 i𝑛 0.018 𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ 𝐶𝑂
3 3 𝑘𝑔
= × 0.146 + × 0.018 = 0.048
11 7 𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ ƒ𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠
0.24 𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ ƒ𝑙𝑢𝑒
∴ 𝑤𝑒i𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜ƒ ƒ𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙 = =5
0.048 𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ 𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙
Now,
Weight of excess Oxygen per kg of flue gas = Amount of Oxygen in flue
gas – Oxygen required to burn CO
4 𝑘𝑔
= 0.14 − × 0.018 = 0.13
7 𝑘𝑔 𝑜ƒ ƒ𝑙𝑢𝑒
∴ Weight of excess oxygen/ kg of coal = 5×0.13= 0.65 kg/kg of Fuel
∴ Weight of excess air/ kg of coal = 0.65× 100= 2.83 kg/kg of Fuel
23
