Uaii- 5 Electwostedties in Vacyum X Taraoduielien * Line interred Ke momewell'S | - * Dieleewie A Suslace Imegsal — payntiny Vecter- ® Grvedient rt \alime —indegretl. * cusk % coulomb Law + Dyewgence A Claus theme , stekes them . aE ComHunibiy 4+ Tnitreduction tei elects! c. An ideal dielectsic js a material jn which Positive — emd nguodive cya charge Oe 50 Hight) bound —=thed- they ore —insexpasble . mR hos exo Conductivity - No field electie field = ea (2 | Se Podesization of ca nm-palar atom os molecule: A_con polus_malecule > 45 ome in which “he conve ot oonity of the — pusitive Cheng coincides with the certse of gray of ~ the — ngsertive charge A Pole molecule? J5 one in urhich the Cente ot fravity of the — positive chomae 1S spoveted forom the center of qrremide of she Ne sortive chorge- by finite | diistence + QNHAVCHHHHHg ses 999 oF ~990070200009920082007799009In diclechic the xeldtenmroe 4the blo alectric displacement 2D Abela ae 2 ted € is Care od 3 3 3S Ghere € is the Permiltivity of the olielectic os) . . moterial in -fomads per metye- see Th fuee space P=0 hence. » : = t > Crsadient of ap scaly & the gradient of ct Scolaw D> field vis a vecky hed [ee Fives sits nitude ond is directed all 1? the moximum cee of change of v". 3 ThA oondex to illustsodte she wddiemt of A scales , let wd consider +wo eveb Susfaces la ond le -thsouth two close Ponit p onl @ diistence © di apost With che volues of jhe Seoderr function Vv omd Wtdv) wes pectivesy sae She diffeyertial horse in v totem pt @ cm be writ ot. pbUWddddI dN PointExample mA 8-5 buy, 2) = mr wr tHy?z* hen find the value of gr 6 db TH {PSE UL, cli ea Se wry a yet Fing egret Of iv Sita ei el 93) ate Jd_ 6 +36 4 fad 3s gy gu ate = Qt-ay + fet Oda dk Wo sey tye ge oy ot 5 Wid ) Sb = - we 4+ oye oy fe = 9, ees tare) Od eos a Quen a r vous (an - amy +422) $B ett aed) 4 At point (2.-1,-3) R Lovee) 0 oe Pe Blow Hp = Glox2-#-9x2b) 4 Lytby* +) Lyryaw CY E)* 4k MWEY)*Ly* 9 = fury +l -2 Gy 2S + 4p —pk SAP PRRBBABAAAAAAAAPAMPMMODBVAVOONNOOOVOHHVTOH AHH AaAarLe Exeumpel rt dh omd = owe ditlexential. bebo PS function of 9%, L then prove -thed- 5 Grad (Pty) Grad @ + grad p- 8 lw jracl @+¥) = egreid & + eyreudl P SS Grad (oY) = b grady + grad ¢ arcs ae SB Fora = (Pa 4/4, qi (+9) eo} Fa Lorwt5d Lo+y) +22 low) ee ae gh ae LS a 4 a a i) » te +3ah ie Tory) = ¥o +e ip Vey = ext +)3, a ae Bs J 3, (04) tj} by) +k oy CW [SRA ty BAUR re RHE ou . ay +key) 4 cae Sn)Divessence of A vector alives divexyence of the Neches F400 density A is the — oud-Hlow of » Alun fort Small cbsed Sustuce where per unit volume shvinles + zero”, we) » she Physiced Significemce of divers ence of a Vects field 18 thd ct A point it ives the = amourt = oh Flux Pee Umit = Nolume divexsing Fistor thet Point” * Divergence Value posiHve —> Sousce. # Divergence value Nenodtive eee cs * Divergence value zexo —> solenoidedl Beifven dene e neyedive (Sink) Ler ies, ee sie dt Citi eat 3 x Bye ae O7" a ‘ LAx +ihAy +£ Ar Alas = (23553, re) ees Sy + fAr) Ax oA 3 Bee 2 3e pb. fex unit Nolume. emeding- POOH OOONONODHNHRHAHTHH AHHH HK KRE Ppppnn epoeppap SOPPRRVPHHDExempal Find vot A aon poind U7.W) When A= at 7 spre + xy?zk- Gua = SP Sove AL od LD Ae ve zie ated awed = = V-A= Jay et +4 He) zi-a3z4y> as VA = Quy + 64727) +t) ot point U,-15 1) = Qxix) + E6xt-1)* xuyt) + Gxtey’) LOFT BY - hen aBtinag (Sink) negative, 4 Ly s Exampal ah A= JN +i be+) +k Brstz0d. then find div cf A ot point (a8 =3) A= b§ 45 VO4tt) the U2etz4) Point (ys =23%39 sy TR = [i 4 LS [rts bene) ak z+eo] ey] Se oot Spee Ueno) tyne mee aes, Of 21 T UT) YR > Z1tH > 3-G2) tt D> -C+L > aa bdddvvdvdddddddbaaaassaa A = ge | _Ekompole- ? Evalucte div F pohere FON Tak dv We Hende 2 Quo i Ye ule OF els eed A 2 9 od tobe ie [asus yy + 404 x ti (a3 29) “lay z) +0 6g eh =pornd- Vor = Gute — 2442 Compl Slits theme) position —vectoX oh oa Point then show -thed @) div w-3 bined <[h) Leite). =A @ Peel SSE js (34557! *) (ti tyd +2x) 3 Sa a pede) Ut it Wir > 8 ae bp Fe =e Face se A= Aud + Py i a Ark oat Pit v5 42k): [ad tAyg + Ax) WARE Why + YAY +2AL eater >? Vea) = Wan +53 +182) Lumera to , os i 274 7 MY ZJ a ) (pezd =z +apcle) ) A SAEAaeegee g sssssqaag SARRPPOSHROLA HALE PP PHA MA999999 °x ~ y > Axi tAys + Ark > » A 2 : PS Cus of A Vectors he cursh of a vector att S om point = js at Neclow = whose. nitude {5 9 Moximum net —ciyeuleten of the’ veclow filed pex DS Umit owed 08 ~jhe orea -tends +0 Zero omd = whose dlixectim | the normal clivectHon of pe the owea when he omer [5 oslented +40 BS make the pet echyculetion — moxinuan » > | = i) The. cisculecion vector -fielol A [> orsound clege pth c {5 Given os. [> : . SS * the dine integval of the vector owound a closed [> eh > => 2 ap PS Tur = cunla La Se NG § is ieee i Mm By WL + Ax Ax Aa Ls eo ; - curb ap’ = oA iol ye ‘(22a sehY) +5 [SyPx— aMjs i Sy Ay = Ax 5s ay aa (ee ay Wes ss yyustrodton of curd.i \ eae Cian Aeon ae ee Aid cum Solve . aaa +x A’ = aha” xan = (ide 9 yen a du | 07 at 2b aay 8h 4 jee -te ey 3 Sellen =o) +9 Loto) +k lo“ 0) os +0) 4h GuslA = 6 zero (men stoleden field) wy oe A= Jy 4d LO ry) te bt Hen find aul A ot point (Qs 2,-2) Ebvo Sof ie ae VA=| Oy Jy exe SEs Be sits (rte) - 2. swe] +s +s 3a -% tere] +k | a J (Zt9) +3 (0-2) +h (- 1) s Zi— Zs 4+ 20W-1k od point (Goi 2 2) 4 —9i42j) 2x0 -Lk mmm TER dt old TSRRNKNHKHHOKRE sft wy H+ lef Se y- see 3 eee Lae ee ee en ee eee a ae= % chechsic chore dishtbution 7 ) : 5 Fi bes pais choage A point chore 15 ox chonge > strat 16 docoted on a Body whege dimensien: NS ost much Smaller then other ‘webevort dimensiv : olurpote = +? point chorge DSW Line chaage> ov Lineow chagye distribution? “the Qine chore olistyi bution is Aescyibed in texms pros ‘the Wine chogye density 4 - v > o-[do. = SAedde Unit Chin oa Ai = Io oe & do=jdk Z g ") Susface chore clistribudion > When the chore is unitosmoly distributien over he Concluctor _sustace. H is called surface. chery e clishribudicy te is denoted by ond the umit 15 e/m> o=- 27 Be ds o-= | Go = Jods eee ebbddddddddueuue mn) Nolume chovpye dlistibudion =7 Volume chovaeie = distsiloudion 1g Nisualined od ct “sesfion of Space fifted with very lowge no. of posticles ce) Separated by Finite atomic distionce > tt is denoted by pond tes unit js lms@= [do = fadv Line integral » suvface integrod 7 Volume intesol: | fP ®. dl | pe e dl S ie ds = fds: per Pde lA Se RSF = Fd c8d em OPO PARES SAFAAHMAABAAAHHHHHAKHKHHALKAGSHEHEKSESEECoulomb's Jeuwo > Coulomb's meoinitucle of point -chogyes Oa and = Oa Quw States thod the tha eet - bid +wo is 1) disecly PropesHenal to the product of “their ~ che ii) —pwersely olistonce bio them. © modhe mettizedly ™ a, O geen cm ali @) G2 F= 47e pe ee Kee Re ee +o the Squore Fame a where 1 is propurtionelity Corstorrk fe = “GE Ype Corstent = E depends upon diel ectwic in which the the medium oo ch @ ose intmesesl = ts called the pewmittivity Of the medium- Fox fetee_ Spee ot Velour E= & = Br esuxnio'> then hs =e ae 5d coulumbs uw F= _O1e2_ N 47 RE €=& porel /meteo es me! ior SJ units is. ewtons HSHHHHHgegggggggggas 9994 CEGEREGESEEEREL RESso age of ones Coulors ach, S Seposated — by me. wees 9 - BANE v » - tS Ina vecty ian -the colony's bow is PS Given by- > = mS = DS he 3 ~~ 3 3 3 3 - eed 3 — 2 Where Og =O 2 brit — -vectoy 2 gn the disetn LP obs flee Oe. 3 foypece | Ore, 5 => ‘at Re Ls then, = Gases Ae = : | Wel = [Fal GiG2 (6-% 4né }e—=miy?Diveggence theorem > the cliveryence -+theasm states the? the Flax of Vecteo™ field G over omy clloseel Sus face 6 is equet +o +the syyolume integral of the diveyjence of =-he vecter field eves the Nodume enclosed by the Surfuce - fee prapta $2 Fides this eatucdion «= 18 Calle olivepyence theosem this +heomm ts used -to ever the Sus fFace— Iategred- Ab othe 2 dive. = of the yector -fredd jacto Nolume integred. of -the vector file Gack Stokes -theovem > =a states. dhedt line integyell. of vector field As Ovex OL closed Cwsve 5 Round to the susfuce in ego Ogee cust of vecter Field A’ ones the oustuce “e° _S urrounded “hy cdos ecl ~Metheméitcally ’ ea -cusd ds $ ea “ds -—@) d+ convests dine iategwel into Susfuc4e Sategpal - i -COOKEECEERS EG HHHRTMARANsseeesesesogas Ceem™ fawet ? a) cansider ix telco 6S CO ~~ Nosed aa ieal eu occtiorhae > unclosy < (closs Pe 7 S 3 a Wo de BS Ca a ee ae ee PD es 5 a ) TF we ewe obivide dhe Aiven susfauce -S = divides into Q ports o6 n- pets j.e- Po Susfauce Bruny SUG SE SS aA hows. close pee hovndorvies c,, cz, cg ~~~ Gy _ tes fectively 3 = Whe west. done ax dine Imtepyrodl oF AZ esound @ the boundary a of PEs Chee ee 3 2 abe b ay =O) in Fhe Same way . Werle alone few hounderey ex cna Are dt v § L wore dene fes bomdesy cs OH = $ Addo —s Werle done fer boum deoxy ia acs =r ds i) 5 fron ey (5) -heeoms - Add = lien? als a ot iS sous A 4 Road = {f ee —@ gee 1 S 1s lAnow = od { gtoleers theovem- eo. © PLLC arrnrmn COOEEEeEeagouvegag@aasasegeggegessads144044 dddddudueddedaadg i ae eee , Goss Divexgence theewem +? ee “i thet cice aati es iatesyral of veclw Field A over oh chosedl sou is equal to the volume fret S wsfoce FO over she inregnad of the olivergence— Of 42, Veotertauefelal A ones . the — Noduce— @nclosed by surface +» 5. Mathe madi col ly i _ iff rs oy SVR oa TA converts double integra into beipde imager vice NCeSA- 2 Poff ‘> { letuNmtcensidex cal nm Cun E Ogeeeon object of Bue ~ shape enclosed by susfuce ‘Ss’ in vector fiinction A av >A a fhe Flux diverging Pom the Susfuce Ss of No dum Nv y 4 = ii Fld —y)se Ns — i we divide the » given Volume vy ino Pours fy Nate gn enclosed by Boo 6, Sr, Sab Sn npespectively . Pz Ai LLELEEOUEEELELECPOPECEELELDYOUOGOUGDAAAAADVIIRZAONPPT the Plax exnenging uh eRe suchace. Gy a $, = Sf # ds —@ 5, at : “the {ux eral og ou fotom sucface 4, * Sj A ds, —) St me fs". lhe Nat se ous Carers Susie 95 5- rss Ahis the os fun is. | $e SS ads 5 js rs, slfeasee() Ao dsget_ —iooide 25 b= \\ Ads = = \ja-ds —O 5 i : ext Gen Rees smuhti phy ond divided ly dv dhen- an tends +o logger no: the Vi. -tends ns Smaller value |\jrds =z cues —®@ SJ A'ds ee ee rls 1-1 Barely ae en 1B 16 bnow 03 "Gotesd ns Sheorem- ; ) , ; ’ , > ; ) ’ , 3 > , . 9 3 a 3 ’ , > a > > > > > > 2 2 3 >=) 3 Ealechic Flux 3 the elecie flux through o : Surface Alotcec! inside electsic field sepwesents the -total ~— numbex of electric lines 3 of force caossing the Sowsee in 3 divection normal to fhe -Surferce- 2 3 9 Small suAfoce— ds be eer! a total Surface flux gd, = ¢ eds = €"-s E-AS = Edscosa@ Ip ls i g E-ds cos § id E cosh ds c $s = ecu S) s > > 2 > > D> > > > a D> > > > > 3 3 + . 4 4 4 4 _a ——_ Equation of _Conli nwt (Emr) Let q chowge in o cube of volume V» Come Out § ftom ch Susfuce. xf these 15 om How of chomge that — meoms Cussent — Will be these. AS the cussent flows there will be decveoue in change present inside -the cube weet fime- 1 Hence Y Where © 45 Vodume chorge dlenaity = \ Pov | o Wore | ame ig SUL sla ge ds 2) where LP Volum chore clensity Letom the daw of Consexvettion of chouge CECPFORLHIMIGVIASsPeggeHrerrrerzesZ 2 > > es pee Sie oe SE §, 33 §PRe 2 Ma dv ro Apply Guus olives theosem o2 5 [iF Pa = Bo > =e =? tk a. 2 j, Wages vot 2 < 4 3 January 2025beebsbdbdddddddddidddddid dss flee 4 ap ]a = 0 lg Ma oi, an of =_0. ot evens SIP) sus ot His ey is maw od > of conbinutty - Signifreame of Continulty ta? \) Signifi the Principle of chore. Consexvestion - 1) Cumsent Density @) viepsesents chore flowin Pex Umit time pex Wit — erseck__ in Continuity &- ny). Divergence of current density 15 eyucd to the Negative owt Of chee of Nodume density - Eq". Continudhy few steady Sete fore continuity Ste ean eee 8 ot fey Steudy state P wemadns constomt fw Hime - Nomging Nere fielel - ot ey Se = Cee moeee) ‘Maxwell! equation” (Differential Foregral orem) 1864 ee v' R =f rus Jaw fox electrostatics (div displacement “density wat) Ppl=0 ® We B =o Grams dow fer mqynerostodies thegnetic Field eo. = 0 Se => ® Ve = —o8 —>fourctolay’s ow (enms) ib - | ect Fietd eng =e oy $ > & e & 6 & & ° & % 6 r 6 6 5 « at => Y ra = lic modified Ampers cio} eal due magnet field intensity VK = oatees ase snteasol -forrm Oe w Lee AA $ Bde =) Pav § Bids’ =6 KB LEAS pea? - ee w fee fede oie ee eee et 2 og o-=05-§ =8 y § 2&8 =e pe 4 o § B.ds =o ALD Uy 5 ee ye (. ew” = -a § Fae 5 7 5 ® eS oS | Loe er ry oe ee ee meY s] 8 _Monwell's ej". Integral form ty 3 3 o oe ea 3 Y 9 ds’ = { Pdv Sa 6 e ¥ we mw WS ah 9 Arpdy Nodunn tntegy sel beth side» - Wd) dv = ane Apply Gras oly « theevem- § a. as" = { Pdv = v Wb w.da =o 4 we mow farm monwallis diff - eA WwW era ol Apedy Nolen integral Ke W-®) dv =0 Aroly Grau div dhexoern + $ Qds =0 = uv get a “45 @ ds" i we mow : Txe” = =a é Appsy Susface int cayroul » eae | ae ) SS § (Wx) ds” = — 3,493 dé PRESSE HHSOES EEE EEEELUEHUECCOCECUUUCTUUAASWw ——— Apply — Stolee's theower « § Ear > “4,4 Bde ; \ Wika § (#4 28 ).39 we lmow: Tee ov ot eshies Surface. indegred. ee essa G7 aR) as? = 4+ Bh) Apply Skkers theorem: Jord? = § (ea 3e | Es fee bes)esrtmeevwvve eevscvevvTsvecsecCcvrse BHOOUOUYUeeeeeeeeeev vee e SZESIS SIdcwvweet ‘Moxwell's Differential n. al - Fee FS =P — merwery Ht lid . eq I rove hed s Vien ef 2) yst ae Co» 1S Boased on Groumms dew for electrostatics . Toes §. B’ da” = Ye ou oan te § ged odie dv zs S v ae B.ds” = ( £ § 5. ds fo dy Apploy Grows cdiv. therwem in LHS: Seay ar =Jye jfw-s) - 2] av -0 (a, vas B20 Waa) Hence. Arreffe_ ard cliff et” fey mugynetosted Zui =10 Moxwell'S and et. 5 Roused om Crowd deuce §, B”ds?.=0 nelosialic fiux cans 4 closed Surface 15 ollways exual +o Zexo- ea 5 Arveatee en es ek a. 3 Apply Crus Di heevem: i, ri ‘ JWde) dv =o ¢ Zp. Hence pute 3) res aie manuel's rd 0. diff» fore Tt is Bassed on fomaday's News Emmy Omt = ah =()), Bd emer a i dt =O) Comparing A O gO 4 Pdi = — ote /S ot on a PRUE DPDATPIPIDITPIRIPAIPPPSrSY*> 7 geal = -2.§ P. ds = oe =e a bet = - $8 -d3’___) Apely stokes Cul —theream in ey - @ eles a ale Ene NO Ome. | §, xe) a = -§ gs eo 24 IE <0Tye = T+ OF — monwenis AV. OH wy Vxa a or COCeeaes I) Combuhly 884, VD Amper’s lw tir) vectex lertty iy) Strkeys cal theaem Y) Displosemenct currerd- his ey: bored on Ampers quadt bw: oo (rr = Mor es [fi oe [ew - [ee lee & Lo cg Apply Stokes cil -theosem in fol xutt) 0G? = | aia det Ms fl@xa) -? J -48" =0 Wx) oO 6 check, ~vebidity ex (i) using of Combinul ty, 2 cs ot meet tno chi. of ex) eee Ceevewesnaegega ee ae v5". J+ LT«H) =ae SL Fotem vector _jndenti: Div (cu W) ia emer 7: Ps 0 Bub Rotem 8 of Contiiudy Heme we con Soy ey try 15 ce not Valid B47. Ye make valid ey Wy — Moxwell introduce d the concept of DISplorcmerrt_ — Cuiwront Consent -Dersity - a Teleinag dive of 1 Quy Div Gus xa") = Sie ee tari 0 = VV tod Maiioe —\apy asd The meonss Baw | Ho Hoe eo @) Vence ftom eof Continuity jt is vauiol Fetem ey: of cmt runity = ff S627 tsa at V-ood eee eo ot —fetora morwellS rt lif. ey- V a= eee a. . > aoe7. ce = ag) x0 ate = se Put the vdlae. of Tain eo Ww sree pel: sito 16 Pwxwell's spurns acliff— ean ee Litet aod tO) a1 1-10 3 January 2025 at 3:28 preee PLE | Poynting Vector's of fornting theosem - “~~ ae Qinting Thescem> To find the powes in co Uniform plone wowe in 1884 dohn He - Ponting developed a Power these for alectso magnetic fetch Usiag — moxwell’'s ears. lnoun gg povnting — ~theewem . Stotement > Th o& umifowem plane wone of ony : Point Product gf electric field were intensity Eg Mepjente field intensity FAY is oO Measuse sf vidde gf emoey flow od hed Paints Ta modthematteal form - * § ext). a= fe = Sl Js i Es) iar 9 0 ay dv | - : F ; +. Mute of Greg low Power boss: | §, Cane) 3? [LE P)av é BIE RE) | V 7 fi ssate ot Creryy flow bee + Hote of Pex Unit Asx es slezeens_of Stored energy . fete plon wove ot an f Aecinic fied point Bibs i © g meynatic eS met uee Chose of of thot Point . Shot on OnePlus 13 January 2025 at 3:28 pmfom Moawelis ey (WD od WD Vaile P+ ge PxP es - oe ew Now tubiyy LY) Bet prvduct ith E” 4a BWev) = Fs 4 ST —w Udine) aectes — indertity F. Cx) = PRUE) - Pe) NM BLP aR) = WWD — ye x) s ~~ Ss Ss Ss Ss ~S ~ ~~ J sS S ~~» S Y YY 8 S » » » » Prt value ey Quy ore eee = a W-@xeD -F- Ext) = FF eo ® See Sere See ee oe 7) vy - exe) = 4h (yxEy) > Ge Ee —€) Bi toten on W sels W dor product vith ee a ae eee rea W-lvxe’) = & a) Put the Vulue in ey @& ‘ “@ele “Cmsider the team. as =)ch Put this = Value in eq (6) Pew) --a ae os OMe gt tet “Tadeins, Volume integral. vy: exw dv = “A a - fs 5, . ae ov Je Tv — eS ee eerie 2 Now Apply Cows Biv. theasem - Vv en ete el nee a pee ee ew ewww SSeS eee ot on OnePlus January 2025 at 3:28 pm —