CONTENTS

MODALS PAGE

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 3

1-REQUESTS ................................................................................................................... 4

1-1 POLITE REQUESTS with the SUBJECT " I"...............................................4

1-2 POLITE REQUESTS with the SUBJECT " YOU " ......................................4
1-3 POLITEREQUESTS with"WOULD YOU MIND" ......................................5
1-4 POLITE REQUESTS with IMPERATIVES .................................................8

2- NECESSITY and PROHIBITION................................................................................. 10

2-1 NECESSITY : MUST, HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO .................................. 10

2-2 PROHIBITION : MUSTN'T ........................................................................ 12
2-3 LACK of NECESSITY in THE PAST ......................................................... 12

3-ADVISABILITY ................................................................................................................15

3-1 SHOULD. OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER .......................................................15

3-2 SHOULD NOT, OUGHT NOT TO, HAD BETTER NOT............................ 16
3-3 SHOULD/OUGHT TO BE DOING
SHOULDN'T/OUGHT NOT TO BE DOING ................................................17
3-4 SHOULD HAVE DONE, OUGHT TO HAVE DONE...................................17
3-5 SHOULD/OUGHT TO HAVE BEEN DOING
SHOULDN'T/OUGHT NOT TO HAVE BEEN DOING................................17

4- EXPECTATIONS : BE TO and BE SUPPOSED TO.................................................... 19

5- ABILITY : CAN and BE ABLE TO................................................................................... 21

 PAGE

6-MAKING SUGGESTIONS .............................................................................................25

6-1 LET'S DO SOMETHING ........................................................................25

6-2 WHY DON'T/DOESN'T + SUBJECT ....? .............................................25
6-3 SHALLWE/I ............................................................................................25
6-4 COULD ....................................................................................................26

7- EXPRESSING DEGREES of CERTAINTY ............................................................... 27

7-1 PRESENT TIME ..................................................................................... 27

7-2 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE FORMS of MODALS .................................29
7-3 PAST TIME ..............................................................................................29
7-4 PAST PROGRESSIVE FORMS of MODALS ........................................31
7-5 FUTURE TIME .......................................................................................31

8-PREFERENCE : WOULD RATHER/WOULD PREFER ............................................34

9- HABITUAL PAST : USED TO and WOULD ...............................................................38

EXAMPLES FROM ÖYS/YDS ......................................................................40

TEST YOUR SELF 1 .......................................................................................41
TEST YOURSELF 2 ....................................................................................... 51
TEST YOUR VOCABULARY .......................................................................61
 MODAL AUXILIARIES
and SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS

INTRODUCTION
İngilizce'de modal yardımcı fiilleri: can. could, will, would, shall. should, ought to, had better, may,
might ve mııst gibi sözcüklerdir.
Modal yardımcı fiilleri, genellikle konuşmacının duygularını yansıtır. Yani, gereklilik, zorunluluk,
olasılık gibi kipleri ifade ederler. Örneğin, birine sigarayı bırakması gerektiğini söylemek istiyorsak,
bunu İngilizce'de şöyle ifade ederiz :
You should stop smoking. (Sigarayı bırakman gerekir.)
Ya da, birine bir konuda izin verdiğimizi ifade etmek istiyorsak :
You may / can leave work early today. (Bugün işten erken çıkabilirsin.)
Bir modal, kullanılan özneye göre değişiklik göstermez.
He/We/I/They should leave early.
Bir modal, kendinden sonra yalın fiil alır.
He can sing well./We may come late./They must phone us.
"ought to" bu kuralın dışındadır.
I ought to phone my parents./He ought to study hard.
Bir modal ile belirttiğimiz duyguyu, genellikle, benzer bir başka yapı ile de ifade edebiliriz.
He can sing very well./He is able to sing very well.
We must walk faster./We have to walk faster.

a) MODAL AUXILIARIES
can do it. Bir modal'dan sonra gelen fiil
I could do it. gelir.
You may do it.
He might do it. You must speak slowly.
She will do it.
U would do it. Sadece "ought" , kendinden
+ shall do it. gelen fiili "to do" biçiminde alır.
We should do it.
You ought to do it He ought to eat less.
They had do it. We ought to walk faster.
must do it
b) SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS
be able to do Bir modal'ın cümleye kattığı anlamı
have to do bir başka ifade ile de verebiliriz.
have got to do
used to do He can speak three languages.
be to do He is able to speak three
be supposed to do

Bir modal, birden fazla anlam ifade edebilir. Şimdi modal yardımcı fiillerinin bu anlamlarını
inceleyelim.
l- REQUESTS
Birinden bir şey rica ederken kullanabileceğimiz, çeşitli İfade biçimleri vardır. Bunlardan yaygın
olarak kullanabileceğimiz iki yapı, özne olarak "I" ya da "you" kullanarak
oluşturabileceğimiz ifadelerdir.
Can I borrow your dictionary for a moment?
(Sözlüğünü bir süre için alabilir miyim ?) .
Can you lend me your dictionary for a moment ?
(Sözlüğünü bir süre için bana verebilir inisin ?)

1-1 POLITE REQUESTS with the SUBJECT "I"

MAY I May I (please) borrow your book ? "May I" ve "Could I" nazik bir
COULD I Could I borrow your book (please) ? isteme ifadesidir, (formal)
Can I borrow your book ? "Can I" daha samimi
CAN I ortamlarda izin islerken
kullanılır, (informal)
TYPICAL RESPONSES :
Certainly. Yes, certainly.
Of course/Of course, you may./ Sure. (informal)

Brother: Will you be using your bike tomorrow ?

Sister: I don't think so. Why ?
Brother: Can I borrow it for the afternoon ?
Sister: What happeııed to yours ?
Brother: Mine has a flat tyre.
Sister: Of course, you can.
(in a train compartment)
Woman: May I have a look at your newspaper ?
Man:Yes, certainly. Here you are. (Buyrunuz.)
(On the phone)
Man: Could / May I speak to Mr Jones, please?
Secretary: Sorry, he is busy on the other line at the moment. Can you wait
for a moment ?
Man: Okay, I'll call again later.

1-2 POLITE REQUESTS with the SUBJECT "YOU"

WOULD Would you give me some information, please ? "would", "could" ve
COULD Could you help me, please ? "will", resmi
Could you please tell me the way ortamlarda
to the station ? kullanabileceğimiz
WILL Will you lend me your book (please) ? yapılardır.
Will you (please) lend nıe your book ?
CAN YOU Can you lend me your dictionary ? "can" daha samimi
Can you open the door, please ? ortamlarda kullanılır

TYPICAL RESPONSES : Eğer olumsuz yanıt

Yes, I'd (I would) be happy to. vereceksek, yine
Yes, certainly. I'd be glad to. nazik bir şekilde
Sure. (informal) nedenini açıklamamız
gerekir
(At a breakfast table)
Son: Mum, can you pass me the butler?
Mother: Sure, here you are.
(At a Travel Agent's)
Customer: Would you give us some information about your package tours?
Travel Agent: Certainly, Madam. I'd be happy to.
(On the street)
Stranger: Could you please direct me to the Alien's Department?
You: Sorry, I don't know where it is either.
(At work)
Jane: Could you give me a lift home after work, Jack?
Jack: Sorry, I’d be glad to, but my mother will be waiting for me at the doctor's, and I
am going to pick her up right after work.

*** "I'd be happy to, I'd be glad to" yanıtlarını, "I" öznesi ile sorulmuş sorularda kullanamayız.
— May I take your dictionary for a moment.
— Of course, here you are. (Yes, of course you may.) or
— Sorry, I'm using it myself.
— Can you lend me your dictionary for a moment ?
— Yes, of course. Here you are.
— Yes, I'd be happy to.
(I'd be happy to lend you my dictionary. - Memnuniyetle veririm.) or
— I'm afraid I can't. I'm using it myself.

1-3 POLITE REQUESTS with "WOULD YOU MIND"

ASKING PERMISSION
Would you mind if I smoked here?
Would you mind if I opened the window?
"Would you mind if I +
Would you mind if I came a bit late tomorrow?
Simple Past Tense"
Burada Past Tense
TYPICAL RESPONSES
kullanılmasına rağmen anlam
No. Not at all. Please do.
Present ya da Future'dur.
No. Of course not. Go ahead.
No, that would be fine.

ASKING SOMEONE ELSE TO DO SOMETHING

Would you mind opening the window?
Would you mind speaking a bit more quietly?
Would you mind posting these letters for me? "Would you mind + doing

TYPICAL RESPONSES
No, of course not. I'd be happy to.
Not at all. I'd be glad to.

"Would you mind if I did?" , "............ yapmamın sizce bir sakıncası var mı / .......... yapmam
sizi rahatsız eder mi? anlamına gelir.
Böyle bir soruya yanıt verirken dikkatli olmamız gerekir. Eğer "Yes" ile yanıt verirsek, "Evet, rahatsız
eder." anlamına gelir ki bu da pek nazik bir yanıt olmaz. Bu nedenle karşımızdaki kişiye izin
vereceksek, yanıtımız "No" ile başlamalıdır.
 — Would you mind if I opened the window ?
— No, of course not. Please do. (Hayır, tabii ki yok. Açabilirsiniz.)
— Would you mind if I went to bed early tonight ?
— Not at all. Go ahead.
— Would you mind if I wore your red sweater tomorrow ?
— Of course not. Go ahead. (Tabii ki hayır. Giyebilirsin.)
Eğer bu istekleri reddedeceksek, yine nazik bir ifade biçimi kullanmamız gerekir. Reddederken
kullanabileceğimiz yanıtlar çok çeşitlidir ve konuya bağlıdır.

— Would you mind if I opened the window ?

— Well. I'd rather you didn't. It's a bit cold in here.
(Açmamanızı tercih ederim. Burası biraz soğuk.)
— Would you mind if I wore your red sweater tomorrow ?
— Well actually. I was thinking of wearing it myself.
(Aslında, onu yarın ben giymeyi düşünüyordum.)
— Would you mind if I had a look at your paper ?
— Well, I'm reading it myself, actually.
— Would you mind if I smoked here ?
— Well, I'd rather you didn't. The smoke makes me cough.
"Would you mind doing?" , "............ yapmanızın sizce bir sakıncası var mı / .......... yapmak sizi
rahatsız
eder mi ?" anlamını verir.
Şu iki cümle arasındaki ayrıma dikkat ediniz.
— Would you mind if I opened the window?
(Camı açmamın sizce bir sakıncası var mı?)
— No, please do. (Camı açacak olan kişi "ben")
— Would you mind opening the window ?
(Camı açmanızın sizce bir sakıncası var mı ?)
— Not at all. I'd be glad to. (Camı açacak olan kişi "siz")
— Would you mind posting these letters for me when you go out?
— No, of course not. I'd be happy to.
Eğer kişinin ricasını yerine getiremeyeceksek, yine nazik bir şekilde gerekçesini belirtmemiz gerekir.
— Would you mind posting these letters for me when you go out?
— Well, I'm afraid I can't. I'm not going past the post office.
— Would you mind lending me your dictionary ?
— I'm afraid I can't. I'm using it myself at the moment.
"Would you mind ..............?" biçiminde verilen bir cümleyi tamamlarken, cümlenin
devamındaki anlama dikkat etmemiz gerekir.

EXAMPLES:
Ex. l- "I have to catch a plane early in the morning tomorrow. Would you mind (give) ......... me
a lift in your car? " cümlesini,"............ if I did" yapısıyla tamamlayamayız. Çünkü
karşımızdaki kişinin bir şey yapmasını istiyoruz. O halde bu cümleyi "..............doing"
şeklinde tamamlayabiliriz.

Would you mind giving me a lift in your car?

Ex. 2- "I had promised to come to the cinema with you but now, I have some other very
important jobs to do. Would you mind (change) ..............my mind and (not come)
...............with you?”
Bu örnekte ise "konuşmacı kendisi bir şey yaparsa, karşısındaki rahatsız olur mu?" anlamı olduğu
için,".............if I did" yapısını kullanabiliriz.
Would you mind if I changed my mind and didn't come with you?
Ex. 3- Bazı durumlarda ise her iki kalıbı da kullanabiliriz ama anlam değişir. (Yani, eylemi
yapacak kişi değişir.)
I want to listen to the news. Would you mind (turn on) ............. the television ?
(Televizyonu konuşmacı mı açacak, yoksa karşısındaki kişinin mi
açmasını istiyor, net değil.)
Would you mind if I turned on the television?
turning on the television ?

EXERCISE 1 : Fill in the blanks with either "if I + the Simple Past” or with the "-ing" form of the
verb. In some cases, both are possible, with a different meaning.
1- A: Excuse me. Would you mind (move) ...................... your coat from this seat as I've reserved
it?
B: Oh sorry, I didn't realise it was reserved.
2- A: Would you mind (open) ......................up the package so that I can have a look at the
product?
B: Actually. I have one here which you can look at.
3- A: Would you mind (skip) ..................... football practice tonight, Sir, as I went hiking with
my parents yesterday and my feet have painful blisters on them?
B: No, not this once, but don't forget that being a member of our school team is a privilege.

4- A: Would you mind (use) ...................... your computer to e-mail my boss in Australia?
B: Not at all. Go ahead.
5- A: While we are quiet, would you mind (dust) ...................... the shelves?
B: Not at all. I will be happier when I have something to do.
6- A: Would you mind (make) ...................... another photocopy of this as I can hardly read this
one?
B: No, of course not.
7- A: Would you mind (get) ...................... that vase down from the top shelf for me to look at?
B: Certainly Madam. Which one?
8- A: I want to cut some advertisements out of the newspaper, but I can't find my scissors. Would
you mind (borrow) ...................... yours?
B: Not at all. Here you are.
9- Would you mind (make) ...................... me a sandwich tonight, Mum, instead of dinner? I want
to go to football practice.
10- A: I'm not ready to make my presentation yet. Would you mind (show)...................... our guests
around the factory for fifteen minutes? I will be ready by then.
B: That's no problem.
1-4 POLITE REQUESTS with IMPERATIVES

Emir cümleleri de, ricada bulunurken kullanabileceğimiz yapılardan biridir. Özellikle, "please" ile
yumuşatarak, "emir" havasından çıkarıp, "rica" anlamı verebiliriz.

— Shut the door, please.

— Please, try to speak a bit more quietly.
— Be on time, please.

Emir cümleleri, ikinci tekil ya da ikinci çoğul şahıslara hitaben yapılır ve direk, fiilin yalın haliyle
başlar.

— Help me to lay the table, please.

— Please, turn off the lights.
— Try to come on time, please.
— Please, let me know immediately if you get any news.

Olumsuz emir cümleleri "don't" ile başlar.

— Don't make so much noise, children.

— Don't be late, please.
— Don't forget to call me, please.

Emir cümleleri, özellikle, yön tarif ederken çok kullanılır.

Stranger: Can you tell me the way to the post office?

You: Go along this street. Turn right at the traffic lights, and then take
the second turning on your left. It's there on the right.

EXERCISE 2 : Ask polite questions in the situations given below. Use any appropriate modal,
(may, can, could, would, etc.)

1- Your classmates are going on a skiing holiday and you want to join them. You ask your
father for permission:
………………………………………………………………………………………………

2- You are working on the customer service desk. A customer wants to buy an item, but he
needs to take it to the cashier. You point to the cashier, saying:
.................................................................................................................................................

3- Your cousin has attended a university course, which interests you. You want her to
describe the course in detail, so you say:
.................................................................................................................................................

4- A member of your team at work offers to bring you back something from town at lunch
time. You want a cheese sandwich and say:
.................................................................................................................................................

5- You are struggling into a bank with a pram and cannot open the door. The security guard
doesn't seem to have noticed, so you grab his attention saying:
.................................................................................................................................................
6- You are walking in the rain with a friend. You are lost, but you have a map in your bag.
You cannot get your map out and hold your umbrella at the same time, so in order to open
your bag, you ask your friend:
……………………….…………………………………………………………………..

7- You have an appointment with Mr. Smith at 11.30, but you don't know where his office is
in the building, so you approach the reception and say:
……………………………………………………………………………………………..

8- You are in France, talking to a colleague who is struggling to explain his project in
English. You speak fluent French and want him to explain the project again in his own
language so that you will understand him:
………………………………………………………………………………………………

9- You telephone your bank because you want to speak to the Small Business Advisor. The
operator answers and you say:
………………………………………………………………………………………………

10- You are buying a tablecloth, but you are not a hundred percent sure that it will fit. In order
to ensure that the shop will give you your money back in the event that it is too small, you
say:
………………………………………………………………………………………………

11- You are thinking of buying a car, but want to drive it first, so you say to the salesman:
………………………………………………………………………………………………

12- You want to go swimming with your friend, Tom. You ask your mother:
………………………………………………………………………………………………

13- You have finished an essay. Thinking that some fresh air and exercise will do you good,
you offer to help your mother in the garden:
………………………………………………………………………………………………

14- You are taking a colleague to a restaurant and want to sit in the smoking section, as long as
he doesn't object. You say:
………………………………………………………………………………………………

15- You're having dinner in a restaurant. You like mustard on your steak and ask the waiter:
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2- NECESSITY and PROHIBITION
2-1 NECESSITY : MUST, HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO
a) FORM
Must, have to ve have got to*, gereklilik ya da zorunluluk ifade eden yapılardır.
Students must study hard in order to pass exams.
Students have to study hard in order to pass exams.
Students have got to study hard in order to pass exams.
"have to" nun soru biçimi, "do" kullanılarak oluşturulur.
Do you have to leave now?
Yes. I do. ( Yes, I have to leave now.)
Does your brother have to work so hard?
Yes, he does. ( Yes, he has to work so hard.)
"must" ve "have got to" nun soru biçiminde ise, kendileri öznenin önüne geçer . '
Must you leave now?
Yes, I must. ( Yes, I must leave now.)
Have you got to leave now?
Yes, I have. (Yes, I have got to leave now.)
"Must" ve "have to" nun olumsuz biçimi, "don't have to", "don't need to" ya da "needn't" dır.
Do you have to get up early tomorrow?
No, it is my day off. I don't have to/don't need to /needn't get up early.
Does your brother have to get up early tomorrow?
No, it is his day off. He doesn't have to/doesn't need to/needn't get up early.
Must a student study four hours a day?
It depends on the student. Some students don't have to/don't need to/needn't
study so much.
Must you get a tutor?
No, I can understand by myself. I don't have to/don't need to /needn't get a
tutor.

NOTE : "Must" ın olumsuzu olarak, ilk anda akla "mustn't" geliyor, Ancak "mustn't",
zorunluluğuortadan kaldıran değil, yasaklama getiren bir yapıdır.
"Must I stay in bed for a swift recovery?"
(Çabuk iyileşmek için yatmalı mıyım?)
diyen birine, "No, you mustn't." dersek, "Hayır, yatmamalısın." demiş oluruz ki, bu da
bizim ifade etmek istediğimiz düşünce değildir. Çünkü, bu soruyu soran birine "Hayır, yatman
gerekmez." demek istemişizdir. " Bunu da "needn't", "don't need to" ya da "don't have to"
ile ifade edebiliriz.
No, you don't have to/don't need to/needn't stay in bed, but don't go out.
"Mustn't" ı ancak, "yapmamalısın" anlamında kullanabiliriz. Yani, "Bunu yapmamalısın,
çünkü yasak" ya da "Bunu yapmamalısın; eğer yaparsan, sonuç kötü olacak." gibi düşünceleri
ifade edebiliriz.
You mustn't smoke so much. You'll make yourself ill.
We mustn't sit here on the grass. The notice says it is forbidden.
* "Have got to", daha çok konuşma dilinde kullanılan bir yapıdır. Yazı dilinde pek kullanılmaz.
"Have got to" nun olumsuz biçimi ise "haven't got to" dur.
Have you got to meet your friend at the bus-stop?
No, I haven't got to meet him, He knows the way, and he can come by himself.
"Must", "have to" ve "have got to" nun past biçimi "had to" dur.
It was very busy at work yesterday. I had to work until late.
When I was a child, there weren't so many toys. We had to make our own toys.
Did you have to get up early last year?
No, classes started at noon last year, so I didn't have to get up early.
Did you have to wear a uniform when you were in high school?
Yes, I did. (Yes, I had to wear a uniform.)
There weren't so many electric appliances in the past, so women had to spend
very long hours doing the housework.
"Must" ve "have to", zaman olarak "present" ya da "future" eylemleri bildirebilir.
I must go now. (Present) / I must work hard next week. (Future)
She has to leave now. (Present) / She has to get up early tomorrow. (Future)
"Must" ın present ya da future dışında başka bir kullanımı yoktur.
"Have to" kalıbını, diğer teııse'lerle de kullanabiliriz.
I have to study now. (Present)
I will have to study hard next year. (Future)
I had to study hard last year. (Simple Past)
I have had to study hard for some time. (Present Perfect)
I had had to study very hard for some time and so I became ill. (Past Perfect)

b) Use of "must" and "have to"

"must" ve "have to" , her ikisi de gereklilik, zorunluluk bildirmesine karşın."must" daha çok,
konuşmacının kendi içinden gelen bir zorunluluğu, "have to" ise dış etkenlerden kaynaklanan bir
zorunluluğu yansıtır. Ancak, günlük yaşamda, zorunluluklar arasında bu ayrımı yapmak çok zordur.
Yani zorunluluğu kişi kendi içinde mi hissediyor, yoksa bazı koşullar onu bir şeyler yapmaya mı
zorluyor? Bu ayrımı, tek tek cümlelerde yapamayız. Ancak, konuşmanın akışı içerisinde zorunluluğun
kaynağı netlik kazanabilir.
I must pass the university exam.
I have to pass the university exam.
Tek tek ele aldığımızda, bu iki cümle arasında pek fark yoktur. Ancak, bu cümlelerin devamında,
konuşmanın akışı şöyle olmalıdır.
I must pass the university exam. I have no other choice. If I can't pass it, I won't
get a good career and I will be unhappy.
I have to pass the university exam. My parents have spent so much money on
me. If not, I'll make them unhappy.
"Must" konuşmacının kendi otoritesini ifade ederken de kullanılır.
(A doctor to his patient)
You must stop smoking. Your lungs are getting worse.
(Mother to her child)
You must make your bed when you get up.
(Mother to her son)
You must brush your teeth before you go to bed.
Ancak, kendisinden istenen bu işleri ifade ederken, kişinin "have to" kullanması daha uygundur.
(the patient) I have to stop smoking. The doctor says my lungs are getting worse.
(the child) I have to make my bed when I get up.
(the son) I have to brush my teeth before I go to bed.

2-2 PROHIBITION : MUSTN'T

a) Yasaklama ifade eder :

You mustn't cross the street when the light is red.
You mustn't speak loudly in a hospital.
You mustn't tell anyone my secret.
b) Çok güçlü bir öğüt ifade eder :
You mustn't work so hard. You'll be ill.
You mustn't treat him so strictly. He will get depressed.
She mustn't come home alone at that time of night. The streets aren't safe, you
know.

2-3 LACK OF NECESSITY IN THE PAST

Zorunluluğu ya da gerekliliği ortadan kaldıran yapılar arasında (needn't, don't need to and don't have
to) , anlam present ya da future iken bir fark yoktur.
She doesn't have to/doesn't need to/needn't study hard. She is already good at
English, (present)
She won't have to/won't need to/needn't work so hard when she pays off the
instalments on her car. (future)
Ancak bu yapıların past biçimleri olan "didn't have to", "didn't need to" ve "needn't have done",
farklı anlamlar ifade ederler.
a) Didn't have to and didn't need to
"Geçmişte bir eylemi yapmam gerekmedi/yapmak zorunda kalmadım, anlamını vermek
istiyorsak "didn't have to" ya da "didn't need to" kullarınız.
I didn't have to/didn't need to wait long for my friends. They came only ten
minutes late. (The meaning is: I didn't wait long.)
(Çok beklemek zorunda kalmadım. /Çok beklemem gerekmedi.)
She didn't have to/didn't need to go shopping after work. Her husband had
already done the shopping, (so she didn't do it.)
b) Needn't have done

Geçmişte bir eylemi yapmamız gerekmediği halde yapmışsak, "needn't' have done" kullanırız. Yani
"yapmam gerekmezdi, ama yaptım." anlamım ifade eder.

You needn't have washed the dishes by hand.

I was going to put them in the dish washer.
(But you washed them by hand and you wasted your time and energy.)

There is plenty of food at home. You needn't have gone shopping.

(It was unnecessary for you to go shopping.)
(Alışveriş yapman gerekmezdi.)
Şu iki örneği karşılaştıralım:
My friend phoned me to say that she was getting married in two weeks. I didn't
have an outfit to wear at her wedding, so I bought an elegant dress and spent a
lot of money. Later, I learnt that she cancelled her wedding, so
I needn't have bought that dress.
(It was unnecessary for me to buy that dress.)
(The result is: I bought the dress and wasted my money.)
My friend phoned me to say that she was getting married in two weeks. I didn't
have an outfit to wear at her wedding, so I decided to buy one, but before I
could buy a dress, she phoned again to say that she had cancelled her wedding,
so
I didn't need to buy/didn't have to buy a dress.
(The result is: I didn't buy the dress.)
Örneklerde de görüldüğü gibi, "needn't have done", "işin gerekli olduğunu zannediyordum, bu
yüzden yaptım. Daha sonra gerekmediğini öğrendim. Aslında yapmam gerekmezmiş." anlamını;
"didn't need to" ya da "didn't have to" ise, "işi yapmak gerekmediğini biliyordum, bu yüzden
yapmadım. Yapmam gerekmedi /yapmak zorunda kalmadım." anlamını ifade ediyor.
We were going to have a test the next day, so I studied hard that night until after
midnight, but when I went to school that morning, I learnt that our teacher
wasn't coming.
I needn't have studied so hard.
We were going to have a test the next morning, but that day,
our teacher suddenly became ill and was taken to hospital, and our test was
cancelled, so
I didn't need to study/didn't have to study for the test that day.

EXERCISE 3 : Use "mustn't" or "don't have to/don't need to/needn't" in the following.

1- Experts say that we ..................sunbathe between 11 a.m. and 4 p.m., when the sun's rays are
the strongest and thus harmful for the skin.
2- I've changed my mind. I'm going to stay at home and watch the football match on TV on
Saturday night, so you .................. record it for me. Thank you for offering to tape it, though.
3- You ..............keep bleach in the bottom cupboards. The baby might be able to reach it.
4- Making appointments for the salesmen is not in your responsibility, so you .................. stop
your work to do that. If you have something more important to do, then carry on with that.
5- The organisers of the craft training provide all the materials, so you .................. bring
anything.
6- Dad .................. eat anything this morning because he is having his operation this afternoon
and his stomach ..................... be full.
7- My company will pay all my expenses on the trip, so I .................. take much money with me.
8- You .................. wear proper walking shoes. We'll only be walking on good paths and
pavements.
 9- You .................. lake her comments as negative. It sounds to me as if she was trying to be
helpful.
10- You .................. wear high-heeled shoes for very long hours, or you'll ruin your feet.
11- You .................. drive your car to work every day. We can pick you up on the way.
12- You .................. point at people. It's extremely rude.
13- If you have written the report on the computer, then you .................. get it printed.
We're going to send it to our customer through the Internet, anyway.
14-You .................. go out in the cold without your hat and scarf. You'll be ill.
15- You .................. speak English. If you prefer, you can speak French. I can understand French
perfectly.

EXERCISE 4 : Use "needn't/don't have to/don't need to" , "mustn't" or "must/have to" in
the following. In some cases both must and have to are possible, but in some,
one is more appropriate.

1- When you are standing in the queue at the bank, you .................. stand too close to the person
who is being served as they may require privacy.
2- You .................. wash this spinach. Look, it says on the package that it's packed after it's been
washed.
3- You .................. wear your best clothes while gardening. You'll ruin them.
4- We .................. get to the airport with plenty of time to spare. It will take some time to park
the car.
5- At the office, I ................. fill out a time sheet, but the salesmen .................. because they
don't work set hours.
6- The thing she likes about being a teacher is that she .................. work during the school
holidays and she can spend them with her daughter.
7- We .................. take the car to the garage and ask them about the rust; otherwise, the car will
lose its value.
8- I don't think Bodrum will be crowded in March, so we .................. book our hotel
accommodation.
9- We .................. sell all our family belongings. My aunt has lent us the money to keep .the
farm running.
10- All members of parliament.................. declare earnings from other sources. This is to prevent
any conflict of interest between their private and public office.
11- I will buy you a computer, but first of all, you .................. promise that you won't spend too
much time playing computer games.
12- You .................. pass your driving test before you can drive on your own.
EXERCISE 5 : Use "needn't have done" or "didn't need to/didn't have to" in the following.

1- I found some old wrapping paper, so I (buy) ........................ some to wrap Katie's present
and saved some money.
2- They have just phoned from the repair shop To say that my bicycle is ready, so I (borrow)
.................. Jack's to ride to work tomorrow. It was very kind of him to lend it to me, though.
3- You (bring) ........................ your tape measure with you here as I have the precise
measurements for the carpet. I wish I had told you this on the phone.
4- The apples from our orchard are very sweet, so while making this marmalade, I (add)
........................ any sugar to it. It's just sweet enough without any.
5- I was just about to water the garden when it. started raining, so in the end. I (water)
........................ the garden after all.
6- I cooked a special meal for my daughter and son-in-law, but my son-in-law got ill at the last
minute and they didn't come. I (cook) ........................ a special dinner that evening.
7- You (hire) ........................skis. I would have lent you mine if you'd mentioned it to me.
8- This year we bought a Christmas Tree with roots, so we (throw) ........................ it away.
After Christmas, we planted it in the garden.
9- Last night, I missed my favourite programme because I was preparing my presentation, and
now the customer isn't coming today. I (miss) ........................ my programme.
10- You (type) ........................ the envelopes. We have special window envelopes for sales letters
in the stationery cupboard. Next time you can save yourself the trouble.

3- ADVISABILITY
3-1 Should, Ought to, Had better
a) Should, ought to ve had better öğüt bildiren yapılardır.
You should read a lot of books to improve your knowledge.
You should treat other people politely.
A student ought to study regularly in order to be successful.
You ought to stay in bed until you feel better.
We had better hurry, or we'll miss the bus.
I had better study hard tonight, or I'll fail the test.
"Should" ve "ought to" aynı anlama sahiptir. ".... yapmam gerekir." anlamını verir. "Had better" ise
".... yapmam gerekir/yapsam iyi olur. Eğer yapmazsam, kötü şeyler olabilir." anlamını verir.
I should/ought to study for my geography exam, but I don't feel like
studying tonight. I think I'll study for it tomorrow.
("Should" ya da "ought to" kullandığımız zaman, yapmamız gereken işi erteleme olanağımız vardır.)
I had better study for my geography exam tonight. If not. I'll fail the exam
tomorrow.
("Had better" ise, yapmamız gereken işi yapmadığımız takdirde kötü şeyler olacağını vurgular.)
I should/ought to go home early tonight. I have a lot of work to do.
I'd better go home early tonight. Otherwise, my father will get angry with me.
b) "Should" ve " ought to", bir şeyin nasıl olması gerektiğini ifade ederken de kullanılır.
You have misspelt this word. It should be "courageous".
You have brought a rather small box. It should be bigger.
3-2 Should not, Ought not to, Had better not
Bu yapılan, yapılmaması gereken şeyleri öğütlerken kullanırız.
You shouldn't go to bed so late. A boy of your age should sleep at least eight
hours a day.
She ought not to (oughtn't to) treat him so unkindly.
He'd better not work so hard, or he'll make himself ill.
You shouldn't go out alone after dark.
We'd better not tell her the bad news, or she'll get depressed.

NOTE: "Shouldn't (oughtn't) ile "needn't" arasındaki ayrıma dikkat ediniz.

You shouldn't work so hard, or you'll lose your health.
(Bu kadar çok çalışmaman gerekir, yoksa sağlığını yitireceksin.)
You needn't work so hard. You are a good student already.
(Bu kadar çok çalışman gerekmez. Sen zaten iyi bir öğrencisin.)
"Shouldn't do", Türkçe'ye "yapmaman gerekir" biçiminde çevrilir ve "Bunu yapman senin
için kötü sonuçlar doğurabilir" anlamını verir.
"Needn't do" Türkçe'ye "yapman gerekmez" biçiminde çevrilir ve "yapsan da olur,
yapnıasan da. Ama bu işi fazladan yapıyorsun." anlamını verir, yani gereklilik
olmadığını vurgular.

NOTE: "Must" da, "should" gibi öğüt verirken kullanılır, ancak "must" daha güçlü
bir ifadedir.
You shouldn't smoke. It's bad for you.
You mustn't smoke. You are coughing a lot, and will be ill if you go on
smoking.
He should work harder in order to be successful.
He must work harder, or he'll fail.

"Should", "ought to" ve "had better"ın present ve future biçimi aynıdır.

I should leave now. (present)
I should visit my parents next week, (future)
I ought not to be so permissive to my son. (present)
I ought not to go to work, tomorrow. I don't feel well enough, (future).
We had better leave now, or we'll miss the beginning of the wedding (present).
We had better visit our parents next week, or they won't be happy. (future).
3-3 Should be doing, Ought to be doing,
Shouldn't be doing, Oughtn't to be doing

İçinde bulunduğumuz ana ilişkin bir öğütte bulunmak istiyorsak, bu yapıları kullanırız.
Why is he sleeping now? He should be studying for his test.
Why are the children still awake at this late hour? They should be sleeping.
Look! Those children are playing in the street, but it is dangerous. They
shouldn't be playing there. They should be playing in the play ground. I'm
watching TV with you now, but in fact, I should be studying in my room.
3-4 Should have done, Ought to have done

"Should" ve "ought to" nun past biçimleri "should have done" ve "ought to have done" dır.
I overslept yesterday morning, so I was late for work.
I should have set my alarm clock.
He didn't study hard enough, so he failed the test.
He should have studied harder to pass it.
The authorities didn't take the necessary measures, so inflation went up.
They should have taken the necessary measures to bring it down.
Örneklerde de gördüğünüz gibi "should have done", "Geçmişte bir eylemi yapmadım ve sonuç kötü
oldu. Onu yapmam gerekirdi." anlamını veriyor.
"Shouldn't have done" ise, "Geçmişte bir şey yaptım, ve sonuç kötü oldu. Onu yapmamam gerekirdi.”
anlamını veriyor.
I talked to him very unkindly, so I hurt him.
I shouldn't have talked to him so unkindly.
Although I was ill, I went to work, and my cold got worse.
I shouldn't have gone to work.
He ignored my warnings, and drove the car too fast. As a result, he had an
accident.
He shouldn't have ignored my warnings.
or
He shouldn't have driven the car so fast.

3-5 Should have been doing, Ought to have been doing

Shouldn't have been doing, Oughtn't to have been doing

Geçmişte bir noktada devam etmekte olan bir olaya ilişkin konuşurken, bu yapılan kullanırız.
While I was coming home yesterday, I saw some children. They were
playing in the street.
They shouldn't have been playing there.
They should have been playing in the playground.
Yesterday, Peter was sleeping between 10 and 12, but in fact, he shouldn't
have been sleeping.
He should have been attending his classes between those hours.
EXERCISE 6 : Use shouldn't or needn't in the following.

1- She ................... criticise the children so harshly. They'll get discouraged.

2- You ................... get depressed so easily by the problems you encounter in life, or you'll soon
find that it is not worth living.
3- You ................... reply straight away. The closing date for applications is in three weeks'
time.
4- You ................... eat biscuits without using a plate. It's not a nice habit.
5- You ................... use new paper for everything you photocopy. You can use this old paper
when one side of the paper is not required.
6- On market days, there is a bus every half hour from the town to our village, so we
................... drive our own car.
7- You ................... bother going to the meeting hall as the chairman has postponed our annual
general meeting.
8- She ................... allow her children to watch so much violence on TV. It may have negative
effects on their psychology.
9- You ................... whisk that cream by hand. We've got an electric whisk in the cupboard.
10- You ................... sit out in the sun without using sun cream. You'll get burnt.

EXERCISE 7 : Use a form of "should" in the following. (Present or Future, Present

Progressive, Simple Past or Past Progressive.) Some sentences may need a
negative form.

1- Everyone who can afford it (give) ....................... money to charity.

2- Oh, no! You (put) ....................... milk in his coffee. He drinks his coffee black, but now that
you have, I can have this, and we can prepare another one for him.
3- I (clean) ....................... windows this afternoon. I haven't done them for over a month.
4- This refrigerator was inexpensive, but it doesn't have a freezer compartment. I think we
(buy).......................one with a freezer. It would be nice to be able to buy frozen food.
5- People in general feel that the government (provide) ....................... better services for
pensioners.
6- When you buy something on a market in Mexico, you (settle) ....................... for the first
price they quote. You (bargain) ....................... with them. Usually, they'll give you a better
price.
7- I admit that it was a residential area and I (drive) ....................... so fast, but 1 was in a hurry.
8- He (stay) ....................... up playing computer games last night. No wonder he's still asleep at
noon.
9- Before you turn up a hem on trousers, you (tack) ....................... them loosely and try them
on.
10- I think we (send) ....................... the proposal before today. We (take) ....................... so long
to put the details together.
11- She got fired because she was caught telephoning her friend when she (work).......................
12- Actually, I (work) ....................... today because it's my day off, but one of the teachers has
taken ill, and now I'm substituting for her.
13- I (eat) ....................... that second helping of apple pie. I would feel much better without it.
14- You (assume) ....................... that everybody will agree with your proposal. Some of the
committee members may disagree with you.
15- You (make) ....................... so much fuss of me all the time. I'm old enough to look after
myself, Mum.
 16- They (set) ....................... sail in this foggy weather. No wonder the two ferries collided.
17- I (drink) ....................... so many cups of coffee today. Now I can't sleep.
18- I went to see the professor and. according to him, we (concentrate) ....................... on the
social consequences of the welfare state in our essays.
19- Why are you still in the office? You (leave) ....................... for the meeting in Manchester by
now.
20- Oh, no Lucy! You (eat) ....................... the sandwiches I made for you, which are still on your
plate, instead of that bar of chocolate in your hand.

4- EXPECTATIONS : BE TO and BE SUPPOSED TO

a) "Be to" ve "be supposed to", bir tarifeye, programa göre olması gereken olayları ifade ederken
kullanılır. "Be to", "be supposed to" ya göre daha güçlü bir ifade biçimidir.

The film is to start at 11.30.

The film is supposed to start at 11.30.
(Film 11.30'da başlayacak/Filmin 11.30'da başlaması gerekir.)
(I expect the film to start at 11.30. That is the schedule.)

The train is to arrive here in an hour.

The train is supposed to arrive here in an hour.
(I expect the train to arrive here in an hour. That is the schedule.)
The board of directors is to meet tomorrow.
The board of directors is supposed to meet tomorrow.
(I expect them to meet tomorrow. That is the arrangement.)

b) "Be to" ve "be supposed to", birinin bir başkasından beklentilerini ifade ederken de
kullanılır.
You are supposed to be on time for class. If you are late, the teacher gets
angry. (The teacher expects you to be on time for class.)
(Derse vaktinde gelmen gerekir.)

"Be supposed to", bu kullanımıyla "should" ile yakın bir anlama sahiptir. Ancak "be supposed to"da
gereklilik daima dış bir etkenden kaynaklanmaktadır. "Should" da ise gereklilik kişinin kendisinden de
kaynaklanabilir.
I am supposed to go home before it gets dark. My mother gets afraid if I'm late.
(My mother expects me to go home before it gets dark.)
(Hava kararmadan eve gitmem gerekir.)
I should go home before it gets dark. It is not very safe in our neighbourhood at
that time and I feel afraid.
(I consider that it is better to go home before It gets dark.)
(Hava kararmadan eve gitmem gerekir.)
He is supposed to attend the conference on computing.
His boss wants him to attend and learn the developments in computing.
He should attend the conference on computing. He can get more information
about his branch there and can learn the recent developments.
We aren't supposed to sit on the grass. The notice says, "Keep off the grass."
(Çimenlere oturmamamız gerekir.)
We shouldn't sit on the grass. We damage it.
(Çimenlere oturmamamız gerekir. Onlara zarar veriyoruz.)
"Be to" ise "must" ile yakın bir anlama sahiptir. Her ikisi de "be supposed to" ve "should" a göre daha
güçlü bir ifade biçimidir. "Be to", dış etkenlerden kaynaklanan bir zorunluluğu, "must" ise kişinin
kendisinden kaynaklanan bir zorunluluğu ifade eder.
I am to go to work early tomorrow. My boss ordered me to go in early and
prepare everything for the meeting before the members turn up. (Yarın işe erken
gitmeliyim.)
I must go to work early tomorrow. I want to prepare everything for the meeting
before the members turn up, and I want to be ready when they come. (Yarın işe
erken gitmeliyim.)
"Be not to", yine aralarındaki aynı farkla, "mustn't"a yakın bir anlam taşır.
(The policeman to the driver)
- You aren't to drive at 120 k.p.h. Look! The traffic sign says "90", and I'm
afraid I have to give you a ticket now.
(Wife to husband)
- You mustn't drive so fast. If something happens unexpectedly, you can't
stop the car quickly enough and we might nave an accident.
c) "Be supposed to" nun past biçimi "was/were supposed to" dur. "Should have done" ile yakın
bir anlama sahiptir. Ancak, yine bir başkasının geçmişte bizden beklentisini ifade eder.
I was supposed to go to work early yesterday, but I overslept, so my boss got
angry with me. (Result: I went to work late.)
(Dün işe erken gitmem gerekirdi, ama ......)
I should have gone to work early yesterday, but I overslept, so I hadn't yet been
able to finish the preparations when the members came.
(Result: I went to work late.) (Dün işe erken gitmem gerekirdi, ama ....)
You weren't supposed to drink so much alcohol. Your doctor had told you to
abstain from it.
(Result: You didn't listen to your doctor's advice and drank a lot of alcohol.)
(Bu kadar çok alkol almaman gerekirdi.)
You shouldn't have drunk so much alcohol. Now, you feel terrible, and won't
be able to go to work today.
(Result: You drank a lot of alcohol and it wasn't a good idea.)
(Bu kadar çok alkol almaman gerekirdi.)

EXERCISE 8 : Make sentences using the present or past forms of "be supposed to/be not
supposed to", using the verbs given in parentheses.
1- In the exam, instead of filling in the official answer sheet, you just circled the right choice.
The teacher says: (fill in)
________You were supposed to fill in the official answer sheet._________________________
2- You are doing an exam and you are circling the correct answer, but there is an official answer
sheet to fill in. The teacher says: (fill in)
________You are supposed to fill in the official answer sheet.________________________
3- You get to work and discover that the secretary went home and didn't turn the answer
machine on the night before. You say to her: (turn)
You...............................................................................................................................................
4- You asked your husband to collect some parsley from the greengrocer's, but he forgot. You say:
(collect)
You....................................................................................................................................................
5- You had agreed to call a customer before you left work for your boss in case they hadn't received
their order, but you forgot. Your boss says: (phone /leave)
(Make two sentences: one positive, one negative)
You ..............................................................................................................................
You ..............................................................................................................................

6- You remember that today is the day your rent is due, but you haven't paid the landlord yet.
You say: (pay)
............................................................................................................................................................

7- Your colleague is in the office because he hasn't gone to an appointment with a customer.
She says: (be)
(Make two sentences: one positive, one negative)
I ...................................................................................................................................
I ...................................................................................................................................

8- Your colleague is making a personal phone call from the office, which isn't allowed, so you say:
(make)
You ..............................................................................................................................

9- Your friend at university promised to bring a course book for you to borrow. You rang him and
reminded him, but he still forgot it. You say to him: (bring)
You ..............................................................................................................................

10- You want to go sledging with your friends, but you have been absent from school because of a
cold. Your father reminds you to recover from your illness completely before going outside in the
snow, (stay)
You ..............................................................................................................................

5- ABILITY : CAN and BE ABLE TO

5-1 Yeteneklerimizi ifade ederken "can" ya da "be able to" kullanırız.
He can speak two foreign languages fluently.
He is able to speak two foreign languages fluently.
My son doesn't attend school yet, but he can/is able to read and write
already.
Olumsuz cümlede can't ve am/is/are not able to kullanılır.
He can run very long distances, but he can't run very fast.
He is able to run very long distances, but he isn't able to run very fast.
I can speak English, but I can't speak French.
I'm able to speak English, but I'm not able to speak French.
"Be able to" diğer tense'lere göre çekimlenebilir.
He is able to speak very good English. (Present)
He has been able to speak English for ten years. (Present Perfect)
He was able to speak good English when he was a child. (Simple Past)
He will be able to speak English even better when he stays in England for some
time. (Future) He should be able to speak English well, because he has been
living in England for six years. (With other modals)
He had been able to speak English for five years when he went to England.
(Past Perfect)
5-2 "Can" yapılması mümkün olan olayları ifade ederken de kullanılır.
I'm very busy now, so I can't help you.
(It's not possible for me to help you now.)
I'll finish my work in an hour, so I can help you then.
(It's possible for me to help you after I finish my work.)
I have very little money on me now, so I can't lend you any.
(It's not possible for me to lend you any money now.)

I'll go to the bank in the afternoon, and I'll withdraw some money from my bank
account. Then I can lend you some.
(It will be possible for me to lend you some money after I've withdrawn some
from the bank.)

5-3 "Can", birine bir şey yapması için izin verilirken de kullanılır. Bu kullanımıyla, "can", "may"
ile aynı anlamı verir.

(The shop owner to the customer)

- You can/may leave your purchases here until you finish your shopping.
Then you can come and get them.

(Mother to her daughter)

- Because tomorrow is a holiday, you can/may stay up late tonight.

(Father to his son)

- You can /may go on your date in my car if you wish.

(The teacher to the students)

- Those who finish answering the questions can/may leave the classroom.

5-4 "Can" in past biçimi "could", "be able to" nun past biçimi ise "was/were able to" dur.
I could run very fast when I was a child.
I was able to run very fast when I was a child.
Some students in my previous class could/were able to speak English
almost fluently, but they weren't so good at grammar.

"Could", geçmişteki yeteneklerimizi ya da geçmişte birine izin verme gibi durumları ifade ederken
kullanılır.

Mozart could play the piano when he was only four,

(ability in the past)

My grandfather was very strong. He could lift enormous boxes on his own.
(ability in the past)
It was raining heavily. We could go out only when it stopped raining.
(permission in the past)
(It became possible for us to go out only when the rain stopped.)
Because there was a holiday the next day, the children could stay up late.
(permission in the past)
(It became possible for them to stay up late because there was a holiday the next
day.)
"Was/were able to" da. geçmişteki yeteneklerimizi ya da geçmişteki izin verme durumlarını ifade
ederken kullanılır. Ancak, "geçmişte zor bir durumun üstesinden gelme" anlamı (manage to do),
sadece "was/were able to" ile ifade edilir. "Could" bu anlamda kullanılmaz.
(ability in the past)
He was a good student when he was in high school.
He could/was able to get very high grades in every subject.
I had a good voice when I was younger.
I could/was able to sing very well, especially folk songs.
(permission in the past)
When their maths teacher didn't come, the students could/were able to leave
school earlier than usual.

(one specific event in the past: only "was/were able to")

The math exam was very difficult yesterday, but I was able to get a high grade,
anyway.
(I managed to get a high grade although the exam was difficult.)
I overslept yesterday, and missed the bus, but I was able to get to work on time
by taxi.
(I managed to get to work on time by taxi.)

Last month, there was a huge fire in our street. Luckily, the fire brigade came
just in time to extinguish it, so everybody was able to escape unhurt.

Örneklerde gördüğünüz gibi, "was able to", "geçmişte belli bir olayın (a specific event) üstesinden
gelme" anlamını ifade ediyor. Şimdi şu iki örneği karşılaştıralım.
When I was a child, I could/was able to run very fast.
I could/was able to beat anyone who raced with me. (ability in the past)
Once, I raced with a school friend of mine. She was also a fast runner. It was a
hard race for me, but I was able to beat her in the end.
(one specific event in the past)

Olumsuz ifadelerde, her üç durum için de (ability, giving permission or one specific event in the past),
"couldn't" ya da "wasn't/weren't able to" kullanabiliriz. "Couldn't" daha çok kullanılır.
I couldn't/wasn't able to use a computer just three months ago, but now I can.
The students didn't want to have a test that day, but they couldn't/weren't
able to persuade the teacher to cancel it.

EXERCISE 9 : Use "could" or "was/were able to" in the following. (Bu cümlelerin hepsinde
"was/were able to" kullanmak mümkündür. Ancak sizden istenen, "geçmişte
yetenek ya da izin" bildiren durumlar için "could", "zor bir durumun üstesinden
gelme" ifade eden cümleler için ise "was/were able to" kullanmanızdır.)
1- My old flat was behind Bromsgrove Rovers' football stadium and on match days, we
(hear)......................... the cheers of the crowd.
2- The river burst its bank and flooded the village. Luckily, the emergency team (rescue)
......................... all the residents.
3- When my father was young, the owner of a pool asked him to be a lifeguard during the
summer holidays because he (swim) ......................... so well.
4- My brother was a brilliant guitar player at school and, although I wasn't as good as he was, I
(play) .................... a few folk tunes quite well.
 5- We used to live in the mountains, so in winter, we (go) ......................... skiing whenever we
liked.
6- The staircase to our flat is very narrow and we bought quite a wide washing machine, so my
husband and the delivery driver (lift) ......................... it up the stairs after struggling for quite
some time.
7- In the 1800s. you (sail) ......................... the length of the Mississippi in a steam boat.
8- One of the engines on the aeroplane failed, bul fortunately, the pilot (land) ....................... it
safely.
9- When I was at university, I (study) ......................... until 2 a.m., but now, when I work late, I
fall asleep.
10- The train was already leaving when we arrived at the station, but we ran and
......................(jump) aboard.

EXERCISE 10 : Use any form of "can" or "be able to". (Simple Present, Present Perfect, Simple
Past, Past Perfect or Future) In some cases, both are possible, but in some, only
"be able to" is possible.
1- My brother (whistle) ......................... any popular tune that you ask him to, but strangely, he
(not, sing) ......................... a note.
2- Nowadays, there aren't many people who (use) ......................... sign language effectively, so
she is in great demand.
3- The credit department was reluctant to approve his loan, but with the help of a
recommendation from his bank manager, he (get) ......................... it accepted.
4- When we lived in the countryside, we (play) ......................... outside whenever we liked, but
we (not, go) ......................... to the cinema or swimming pool very often.
5- I (not, hang) ......................... the washing out yesterday because the wind was so strong.
6- Because of the impact of the crash, the driver had been stuck in his car, but by the time the
police arrived, he (get) ......................... out of the car with his own effort.
7- My son (not, hear) ......................... properly ever since he got a blow to his left ear in a fight.
8- He must (afford) ......................... a new car. He's been saving up for over two years.
9- I was so nervous that I didn't think I had the courage to be successful at the school high jump
competition, but I tried my best and (clear) ......................... the bar by the slimmest of
margins.
10- Sarah (speak) ......................... Spanish better than she (speak) ......................... Russian, but
she gets more work translating Russian.
11- What I like about our new apartment is that it has a large balcony, so when the weather
warms up in a couple of months, we (sit) ......................... outside to eat breakfast.
12- Although I (see) ......................... that a lot of people were interested in the charity at my
presentation, I (not, persuade) ......................... anyone to volunteer for it.
13- Okay, as tomorrow is a holiday, you (watch) ......................... television until 11 p.m., but no
later.
14- If my father (not,find) ............................ a job soon, I'm afraid we (not, go)
.............................. on holiday this summer because we'll have used up all our savings by
then.
15- My brother (not, go) ......................... near the river since he was attacked by a crocodile.
6- MAKING SUGGESTIONS
Öneri getirirken çeşitli yapılar kullanabiliriz.

6-1 LET'S + DO SOMETHING

It's a nice day today. Let's go out and have a walk.
A: I have a test tomorrow, but I don't understand some of the grammar patterns.
B: Let's study together. (Birlikte çalışalım.)
Let's kalıbının olumsuz biçimi "Let's not" dır.
It's a nice day today. Let's not stay home.
Let's go out for a walk. (Evde oturmayalım. Yürüyüşe çıkalım.)

"Let's" ve "Let's not", sonuna "shall we?" ya da "okay?" eklenerek soru biçimine dönüştürülebilir.
A: Let's go to the cinema after class, shall we?
(Dersten sonra sinemaya gidelim, olur mu?)
B: I'm afraid I can't. I have to go home right after class. My mother will be
waiting for me.
A: Let's buy her a silver ring for her birthday, okay?
B: Good idea! She likes wearing silver jewellery.

6-2 WHY DON'T / DOESN'T + SUBJECT......?

"Why don't .....?" yapısı, soru biçiminde olmasına karşın, gerçek bir soru değildir. Öneri getirir.
— I'm getting sleepy.
— Why don't you go to bed? (Neden yatmıyorsun?)
— I think I will.

— Bill has a terrible toothache.

— Why doesn't he go to his dentist?
— I think he is afraid of visiting the dentist.

6-3 SHALL WE /I ....?

"Shall", özne olarak sadece "we" ve "I" ile kullanılır.
— What shall we do tonight?
— Let's go to the cinema.
— No, let's not. It seems to be a warm night, and I don't want to be inside.
— Okay then. Why don't we go to the seaside and walk along the coast?
— That sounds like a good idea.
— We should all contribute to the picnic.
— Okay. Shall I bring some pastries? My mother can make delicious pastries.
— That would be fine.
"Shall I/we ........?" sorusu Türkçe'ye "........ yapayım mı/yapalım mı?" biçiminde çevrilir.
Shall I help you? (Sana yardım edeyim mi?)
Shall we take a rope and a ball with us when we go on the picnic?
(Pikniğe giderken yanımıza ip ve top alalım mı?)
6-4 COULD
a) "Could" da, öneri getirirken kullanabileceğimiz yapılardan biridir.
— I want to take my son somewhere tomorrow, but I can't think of anywhere
interesting. Got any suggestions?
— Well, you could take him to the theatre or cinema or you could go to a park.
To take him to the zoo would be very exciting too, I think.
— I don't know how I can improve my English.
— Well, there are several ways. You could, for example, attend a course, or
you could study it from books by yourself, or if you can afford it, you can
spend a few months in England.
— What shall we do tomorrow?
— We could meet friends and go to the cinema.
(Arkadaşlarla buluşup sinemaya gidebiliriz.)

b) "Could"un past biçimi "could have done"dır. "Geçmişte bir şeyi yapabilirdin ama yapmadın."
anlamını verir.
Yesterday, he was broke and had to walk home from school. In fact, he could
have borrowed some money from his friends, but he didn't want them to know
that he didn't have any money.
(Aslında arkadaşlarından ödünç para alabilirdi ama...)
Yesterday, it was my day off. I could have gone somewhere, but I felt rather
lazy, and spent the whole day at home.
(Bir yerlere gidebilirdim ama...)
"Couldn't have done" ise, "geçmişte bir şeyi isteseydin de yapamazdın" anlamını verir.
Yesterday, I wanted to visit my friend, but then, I changed my mind and stayed
home. Later, I found out that she wasn't at home that day, so I couldn't have
visited her even if I had wanted to.
(İsteseydim de onu ziyaret edemezdim.)
Last month, I went to Ankara with friends. I had planned to stay at my sister's
house for the night, but I couldn't leave my friends, and we spent the night at a
hotel together. Later, when I returned to Istanbul, I phoned my sister and told
her about my visit there, and I found out that she wasn't in Ankara during my
stay there, so I couldn't have stayed at her house even if I had wanted to.
— Why didn't you show up for our date yesterday?
— I wanted to, but our district manager came just as I was leaving work.
— Well, at least you could have phoned and told me that you weren't coming.
— I couldn't have phoned you, because the manager took me to the building
site, and there is no telephone, you know.
(......... telefon edip gelmeyeceğini söyleyebilirdin.)
(......... telefon edemezdim, çünkü orada telefon yok.)
c) "Could have done" ile "was/were able to, could do" arasındaki aynına dikkat ediniz.
I could have sent them a cheque. (But I didn't send them a cheque.)
(Onlara çek gönderebilirdim ama göndermedim.)
I was able to send them a cheque. (I sent them a cheque.)
(Onlara bir çek gönderebildim.)
When I had a cheque-book, I could pay by cheque.
(Çek defterim varken, çekle ödeme yapabiliyordum.)
7- EXPRESSING DEGREES OF CERTAINTY

Eğer bir konuda kesin olarak gerçeği bilmiyorsak, o konuda tahminlerde bulunuruz. Bu
tahminlerimizi, derecelerine göre, "must, may, might, could" gibi modal yardımcı fiilleriyle ifade
ederiz. Şimdi zamanlarına göre bu yapılan inceleyelim.

7-1 PRESENT TIME

a) Positive Statements:
Eğer bir gerçeği kesin olarak biliyorsak, modal kullanmaya gerek yoktur.

— Why is Peter at home today? Why didn't he go to work?

— He is ill. (I know that he is ill.)
Gerçeği kesin olarak bilmiyorsak ama güçlü bir tahminde bulunuyorsak, "must" kullanırız.
— Why is Peter at home today?
— Well, he must be ill. (Hasta olmalı.)
(I saw him last night, and he wasn't feeling very well, so I'm sure that he is
ill today.)

— The baby is crying. Why?

— She must be hungry. (Aç olmalı.)
She hasn't eaten anything for three hours.
— How does he know so much about everything?
— Well, he must read a lot. (Çok okuyor olmalı.)

Gerçeği kesin olarak bilmiyorsak ve güçsüz bir tahminde (ya da tahminlerde) bulunuyorsak, yani
aklımıza gelen olasılıkları ifade etmek istiyorsak, "may, might, could" kullanırız.

— Why is Peter at home today?

— Well, I don't know. He may/might/could be ill. (Hasta olabilir.)
(There may be some other possibilities, but I don't know. Perhaps/
Possibly/Maybe * he is ill. He is probably ill. It's likely that he is ill.)
"May", "might" ve "could" aynı anlama sahiptir ve Türkçe'ye ".......... olabilir" biçiminde çevrilir.
— Why is the baby crying?
— I don't know. There may be several reasons. She may be hungry, or she
might need a nappy change or she could need burping.

— Why is Peter at home today?

— He is ill. (100% sure)
— Why is Peter at home today?
— He must be ill. (95% sure)

— Why is Peter at home today?

— He may/might/could be ill. (About 50% sure)

* "Maybe" bitişik yazılınca bir zarftır. Cümlenin başında kullanılır:

"Maybe he is ill. (Belki de hastadır.)
"May be", "modal+verb" kullanımıdır:
He may be ill. (Hasta olabilir.)
b) Negative Statements
Eğer gerçeği kesin olarak biliyorsak, durumu modal kullanmadan ifade ederiz.
— Why isn't Peter eating anything?
— He isn't hungry. (I know that he is not hungry.)
Gerçeği kesin olarak bilmiyorsak ama bazı temellere dayanarak güçlü bir tahminde bulunmak
istiyorsak "can't" ya da "couldn't" * kullanırız. Bu yapıları Türkçe'ye "........ olamaz,
imkansız"biçiminde çevirebiliriz.
— Your brother says he is very hungry.
— No, he can't/couldn't be hungry. He ate a huge meal just half an hour ago.
(It's impossible that he is hungry.)
(Hayır, aç olamaz. Aç olması imkansız.)
— Your brother says he is broke.
— No, he can't/couldn't be broke. I gave him ten million liras just an hour ago.
(It's impossible that he has no money.)
Yine güçlü bir tahmini ("can't" ve "couldn't" a göre daha cılız), aklımıza gelen en mantıklı tahmini
ifade etmek için "must not **" kullanırız. Bu kullanımıyla "must not" genellikle kısaltılmaz.
— Your brother isn't eating his lunch.
— Well, he must not be hungry.
(Aç olmamalı. Herhalde aç değil.)
(Normally, he eats everything on his plate. If he isn't eating now, I'm almost
sure that he isn't hungry. I can't think of any other reasons.)
— Look! Peter is eating only salad. He hasn't even touched his fish.
— Well, he must not like fish.(Balığı sevmiyor olmalı. Herhalde balığı
sevmiyor.)
— Jane always gets low grades in history.
— She must not study hard enough.
(Yeterince çalışmıyor olmalı. Herhalde yeterince çalışmıyor.)
Tahminimiz güçsüz ise, sadece aklımıza gelen olasılıkları ifade ediyorsak "may not" ya "might
not" kullanırız.
— Why is Peter eating only salad? He hasn't even touched his fish.
— I don't know. He may not/might not like fish.
(Balığı sevmiyor olabilir. Belki de balığı sevmiyordur.)
(Maybe/Perhaps he doesn't like fish.)
— Why does she always get low grades in history?
— I don't know. She may not study hard enough.
(Perhaps she doesn't study hard enough.) (Yeterince çalışmıyor olabilir.)
— I'm going to see the manager.
— Phone him first. He may/might not be in his room. (Odasında olmayabilir.)

He isn't in his room. (100% sure)

He can't/couldn't be in his room. (99% sure)
He must not be in his room. (95% sure)
He may not/might not be in his room, (about 50% sure)

* Could güçsüz bir tahmin, couldn't ise çok güçlü bir tahmin bildirir.
** Tahminde bulunurken kullanılan yapılardan "must not" sadece American English'de kullanılır. British
English'de "must not" yerine "can't/couldn't" kullanılır.
7-2 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MODALS
Tahminde bulunurken kullandığımız modal yardımcı fiillerini, içinde bulunduğumuz anda devam
etmekte olduğunu zannettiğimiz eylemleri ifade etmek için de kullanırız.
— Where is your brother?
— He is studying in his room. (I know that he is studying in his room.)
— Where is your brother?
— I'm not sure, but he must be studying in his room. He has an exam
tomorrow. (I'm almost sure that he is studying in his room.)
(Odasında ders çalışıyor olmalı.)
— Look! Isn't that Elif going up Bahariye Street? Where may/might/could she
be going?
— I don't know. She may be going to the cinema, or she might/may/could be
going shopping. (I think she is going shopping or to the cinema.)
(Sinemaya ya da alışverişe gidiyor olabilir.)
— Don't make so much noise. Your brother is studying in the next room.
— No, he can't/couldn't be studying in the next room. I saw him in the street
playing with other children just a quarter of an hour ago.
(It's impossible that he is studying in his room.)
(Odasında ders çalışıyor olamaz. Ders çalışıyor olması imkansız.)
— Do you hear some noise from the baby's room?
— Yes, I sure do. She must not be sleeping.
(I'm almost sure that she isn't sleeping.) (Uyumuyor olmalı.)
— I think your brother is studying in his room.
— Well, I don't know. He may not/might not be studying. There is music
coming from his room. (Perhaps/Maybe he isn't studying.)
(Ders çalışmıyor olabilir.)

must
may/might/could
+ be doing
can't/couldn't
must not
may not/might not

7-3 PAST TIME

Geçmişe ilişkin tahminlerimizi ifade ederken, aynı modal yardımcı fiillerinin "perfect"
biçimlerini kullanırız.

must
may /might/ could
+ have done
can't/couldn't
must not
may not/might not

— I can't find my grammar book.

— Well, you must have left it in the classroom.
(I'm almost sure that you left it in the classroom.)
(Sınıfta unutmuş olmalısın. Herhalde sınıfta
unuttun.)
 — I can't find my grammar book. I don't know where I left it. I
may/might/could have left it in the classroom or I may/might/could have
left it on the bus.
(It's possible that I left it in the classroom or on the bus.)
(Sınıfta unutmuş olabilirim ya da otobüste unutmuş olabilirim.)
— I think I saw Susan at a cafe the other day. but I didn't talk to her. She was in
a crowded group.
— No, you can't/couldn't have seen her there. She has been out of town for
two weeks. She left for London two weeks ago.
(It's impossible that you saw her there.)
(Onu görmüş olamazsın. Onu görmüş olman imkansız.)

— Jane is normally a good student, but she got a low grade on yesterday's test.
— Well, she must not have studied hard enough.
(I'm almost sure that she didn't study hard enough.)
(Yeterince çalışmamış olmalı. Herhalde yeterince çalışmadı.)

— Why did Jane get a low grade on the last test? She is a good student, you
know.
— Well, I don't know. She might not/may not have studied hard enough.
(Perhaps/Maybe she didn't study hard enough.)
(It's likely that she didn't study hard enough.)
(She probably didn't study hard enough.)
(Yeterince çalışmamış olabilir.)

NOTE: "Could have done" ve "couldn't have done" kalıplarının şu iki kullanımı
arasındaki ayrıma dikkat ediniz.

1- a) I had lots of spare time yesterday. I could have gone to the cinema, but I
preferred to stay at home.
(Sinemaya gidebilirdim ama evde kalmayı tercih ettim.)
(The result is: I didn't go to the cinema.)

b) Last week, my husband was going to have a match with his friends, but he
didn't go. Later we found out that the match had been cancelled, so he
couldn't have gone even if he had wanted to.
(İsteseydi bile gidemezdi.)
(The result is: He didn't go to the match.)
2- a) When I phoned her, she wasn't at home.
She could have gone to the cinema, because she had told me that there
was a good film on at the Süreyya cinema and that she wanted to see it.
(Sinemaya gitmiş olabilir.)
(The result is: Perhaps she was at the cinema when I phoned her.)

b) He couldn't have gone to the match yesterday, because his leg has been
in plaster since the previous match.
(Dünkü maça gitmiş olamaz, çünkü .........)
(The result is: It's impossible that he went to the match yesterday.
Bu iki anlam arasındaki farla ancak "context"den, yani parçanın ya da konuşmanın
bütününden çıkarabiliriz.
7-4 PAST PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MODALS
Geçmişte bir noktada devam etmekte olduğunu tahmin ettiğimiz eylemleri ifade etmek
istiyorsak, modal yardımcı fiillerinin "perfect progressive" biçimlerini kullanırız.

must may/might/could
+ have been doing
can't/couldn't
must not
may not/might not

— Peter had a car accident last Saturday. He said that a child had suddenly
pushed himself in front of his car, and that he had swerved to the left so as
not to hit the child, but couldn't avoid running into another car.
— Then, he must have been driving fast at the time of the accident.
(Kaza sırasında hızlı sürüyordu herhalde.)
— When I got home late last night, the light in my brother's room was still on. I
didn't go to see what he was doing, but he may/ might /could have been
reading a book or listening to music.
(Perhaps/Maybe he was reading a book or listening to music.)
(Belki de kitap okuyor ya da müzik dinliyordu.)
— He can't/couldn't have been driving very fast at the time of the accident,
because I know that he doesn't like speeding.
(It's impossible that he was driving fast at the time of the accident.)
(Kaza sırasında hızlı sürüyor olamazdı. Hızlı sürüyor olması imkansız.)
— While I was preparing to go to bed last night, I heard some noises from
my son's room. He must not have been sleeping.
(I'm almost sure that he wasn't sleeping.)
(Uyumuyor olmalıydı. Herhalde uyumuyordu.)
— Mother says my brother was studying in his room all yesterday afternoon,
but he may not/ might not have been studying, because I heard the sound
of a stereo coming from his room.
(Perhaps/Maybe he wasn't studying.)
(Ders çalışmıyor olabilirdi. Belki de ders çalışmıyordu.)
7-5 FUTURE TIME
Geleceğe ilişkin olaylardan sözediyorsak, "will, should/ought to, may /might /could"
kullanabiliriz. "Must" geleceğe ilişkin tahminde bulunurken kullanılmaz. Ancak, içinde
bulunduğumuz anda gelecekte bir eylemin olacağına ilişkin belirtiler varsa, 'must be doing'
kullanabiliriz.
Linda must be giving a huge party for her birthday next week. I saw her
buying lots of food and drinks at the market today.
Eğer bir olayın olacağından kesin olarak eminsek, "will" kullanırız.
— He will pass his driving test. He is very good at driving.
Güçlü bir tahminde bulunuyorsak, "should/ought to" kullanırız.
— He took plenty of driving lessons, and he drives the car very well. He
should/ought to pass the test.
(Yeterince direksiyon dersi aldı. Sınavı geçmesi gerekir. Herhalde geçer.)
— He took some driving lessons, and isn't so bad at driving. He may/ might
/could pass his driving test tomorrow, but who knows. Anything can
happen in a test. (Yarınki direksiyon sınavını geçebilir.)
EXERCISE 11: Write a form of "must" in the following. "Must do", "must be doing", "must have
done", "must have been doing".
1- Look! It seems as if it is painful for John to walk. His feet (be) must be sore after his long
hike.
2- After his hike with friends, John had difficulty walking. His feet (be) must have been sore.
3- How far is it now to the village? We (get) ......................... close as I can see some chimneys
in the distance.
4- Ray doesn't speak to Tom at all now. He (hate) ......................... him for cheating in the race.
5- A: Johnny has asked for cheese sandwiches every day since the beginning of the term.
B: Well, I shouldn't worry. Cheese is quite healthy and he (like) ......................... it a lot.
6- A: What is that odd smell?
B: Oh, my neighbour (boil) ......................... cabbage again.
7- If they hit the rocks, then they (sail) ......................... too close to the coast.
8- The Wilsons have about fifty cows. If the field is empty now, they (milk) ......................... the
cows in the sheds.
9- Are you sure they haven't received my invoice? I sent it special delivery on Thursday, so it
(arrive) ......................... by now. Perhaps it has been sent to the wrong department.
10- Did they win the lottery last month? Then they (live) ......................... a life of luxury now.
11- They didn't seem disappointed when I told them we didn't want to buy their house.
Someone else (make) ......................... them a reasonable offer.
12- The owners looked very disappointed that we hadn't decided to buy their house. They
(assume) ......................... that we liked it.
13- Mum and Dad (show) ......................... Aunt Jade our wedding photos. Look, the album is on
the coffee table.
14- You (listen) ......................... to Professor Scholtz very carefully if you detected a trace of a
Turkish accent. Her mother is Turkish actually.
15- Billy (be) ......................... under a lot of stress at the moment as his mother is so ill in hospital.
16- Mrs. Green's new tenant (work) ......................... in Birmingham too, as I pass her on the main
road some mornings.
17- This year she was going to go somewhere else instead of visiting her mother-in-law in
Turkey, but she sent me a postcard from Istanbul. She (decide) ......................... to go there
after all.
18- There is a horrible drilling noise coming from next door. He (fit) ......................... some more
bookshelves.
19- She (finish) ............... the essay she was writing as I've just seen her heading towards the gym.
20- He (serve) ...................... a customer when I rang because I know he is always in the shop at
that hour.
EXERCISE 12 : Use any form of must, may/might/could, can't/couldn't, must not, may
not/might not.
1- A: There is a red car in the car park with its lights on. Is it yours?
B: It (not, be) ......................... mine as mine has a warning buzzer which indicates when the
lights have been left on.
A: It (belong) ......................... to Samantha then. She drives a red Ford, but I'm not sure if she
is here today.
2- A: We want to get some fresh air and exercise at the weekend.
B: What are you going to do?
A: We are not sure. We (go) ................. hiking or we (cycle) ................ along the coast.
3- A: What are the cleaners doing at the moment?
B: Well, they (wash) ......................... up or they (clean) ......................... the windows, but
they definitely (not, vacuum) ......................... because I can't hear that dreadful sound of
the vacuum cleaner.
4- A: Where's Paul?
B: I don't know, but he (not, leave) ......................... to go to the customer because I haven't
given him the proposal which we prepared for them yet.
5- We (use) ....................... a lot of electricity these days. Our bill has just arrived and it is over
200 pounds.
6- A: Jeremy got all the answers right.
B: That's impossible! He (copy) ......................... off another student.
A: Well, he (study) ......................... for once.
B: Yes, but you (agree) ......................... that it is not very likely.
7- A: I can't find the file for ABC Ltd.
B: I'm not surprised. Mr. Smith had it last. He (put) ......................... it anywhere. He never
replaces things.
8- A: The name of the previous chairman isn't on the list.
B: He (not, want) ......................... to be re-elected then.
A: That's a shame. He has done a really good job.
9- I think we (get) ......................... some traffic lights at that dangerous junction soon.
The council approved the plans this afternoon.
10- This (be) ......................... a good film. It stars Julle Wallets and Richard Gere, but of course
you can't be sure without watching it first.
11- A: I wanted the students to explain the effects of pollution as well as solutions to it, but most
of them concentrated on how we can solve pollution problems.
B: Well, they (not, understand) ............................ you.
A: Yes, you (be) ...................... right. Perhaps my explanation wasn't sufficiently clear.
 12- A: We know he is innocent and he has given an alibi, but the police are still questioning him.
B: Well, they (not, believe) ......................... him.
13- A: Julie (go) ......................... on holiday soon.
B: How do you know that?
A: I saw her in Marks and Spencer buying sunglasses, sun cream and a bikini.
14- A: I have a stomach ache.
B: It (be) ......................... from something you ate.
A: It (not, be) ......................... as I have only eaten plain food today.
B: Oh well, it (be) ......................... that you are nervous about your exam tomorrow.
15- A: I can't find my blue cardigan anywhere. Jane (take) ............................ it; otherwise, it
would be here.
B: She (not, take) ............................ it as she didn't even come home last night, and I'm sure I
saw it somewhere in the house this morning.

8- PREFERENCE
Tercihlerimizi ifade ederken, "would rather/would sooner", "would prefer" ve "like something
better than something" kalıplarını kullanırız.

a) WOULD RATHER/WOULD SOONER

"Would rather" ve "would sooner"dan sonra gelen fiil yalındır. "Sir şeyi bir şeye tercih ederim"
demek için ise arada "than" kullanılır. "Would rather" ve "would sooner" aynı anlama gelir, ancak
"would rather" daha çok kullanılır.
I would rather read something than watch TV.
Eğer iki taraftaki fiil aynı ise, fiili sadece birinci tarafta kullanmak yeterlidir.
I'd rather/sooner drink coffee than (drink) tea.
(Çay içmektense/çay içmek yerine, kahve içmeyi tercih ederim.)
İki tarafta kullanılan preposition aynı ise, preposition'ı sadece birinci tarafta kullanmamız yeterlidir.
She'd rather go to the theatre than (go to) the cinema.
"Would rather be doing" içinde bulunduğumuz anda yapmakta olduğumuz işten hoşnut
olmadığımızı ifade eder ve "Bunu yapıyor olmak yerine başka bir şey yapıyor olmayı tercih
ederdim." anlamını verir.
I'd rather be walking by the seaside than (be) studying here now.
(Şimdi burada ders çalışıyor olmak yerine sahilde yürüyor olmayı tercih
ederdim.) (But I'm studying now.)
They'd rather be living in the country than (be living) in Istanbul.
(But they are living in Istanbul.)
You'd rather be listening to music now than (be listening) to the lesson.
"Would rather have done" ve "would sooner have done" geçmişte yapmayı tercih ettiğimiz ama
yapamadığımız eylemleri ifade eder.
I'd rather have stayed home than (have) gone to the cinema last night.
(But I went to the cinema.)
(Dün akşam sinemaya gitmek yerine evde kalmayı tercih ederdim.)
 He studied law, because his parents wanted him to, but he'd rather have
studied engineering.
I'd rather have gone to bed early last night, but I couldn't, because some guests
arrived just as I was getting ready to go to bed.
Olumsuz cümlelerde, olumsuzluk eki "not", "rather" ve "sooner"dan sonra gelir,
I'd rather not tell him the news. It's really depressing. (Present)
(Haberi ona söylememeyi tercih ederim.)
I'd rather not be studying right now, but I am. (Present Progressive)
I'd rather not have invited her to my party. She caused us a lot of
trouble by drinking too much. (But invited her.) (Past)
b) Eğer, "would rather /sooner" ın öznesiyle, eylemi yapacak olan kişi farklıysa, "would
rather+subject+past tense" kalıbı kullanılır. Cümlede Past Tense kullanılmasına rağmen,
anlam present ya da future'dur.
She wants to be a nurse, but I'd rather she became a teacher.
They want to travel by train, but I'd rather they travelled by car.
I want to attend a university abroad, but my parents would rather I
studied in Turkey. (Ben üniversiteyi yurt dısında okumak istiyorum
ama, ailem benim Tiirkiye'de okumamı tercih ediyor.)
— Would you mind if I smoked here?
— Well, I'd rather you didn't. (I'd rather you didn't smoke.)
— She always asks me too many questions. I'd rather she didn't ask me so
many questions.
Bir bankasının geçmişte yapmasını tercih ettiğimiz ama gerçekleşmemiş eylemleri "would rather +
subject + Past Perfect" ile ifade ederiz.
I'd rather she had gone to Ankara by train, but she went by bus.
(Trenle gitmiş olmasını tercih ederdim, ama ........)
I'd rather they hadn't invited me to their wedding. Now I have to go.
(But they invited me.)
(Düğünlerine beni çağırmamış olmalarını tercih ederdim.)

c) PREFER and WOULD PREFER

prefer (doing) something to (doing) something else

prefer to do something rather than (do) something else

"Prefer something to something" yapısıyla, fill kullanmadan isim kullanabiliriz.

I prefer coffee to tea. / She prefers vegetables to meat.
Eğer fiil kullanrrsak fiil "-ing" takısı alır.
I prefer drinking coffee to (drinking) tea.
She prefers eating vegetables to (eating) meat.
"Prefer to do something rather than (do) something" yapısıyla sadece fiil kullanabiliriz.
I prefer to drink coffee rather than (drink) tea.
She prefers to eat vegetables rather than (eat) meat.
"Would prefer", "would rather" ile aynı anlamdadır. Ancak kullanımdaki ayrıma dikkat ediniz.

I would rather do something than (do) something else.

I would prefer to do something than/rather than (to do/do) something else.

"Would prefer"den sonra isim gelebilir.

— Would you prefer tea or coffee?
— Neither, please. I'd prefer a cold lemonade.
"Would prefer"den sonra fill, "to do" biçiminde gelir. "Would rather"dan sonra ise isim gelmez,
mutlaka fiil gelir ve fiil yalın haliyle gelir.
I would rather stay at home tonight than go out.
I would prefer to stay at home tonight rather than/than (to) go out.
Past biçimleri için de aynı kural geçerlidir.
I would rather have done something than (have) done something else.
I would prefer to have done something rather than/than (have) done
something else.
I would rather have stayed at home last night than (have) gone out.
I would prefer to have stayed at home last night than/rather than (to have) gone
out.
(Dün akşam dışarı çıkmak yerine evde kalmayı tercih ederdim.)
Birinin birşey yapmasını tercih ederken: would rather someone did something kalıbının
kullanıldığını görmüştük.
I would rather he himself decided on this occasion.
They would rather I didn't live in a separate house.
Aynı anlamı "would prefer" ile vermek istersek, "object + to do" biçiminde ifade etmemiz gerekir.
would prefer someone to do something

I would prefer him to decide himself on this occasion.

They would prefer me not to live separately.

d) LIKE SOMETHING BETTER THAN SOMETHING ELSE

I like coffee better than tea.
I like walking better than running.
She likes swimming better than sunbathing on the beach.
(Yüzmeyi, plajda güneşlenmekten daha çok seviyor.)
(Plajda güneşlenmektense, yüzmeyi tercih ediyor.)
e) Eğer, geçmişte tercih ettiğimiz eylem, istediğimiz yönde gerçekleşmişse, bunu ifade etmek için
"would rather" ya da "would sooner" kullanamayız. Çünkü, her ikisi de "geçmişte ...........
tercih ederdim, ama olmadı" anlamını verir. "Geçmişte şu eylemi yapmayı tercih ederdim ve
yapardım" biçimindeki bir ifadeyi "like" ve "prefer" ile verebiliriz.
When I was a child, I preferred playing in the open air to playing inside.
I liked playing in the open air better than playing inside.
(Result: I played in the open air.)
She preferred reading books to watching TV with the rest of the family.
She liked reading books better than watching TV with the rest of the family.
(Result: She read books.)
(Ailenin diğer bireyleriyle birlikte televizyon izlemek yerine, kitap okumayı
tercih ederdi.)
EXERCISE 13 : Use an appropriate form of "would rather" in the following.
1- Michael spent the weekend painting the bathroom, but he would rather (spend)
......................... it watching the World Series cricket tournament.
2- I would rather my son (finish) ......................... university, but now that he is doing what he
enjoys, he is much happier.
3- I'd rather you (not, agree) ......................... to let those people view the house today.
Now I'll have to clean and tidy each room thoroughly.
4- Our boss would rather we (clear) ......................... our desks every evening, although we do it
only rarely.
5- The advertising campaign which we're designing at the moment is for deodorant insoles for
shoes. Of course, all of us would much rather (design) ......................... a campaign for a
more exciting product.
6- I would rather (not, cut) ......................... my daughter's pocket money this week, but I
couldn't think of another way of punishing her for her dreadful behaviour.
7- Please don't tell Robert. I would rather he (not, have) ......................... something extra to
worry about at the moment.
8- I'd really rather (not, listen) ......................... to the match results. 1 want to watch the
complete match later and find out the results then.
9- Football matches can be dangerous. I'd rather my son (ask) ......................... me before he
attended one. Next time I want his father to go with him.
10- I went to aerobics last night with a colleague. But I'd rather (not, go) ...................... because
my legs ached all day.
11- None of us enjoys our work. Right now, David would rather (ride) ......................... his
motorbike, Paul would rather (play) ......................... snooker and I would rather (ski)
......................... in the mountains.
12- My brother would rather I (not, mention) .......................... that he and his wife are expecting a
baby. He had wanted to tell my mother about it himself.
13- My mother would much rather we (always, eat) ......................... together at the dining table
than (have) ........................ our dinner on trays in front of the television.
14- Although people complain about their work all the time, I'm certain that most people would
rather (work) ......................... than not.
15- I'd rather you (not, tease) ......................... Jackie about her weight every time you see her.
She is quite sensitive about it.
9- HABITUAL PAST : USED TO AND WOULD

a) "Used to", geçmişte yaptığımız, ama artık yapmadığınız ya da geçmişte çok sık yaptığımız ama
şimdi az yaptığımız eylemleri ifade ederken kullanılır.
I used to live in a village when I was a child. (But now I don't live in a village.)
(Çocukken köyde otururdum.)
I used to go to the cinema very often when I was at university, but now I don't
have time to go so often. (I rarely go to the cinema now.)
(Üniversitedeyken, sinemaya çok sık giderdim.)

There was/were yerine "there used to be" kullanabiliriz.

There used to be a cinema in our village when I was a child, but it closed down
when television became popular.
There used to be a huge plane tree near the village train station, and we the
children of the village used to play under its shade in the summer, but because
it was very old, it was blown over during a strong storm.
b) "Used to"nun olumsuz biçimi "used not to" ya da "didn't use to"dur. "Didn't use to" daha
çok kullanılır ve "geçmişte yapmazdım ama şimdi yapıyorum" anlamını verir.
I didn't use to/used not to eat fish when I was a child, but now I do.
(Now I eat fish.) (Çocukken balık yemezdim.)
She didn't use to have long hair when she was a student. Now she has lovely
long hair. (Öğrenciyken saçlarını uzatmazdı.)
Children didn't use to have so many toys in the past.
(Eskiden çocukların bu kadar çok oyuncakları yoktu.)
c) Geçmişteki alışkanlıklarımızı Simple Past Tense ile de ifade edebiliriz,
Women wore very long dresses in the Middle Ages.
Women used to wear very long dresses in the Middle Ages.
(Ortaçağ’da kadınlar çok uzun elbiseler giyerdi.)
He is no longer such a famous pop star, but just three years ago the
young adored/used to adore him.
(Artık meşhur bir pop sanatçısı değil, ama daha üç yıl önce gençler ona
tapardı.)
Ancak "used to" geçmişte yapılmış olan bir tek olayı ifade ederken kullanılmaz.

While I was walking on the icy pavement yesterday, I fell and broke my arm.
(Burada "used to" kullanamayız.)
Two years ago, my aunt came to Istanbul to visit us.
My sister wore/used to wear mini-skirts when she was younger.
(Kardeşim küçükken mini etek giyerdi.)
My sister wore a mini-skirt at her friend's wedding last week.
(Kardeşim geçen hafta arkadaşının düğününde mini etek giydi.)
d) Geçmişteki alışkanlıklarımızı, sürekli yaptığımız işleri "would" ile de ifade edebiliriz Ancak
"would" sadece eylem bildiren fiillerle (action verbs) kullanılır. "Be, have, know, understand,
etc."gibi durum bildiren fiillerle kullanılmaz. "Used to" hem durum bildiren hem de eylem
bildiren fiillerle kullanılır.
I used to/would fly kites in my childhood.
She used to/would sing beautiful folk songs when she was in primary school.
He used to/would run so fast in his youth that no one could ever catch him.
Durum bildiren fiillerle sadece "used to" kullanılır.
She used to be very shy when she was younger.
We used to have a house with a large garden in my childhood.
They used to live in Ankara, but now they live in Izmir.
He was a very clever boy. He used to understand even the most complex
structures easily.
NOTE: "Used to do" ile "be used to doing" arasındaki farka dikkat ediniz.
"Used to do", "geçmişte yapardım.' anlamını verir. "Be used to doing
something" ise "Bîr şeyi yapmaya alışkınım" anlamına gelir.
I'm used to drinking coffee as soon as I get up in the mornings.
(Sabahlan kalkar kalkmaz kahve içmeye alışkınım.)
I used to drink coffee a lot until two years ago, but now I drink very little.
(İki yıl öncesine kadar çok kahve içerdim, ama.......)

EXERCISE 14 : Decide whether you can use "used to" with the underlined verb or not. Rewrite
the sentence if you can. If you can't, write "No change".
1- He played the trumpet quite well when he was at school.
He used to play the trumpet quite well.
2- He played the trumpet at the remembrance ceremony last week.
No change. (One specific event in the past)
3- Until I was eight, I was terrified of the bulls in our field, but later, I realised that there was
no danger as they were behind a fence.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4- Every other Saturday, my grandfather took us to see the Altincham Robins play, and
after the match, he bought us fish and chips on the way home.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
5- My mother baked a cake for Simon's graduation from university and we all gave him a
present.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
6- When I was in the second grade, I wrote a story about a gang of street children. My
teacher thought it was very imaginative.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
7- There was a teacher at my primary school who slapped children on the legs, which we
thought was very cruel. In fact, it was.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
8- In the past, clever girls often became nurses or teachers, but they didn't become scientists
or business people very often.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
9- Children worked in factories, down mines and on ships until trade associations forced
change.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
10- My car broke down twice last month.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
 EXAMPLES FROM ÖYS/YDS
1- As a comedian he is no longer appreciated (1993-ÖYS)
but ten years ago people ......... at his jokes. 7- Inequalities of income could grow as the
difference between skilled and unskilled
A) used to laugh workers widens.
B) have been laughing
C) are used to laughing A) Gelirlerdeki eşitsizlik arttıkça vasıflı ve
D) have laughed vasıfsız işçiler arasındaki fark belirgin
E) had laughed (1990 - ÖYS) leşebilir.
2- My dictionary isn't in its usual place; B) Vasıflı ve vasıfsız işçiler arasındaki fark
someone ......... it. büyüdüğü için, gelir, eşitsizlikleri
artıyor.
A) should be borrowed C) Vasıflı ve vasıfsız işçiler arasındaki gelir
B) can borrow eşitsizliği gittikçe artmaktadır.
C) might borrow D) Vasıflı ve vasıfsız işçiler arasındaki fark
D) must have borrowed açıldıkça gelir eşitsizlikleri artabilir.
E) ought to borrow (1991 - ÖYS) E) Vasıflı ve vasıfsız işçiler, aralarındaki
gelir eşitsizliğinin arttığım biliyorlar.
3- I.........travel by coach to Istanbul last
week because the airline pilots were on (1996-ÖYS)
strike. 8- So far we haven't been able to get any
A) ought to B) need to reliable information about the extent of
C) had to D) am to the food poisoning on the campus.
E) should
(1992-ÖYS) A) Kampüsteki gıda zehirlenmesinin
boyutları ile ilgili şu anki bilgilerimiz hiç
4- You ................ your doctor before you de güvenilir değil.
started dieting. B) Şu ana kadar edindiğimiz bilgiler,
A) might consult kampüsteki gıda zehirlenmesinin gerçek
B) can consult boyutlarını gösterir nitelikte değil.
C) have to consult C) Şu ana kadar elimize, kampüsteki gıda
D) should have consulted zehirlenmesinin nedenleri ile ilgili
E) have consulted güvenilir bilgiler ulaşmadı.
(1992 - ÖYS) D) Şu ana kadar, kampüsteki gıda
zehirlenmesinin boyutları ile ilgili hiçbir
5- You ............ wear jeans or trainers at a güvenilir bilgi edinemedik.
formal gathering. It wouldn't be right. E) Kampüsteki gıda zehirlenmesinin
boyutlarına ilişkin bilgilerimizin hiçbiri
A) needn't B) don't have to yeterince güvenilir değil.
C) might not D) weren't able to (1998 - ÖYS)
E) mustn't
(1993 - ÖYS) 9- Sally worked all the weekend to finish the
6- I.......... at a research centre but I decided project in time, but actually she ...... so.
to work for an oil company since the pay
A) couldn't have done
was much better.
B) wouldn't have done
A) could have worked C) doesn't have to do
B) may work D) may not do
C) had to work E) needn't have done
D) had better work (YDS-2000)
E) have been working
 TEST YOURSELF 1

1-50. sorularda, cümlede bırakılan 5- A: What were you doing at the bank
boşluğu uygun şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi yesterday?
bulunuz. B: I ........ my bank manager for a loan to
repair our house, and luckily, I
managed to get it.
l- You ....... your own canoe in order to join
the canoe club. They cost a lot of money. A) must have asked
You ....... mine whenever you want to go B) used to ask
canoeing. C) had to ask
D) should have asked
A) mustn't buy/had borrowed E) ought to ask
B) won't have bought/should borrow
C) needn't buy/can borrow 6- A: I can't believe Jane isn't here to collect
D) might not buy/would borrow her award.
E) can't buy/used to borrow B: She ......... the invitation. We definitely
should have checked that she had got
2- He is so poor now it's hard to believe that it.
when he was young, he ....... down the
street in his Rolls Royce or sometimes his A) would rather not receive
Jaguar car. B) had better not receive
C) isn't supposed to receive
A) has been driving D) needn't have received
B) would drive E) must not have received
C) should have driven 7- A: Did you speak to Sam about the plans
D) has driven for the cake sale to raise money for
E) may be driving charity?
3- Just as my daughter was about to leave B: Yes, I did and she ........ bake some
the house on her wedding day, my son biscuits and cakes if she has time.
spilt some tea on her dress. Fortunately, A) might be able to
we ....... the stain with some special soap B) was able to
before the wedding took place. C) used to
D) had better
A) were able to remove
E) has had to
B) must have removed
C) might be removing 8- Our plane ............. in Cairo hours ago, but
D) could remove we haven't even taken off from Heathrow
E) used to remove yet.
4- A: Is Julian not visiting Aunt May with us A) was supposed to land
today? B) must have landed
B: Well, he's been called out to an C) ought to be landing
emergency, but he ....... us there if he D) will have landed
finishes early. E) might be landing
A) has joined 9- This steak is a little undercooked for my
B) could have joined taste. .......... putting it back under the grill
C) was joining for another five minutes?
D) might join
E) would be joining A) Why don't you
B) Would you mind
C) Would you like
D) Do you prefer
E) Do you mind if I
10- A: I wonder why Mary didn't want to 15- Trade is so poor these days! We ........ just
come shopping in Oxford Street with two cars since I started working here a
us. month ago.
B: I don't know. She ........ short of money
these days because her new kitchen A) have been able to sell
cost her a lot of money. B) used to sell
C) had to sell
A) will be B) has been D) will have sold
C) can be D) would be E) are supposed to sell
E) could be

11- I ......... to the office to send e-mail any 16- A: ......... we drive to Sultan Ahmet in our
longer. The company has bought me a lap new car?
top computer and a mobile phone which B: Well, I........ take the ferry to avoid the
can be used for electronic mail and the traffic.
Internet.
A) May/must
A) didn't use to return B) Can/would like
B) may not return C) Must/prefer
C) needn't have returned D) Shall/would sooner
D) don't have to return E) Would/had better
E) must not have returned

12- You .......... so envious of your brother. He

18- ........ you do me a favour please?
is so successful because, unlike you, he
........ you ask Mrs Green if the interview
works extremely hard.
room is available?
A) haven't been B) won't be A) Might/May B) May/Could
C) weren't D) shouldn't be C) Would/Do D) Shall/Might
E) may not be E) Could/Would

13- Oh dear, we seem to have run out of salt. 19- I was falling asleep while I was typing my
I........ to the corner shop before dinner. speech last night. The only way I .........
awake was by drinking lots of strong
A) am able to go
coffee.
B) needed to go
C) could have gone A) ought to stay
D) must have gone B) would rather stay
E) will have to go C) have stayed
D) may stay
E) could stay
14- I can't understand why Dad is now so
careful with his money. He ...... such a
generous person. 20- ......... you hold this shelf here while I go
and get my hammer?
A) would be B) has been
C) used to be D) will be A) May B) Must
E) must be C) Should D) Will
E) Shall
21- The tyres of my car ............. thin already. 26- George ....... better in the tennis
I only replaced them in January. I'll have tournament than I thought he .......
to buy better quality ones next time. because he got through to the finals.

A) shouldn't have worn

B) needn't have worn A) must have played/could
C) didn't wear B) will have played/ought to
C) should be playing/did
D) aren't supposed to wear
E) haven't worn D) ought to play/can
E) had better play/should

22- According to their letter, we ........ them, 27- Ever since he took on this part-time job,
with a copy of our company's accounts he ......... enough time on his studies.
before we can order any cars on contract
hire.
A) can't spend
A) have supplied B) isn't able to spend
B) have to supply C) hasn't been able to spend
C) may have supplied D) wasn't able to spend
D) used to supply E) couldn't spend
E) had supplied
23- I suppose I ........ to type his report for
him, but, at the time, I didn't know how 28- Now that they have raised the prices at
important it was. the gym, I....... going there, or I'll
have difficulty paying it.
A) have had to offer
B) may have offered A) must have stopped
C) could have offered B) used to stop
D) would rather offer C) had better stop
E) was able to offer D) might have stopped
E) had stopped

24- A: Why is Mum still in hospital? She ........

home today. 29- My brother's eyesight is perfect, but I .......
B: They wanted to do some more tests. glasses since I was seven years old.
A) must have come
B) was supposed to come A) ought to wear
C) had better come B) must have worn
D) used to come C) have to wear
E) may have come D) had better wear
E) have had to wear

25- I'd like to have some people for dinner 30- Would you mind if I .......... these trade
tonight, but it is too late to ask anyone magazines home to read? I never get time
because they ....... their plans already. to read them in the office.

A) had better make A) to take B) took

B) used to make C) am taking D) taking
C) are making E) have taken
D) may have made
E) can make
31- I am really surprised that Robby hasn't 35- A: Did you have a busy day at the shop? If
signed up yet for the skiing holiday this you did, you .......... rushed off your feet
year. He ....... the first to book every year. without me there.
B: No, I wasn't. It was quite a quiet day.

A) will be B) may have been A) must have been

C) would be D) could be B) have been
E) used to be C) used to be
D) would rather be
E) might be
32- Your mother ....... a restaurant. She is 36- I was just about to buy a new pair when
such a wonderful cook. If she opened a the police rang to say my handbag had
restaurant, I'm sure it would be full every been found with my glasses still inside, so
night. I ........ a new pair after all.

A) needn't have bought

A) must have opened B) mustn't buy
B) used to open C) wasn't supposed to buy
C) should open D) shouldn't have bought
D) would open E) didn't need to buy
E) was able to open
37- A: Why is she still perspiring? She ........
too hot — I've taken herjuniper off.
B: In that case, she ........ a fever. You'd
33- We ........ offices soon. I saw the boss this better take her temperature.
morning viewing the new office block next
to the station. A) can't be/must have
B) isn't/would rather have
A) would rather be moving C) wouldn't be/is having
B) had better move D) needn't be/ought to have
C) would have moved E) shouldn't be/had
D) may be moving
E) have been moving
38- Please Mum, ....... I watch the film
tonight? I have finished all my homework.
34- A: Peter in the accounts department
retired yesterday. A) would B) may
B: He ....... permanently yesterday. I saw C) do D) should
him at his desk only this morning. E) must
A: Oh, well, he had his retirement
presentation yesterday, but perhaps
that was because the Chairman was
here. Maybe he is leaving on Friday. 39- I really miss Istanbul, where I lived when
I was younger. On summer evenings, we
....... along the coast by the Sea of
A) can't have left Marmara when the Sun was setting
B) ought not to leave behind Kınalıada.
C) hasn't left
D) needn't have left
E) had better not leave A) ought to walk B) have walked
C) would walk D) had walked
E) might walk
40- A: Julester looks so slim. 45- ........ I look after Katie for a couple of
B: Has she been dieting? hours so that you and Kevin can go
A: Not that I'm aware of. to the cinema?
B: Well, she .......... very hard then.
She goes horse-riding, doesn't she? A) Would B) Let
C) Do D) Did
A) must have been exercising E) Shall
B) was exercising
C) had better exercise
D) was able to exercise 46- During the strike of the railway workers,
E) will have been exercising many commuters ....... a taxi to and from
work by coming three or four people
together so that they could afford it.
41- You ........ a tie on Friday. They don't let
men into the restaurant unless they are A) have been hiring
wearing a tie. B) had to hire
C) ought to hire
A) would wear B) must wear
D) will be hiring
C) can wear D) may wear
E) might hire
E) could wear

42- Jennifer ......... the promotion that she is 47- We .... by the river, but unfortunately, the
expecting as she hasn't reached her sales riverside car park was full.
target yet.
A) should be parking
A) shouldn't have got B) had parked
B) hadn't got C) had better park
C) didn't use to get D) were going to park
D) wasn't getting E) are supposed to park
E) may not get

48- You ........ some more appointments to get

43- Mum, according to what the doctor
some more business. You're never going
instructed you to do, you ....... any salt on to achieve your sales target at this rate.
your food, you know! If you insist on
eating that much salt, you're bound to A) used to make
have another heart attack! B) were making
C) should make
A) needn't have put
D) have made
B) didn't use to put
E) would make
C) haven't put
D) don't have to put
E) aren't supposed to put
49- You haven't got time to do the gardening.
I think you ....... a gardener, don't you
44- Alfred ......... his ankle badly as we ........ in think so?
the mountains last Saturday.
A) ought to employ
A) used to sprain/hiked B) have employed
B) has sprained/could be hiking C) are employing
C) must have sprained/have hiked D) must have employed
D) sprained/were hiking E) employed
E) may sprain/have been hiking
50- I'm glad that you ........ your father to let D) They only cut down the old pine tree.
you come on this trip with us. It wouldn't which stood in front of the kitchen
be so enjoyable without you! window, when it started to damage the
foundations of the building.
A) must have persuaded E) They had to cut down the pine tree in
B) could have persuaded front of the kitchen window as it was
C) might be persuading damaging the foundations of the building.
D) were able to persuade
E) used to persuade
53- Bir ev hanımının dünyası sadece mutfak
51-55. sorularda, verilen Türkçe cümlenin ve çocuk odasıyla sınırlı olmamalıdır.
İngilizce dengini bulunuz.
A) She shouldn't restrict her world to that of
51- Bana daha fazla ayrıntı vermeyi a housewife, merely working in the
reddettiğiniz için sizi mahkemede kitchen and the nursery.
savunamayacağımı üzülerek bildiriyorum. B) A housewife's world should not be
restricted to just the kitchen and the
nursery.
A) Your refusal to give me further
C) A housewife's life should also include
information was the reason why I had to
experiences outside the kitchen and the
inform you that it was impossible for me
nursery.
to defend you.
D) As a housewife, her world has been
B) I'm sorry that I can't defend you in court
restricted to the kitchen and the nursery.
because you haven't given me all the
E) A large part of a housewife's life is
particulars required.
limited to working in the kitchen and the
C) Your refusal to provide further
nursery.
particulars, regrettably, led to my refusal
to agree to defend you in court.
D) Since you refuse to give me further
particulars, I regret to inform you that I 54- Her şeyi tek başına yapmaya çalışmak
won't be able to defend you in court. yerine, bizden ya da profesyonel birinden
E) Regrettably, I cannot agree to defend you yardım isteyebilirdin.
in court unless you give me further
particulars. A) You didn't need to ask for a professional's
help as, with our help, you were able to
manage everything without it.
52- Mutfak penceresinin önündeki çam B) It would have been better if you had
ağacını kesmek zorunda kaldılar çünkü asked for our or a professional's help, but
binanın temeline zarar veriyordu. you tried to do everything yourself.
C) You could have asked for our or a
A) If they hadn't cut down the old pine tree professional's help instead of trying to do
from in front of the kitchen window, it everything on your own.
might have damaged the foundations of D) Instead of doing everything all alone, you
the building. should have asked for our help, or even a
B) They were forced to cut down the pine professional's.
tree in front of the kitchen window for E) You needn't have asked for our or a
fear that it would damage the foundations professional's help as you could have
of the building. easily managed everything by yourself.
C) Basically, they had to cut down the pine
tree in front of the building because it
was blocking the kitchen window
completely.
55- Birkaç emlakçıya uğrayıp kiralarla ilgili 57- Parents should not be too permissive with
genel bîr fikir edinince, o bölgede their children, or they may lose their
oturmaya gücümüzün yetmeyeceğini control over them completely when the
anladık. children grow up.

A) When we'd called at a few estate agents'

A) Çocukları büyüdüğünde onlar üzerindeki
and got a general opinion of the rents, we
kontrollerini tamamen yitirmiş olan
realised that we couldn't afford to live in
ebeveynler küçükken onlara karşı çok
that area.
tavizkar davranmış olmalılar.
B) After we'd asked several estate agents for
B) Ebeveynlerin çocuklarına karşı fazla
their opinion, it became obvious that we
tavizkar olmaması gerekir yoksa çocuklar
couldn't afford to live around there.
büyüdüklerinde onları kontrol etmek zor
C) Though we were aware that the area was
olur.
unaffordable for us, we still visited a few
C) Çocuklarına karşı fazla tavizkar olan
estate agents in order to get a general idea
ebeveynler çocukları büyüdüğünde
of the rents there.
onların üzerindeki kontrollerini tamamen
D) If we had spoken to a few estate agents
yitirirler.
and grasped the general level of rent
D) Çocukları büyüdüğünde onların
charged there, we wouldn't have decided
üzerindeki kontrollerini yitirmek
to move to that part of town.
istemiyorlarsa ebeveynlerin, çocuklarına
E) Most of the estate agents we visited held
karşı fazla tavizkar olmaması gerekir.
the opinion that the rents charged in the
E) Ebeveynler çocuklarına karşı fazla
area were too high for us to afford.
tavizkar olmamalılar yoksa çocuklar
büyüdüğünde onlar üzerindeki
56-60. sorularda, verilen İngilizce kontrollerini tamamen yitirebilirler
cümlenin Türkçe dengini bulunuz.

58- Even the owners of the houses not

56- Since my sister was very shy as a child,
damaged during the earthquake could not
whenever she was invited to a party, she
return to their houses for days due to
would make up an excuse and not want to
fear.
go.

A) Kardeşim çok çekingen bir çocuk olduğu A) Evleri hasar görmediği halde bazı
için bir partiye davet edildiğinde hemen insanlar depremden sonra günlerce içeri
bir mazeret uydurur ve gitmezdi. girmekten korktu.
B) Kardeşim çocukken çok çekingen olduğu B) İnsanlar, depremden günler sonra, hiç
için ne zaman bir partiye davet edilse, bir hasar görmemiş evlere bile korkarak
mazeret uydurur gitmek istemezdi. girebildiler.
C) Çocukluğundan beri çok çekingen olan C) Depremden günler sonra, yıkılmayan
kardeşim ne zaman bir partiye davet evlerin sahipleri bile korkudan evlerine
edilse hemen bir mazeret uydurur ve giremiyorlardı.
gitmek istemez. D) Depremde hasar görmemiş evlerin
D) Çocukken çok çekingen olan kardeşim sahipleri bile, korkudan günlerce evlerine
istemediği partilere katılmamak için giremediler.
mutlaka bir mazeret bulurdu. E) İnsanlar depremden o kadar korkmuştu ki
E) Kardeşim çocukken çok çekingen olduğu evleri hasar görmemiş olanlar bile
için hiçbir partiye katılmaz, davet edildiği günlerce içeri giremedi.
zaman da bir mazeret uydururdu.
59- In an effort to sabotage others' 61- Everyone should save water as it is not
computers, some users, called hackers, only economical but also resourceful.
create software that can damage a
computer's programs or data. A) All of us must have used less water as we
have saved a lot of money on our water
A) Başkalarının bilgisayarlarım sabote etmek
bill.
amacıyla, hacker adı verilen bazı
B) Every person must try to use less water
kullanıcılar, bilgisayarın programlarına
not in order to save money but to save
ya da verilerine zarar verebilen
valuable resources.
programlar üretiyorlar.
C) Everybody ought to save water because
B) Başka bilgisayarları sabote etmek için,
by doing so, they will save both money
bilgisayarın programlarına ya da
and this resource.
verilerine zarar veren programlar üreten
D) Using less water should be everybody's
kişilere hacker denir.
concern as it saves valuable resources.
C) Hacker adı verilen bazı kullanıcılar,
E) Someone must have used a lot of water as
bilgisayarların hem programlarına hem de
our water has cost more than usual.
verilerine zarar verebilen programlar
üreterek başkalarının bilgisayarlarını
sabote etmektedir.
D) Hacker diye adlandırılan bazı 62- I will let you take the dog for a walk, but
sabotajcılar, bilgisayar programlan you are not to take off its lead at any time.
üreterek başkalarının bilgisayarlarına ya
da verilerine zarar vermeye çalışmaktadır. A) I will allow you to walk the dog;
E) Hackerlar, bilgisayarın sadece prog however, you must not take his lead off at
ramlarına değil verilerine de zarar all,
verebilen programları, başkalarının B) Our dog should not be let. off his lead at
bilgisayarlarına sabote etmek amacıyla any time, so you can't take H for a walk.
üretirler. C) We used to take off the dog's lead during
walks, but now I find it dangerous.
60- Although they seem to offer an escape D) You were supposed to take the dog's lead
from problems for a few hours, in fact, off while you were walking it.
drugs create more problems than E) I won't let you take the dog for a walk
solutions. until you promise not to let it loose.
A) Sorunlardan sadece birkaç saatliğine
kaçış sağlamaya yarayan uyuşturucular
aslında sorunları daha da büyütürler. 63- You might have difficulty finding the files
B) Uyuşturucular sorunları gerçek anlamda for some of these customers on the list, so
çözmez, sadece kişiyi birkaç saatliğine ask me if you need any help.
sorunlardan uzaklaştırır.
C) Birkaç saatliğine sorunlardan kaçış A) Perhaps you would have found it easier to
sağlıyor gibi görünseler de aslında work on these customer files if you had
uyuşturucular çözümden daha çok sorun asked for my assistance.
yaratırlar. B) I could have helped you find the files on
D) Sorunlarından sadece birkaç saatliğine these customers, but I didn't know you
uzaklaşmak için uyuşturuculara baş vuran were having trouble.
biri, gerçekte kendine daha büyük bir C) You were supposed to find the files on all
sorun yaratmıştır. of these customers on your own, but you
E) Birkaç saatliğine sorunlardan kaçmada needed my help when you had trouble.
yaran görülmüşse de uyuşturucular D) Ask me if you require assistance as it is
sorunlan çözmez, daha çok sorun possible that you won't find all these
yaratırla customers' files easily.
E) You must have had difficulty finding the
61-75. sorularda, verilen cümleye anlamca files on some of these customers, but you
en yakın olan seçeneği bulunuz. should have asked for help.
64- If you would prefer us not to supply an C) According to the doctor, they might allow
alarm with the vehicle, we can provide a Peter to go home from the hospital when
cheaper price. they have taken his stitches out.
D) As far as I know, the doctors ought to
A) I'm afraid we cannot supply an alarm have taken his stitches out before they
with the vehicle at such a cheap price. allowed Peter to leave the hospital.
B) We would much rather supply an alarm E) I know that Peter has to stay in hospital a
with the vehicle, but this, of course, little longer because the doctors still
increases the price. haven't taken his stitches out.
C) Would you like us to supply an alarm
with the vehicle, which we will be able to
include in our price? 67- Rather than buying curtains, why don't
D) As you've asked us to supply an alarm we make them ourselves?
with the vehicle, you'll have to pay extra
money for that. A) I would rather buy some curtains than
E) We can give you a better price if you make my own.
would rather we didn't supply the vehicle B) Would you rather buy curtains or make
with an alarm. them yourself?
C) Let's make our own curtains instead of
buying some ready-made ones.
65- If we can get a baby-sitter on Saturday, D) I wouldn't mind making our own curtains,
let's go for a meal at that Italian if you don't want to buy any.
restaurant by the river. E) Do you think we can manage to make our
own curtains or should we buy them?
A) We should have got a baby-sitter on
Saturday, so we could have gone for an
Italian meal by the river. 68- We used to walk around the shopping-
B) Why don't we eat at that Italian restaurant centre for ages doing nothing but
by the river on Saturday if we can find window-shopping when we were
someone to look after the baby? teenagers.
C) Shall we ask our baby-sitter to stay up for
Saturday night so that we can go to that A) When we were teenagers, we went to the
Italian restaurant by the river? shopping-centre very often but rarely
D) We needn't have hired someone to look bought anything.
after the baby on Saturday, as we didn't B) It used to take us hours to decide what to
go to the Italian restaurant by the river buy at the shopping-centre when we
after all. were teenagers.
E) We were able to get someone to look C) For ages, window-shopping at big centres
after the baby on Saturday, so we went to has always been quite exciting for
the Italian restaurant by the river. teenagers.
D) As teenagers, we would spend hours at
the shopping-centre just looking in the
shop windows.
66- I've just learned from the doctor that
E) I shouldn't have spent so many hours
Peter has to stay in hospital until they
window-shopping when I was a teenager.
remove his stitches.

A) According to what the doctor has just told

me, Peter can only leave the hospital after
they have taken his stitches out.
B) The doctor has just informed me that
Peter wants to leave the hospital as soon
as they have taken his stitches out.
69- It is impossible for us to give you a further B) Would you pick me up thirty minutes
discount on this price. later than usual, if you don't mind?
C) If that's all right with you, can I pick you
A) We can only offer you another small up thirty minutes later?
discount on this price, and that's all. D) Can I collect you in half an hour if that
B) There is no way we can reduce this price won't make you late for work?
further. E) Do you want me to pick you up in half an
C) We shouldn't have reduced the price so hour?
much.
73- He must have been on his way to class;
D) Seeing as you can't afford it, we'll have to
otherwise, he would have stopped to chat.
drop our price.
E) I can assure you that our price is the
A) I'm pretty sure he was on his way to his
lowest you will find anywhere.
lesson and couldn't stop to talk.
70- You ought to have asked for the B) I saw him on his way to his lesson, but he
departure times of the trains yesterday. still had time to stop and talk.
C) I saw him going to his lesson, but, instead
A) You shouldn't have left home yesterday of stopping to chat, he ignored me.
without knowing the departure times for D) If he had been on his way to class, he
trains. wouldn't have stopped for a chat.
B) It was a mistake on your part not to have E) He is always late for his lessons and
found out departure times for trains never has time to stop to chat.
yesterday.
74- It's possible that he hurt your feelings
C) You were supposed to find out the
unintentionally.
departure times for trains yesterday, not
today.
A) You may not have heard him properly.
D) You couldn't have learned the departure
B) He might not have meant to hurt your
times for trains yesterday even if you'd
feelings.
tried to.
C) He should have told you about that
E) They ought to have told you the train
without hurting your feelings.
times yesterday when you asked them.
D) He couldn't have explained this without
71- He had better hand me his report today, hurting your feelings.
or I'll inform the manager. E) As far as I can see, he hurt your feelings
deeply, though not on purpose.
A) The manager ought to deal with
75- However worthless they may seem to most
employees who fail to give me their
of us. antique hand-crafted buttons are
reports.
avidly collected by enthusiasts.
B) He was supposed to hand me his report
today, but he didn't, so I've told the A) In the opinion of many, collecting antique
manager. hand-crafted buttons is a complete waste
C) I had no alternative but to tell the of time.
manager because he failed to give me his B) Most of us may not be aware of the value
report again. of hand-crafted buttons; however,
D) I would rather not inform the manager, enthusiasts spend a fortune on them.
but I think I have to because he won't C) It's surprising how many people are
give me his report today. enthusiastically taking up the hobby of
E) I'll let the manager know if he fails to hand-crafted antique button collecting.
give me his report today. D) Collectors enthusiastically make antique
hand-crafted button collections despite
72- Would you mind if I picked you up half
their apparent worthlessness to most of
an hour later?
us.
A) I won't be able to get there to pick you up E) I think most people would agree that
for half an hour. making a worthwhile collection of hand-
crafted buttons takes enthusiasm.
 TEST YOURSELF 2

1-50. sorularda, cümlede bırakılan boşluğu 6- Would you mind ....... your music so
uygun şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz. loudly? I'm trying to study.

A) not play B) not playing

l- You ....... the meeting this week if you are C) didn't play D) not to play
too busy. There is going to be another one E) haven't played
next week and you ....... to that one.

A) might not attend/would go

B) needn't attend/can go 7- The former president never ....... to the
C) can't attend/have gone press, but this one is much more
D) won't have attended/go accessible.
E) didn't attend/used to go
A) could have talked
2- You look as if you are having trouble with B) should be talking
your homework. ....... you like me to help C) must have talked
you with it? D) has to talk
A) Could B) Did E) used to talk
C) May D) Would
E) Shall
3- I thought that I had my keys with me, but I 8- Hurray! We ....... to school today because
can't find them in my coat. I ..... them in it is snowing so hard.
my other coat.
A) haven't been going
A) am supposed to leave B) shouldn't have gone
B) am able to leave C) must not have gone
C) would rather have left D) don't have to go
D) must have left E) may not have gone
E) could leave
4- I've heard that Mr Benner is the toughest
teacher for this course. You ....... to get 9- Wilber ....... smoking and eating meat
another teacher, or you can't get a good after his heart attack, but he didn't and
mark. now he has had a second one.

A) had better try A) should have stopped

B) must have tried B) must have stopped
C) have tried C) was able to stop
D) would try D) will have stopped
E) might have tried E) used to stop
5- You ....... to bed early the night before an
exam. A good night's sleep will do you
more good than studying all night and 10- According to the weather report, it ......
then falling asleep in the exam. tomorrow, and if it does, we ...... the hike
I've been looking forward to.
A) will have gone
B) may go A) ought to rain/cancelled
C) ought to go B) must rain/were able to cancel
D) would go C) may rain/will have to cancel
E) would rather D) would be raining/had to cancel
E) has been raining/must cancel
11- I know you have a lot of work to do, but it 16- You ....... more carefully. Now the
is your own fault; you .......everything until insurance company won't pay you
the last minute. anything because the accident was your
fault.
A) can't have left
B) might not leave A) must have been driving
C) must not have left B) should be driving
D) shouldn't have left C) had been driving
E) haven't been leaving D) ought to have been driving
E) have been driving

12- I'd really rather ....... in Hawaii at the 17- I'd rather you ....... out tonight because,
moment than stuck behind this desk all according to the news, there could be
day. trouble downtown.

A) I am surfing B) to be surfing A) haven't gone B) not to go

C) to surf D) have surfed C) didn't go D) won't go
E) be surfing E) not going

18- A friend of mine told me that I .......India

13- You ....... your plane ticket so far in in the summer, because that is the
advance because flights to Birmingham monsoon season, when it is both too hot
are never full. and too wet.

A) can't buy A) didn't use to visit

B) needn't have bought B) needn't visit
C) didn't use to buy C) haven't visited
D) haven't bought D) might not visit
E) couldn't have bought E) shouldn't visit

19- Hawaii is such an expensive place to live

14- In Iran and Saudi Arabia, all women ....... and the wages are so low that you .......
their heads outside of the house, but in very hard just to get by.
most Muslim countries it is optional.
A) are able to work
A) have to cover B) have to work
B) must have covered C) have worked
C) could be covering D) must have worked
D) might cover E) used to work
E) used to cover
20- We had better hurry if we want to get
back to the hotel before the curfew. No
15- I....... a stockbroker if I had wanted to, but one ....... out after dark, except for the
I thought life as a bass guitarist in a heavy patrol forces, you know.
metal band would be far more interesting.
A) could have been
A) was able to become B) is supposed to be
B) may have become C) has been
C) had become D) has to be
D) could have become E) should have been
E) used to become
21- Mike couldn't attend university because 26- My sister ......... a German teacher because
he ....... his family when his father died. her German was fluent, but she decided to
become an accountant instead.
A) had to support
B) must have supported A) has become
C) could be supporting B) had to become
D) has been supporting C) will become
E) will have supported D) could have become
E) must have become

22- Petroleum deposits can occur almost

anywhere — they ....... under deserts, 27- You ....... me at work. The boss was really
under fertile land, or even under the sea. angry because he had warned me before
about personal calls.
A) ought to be B) may be
C) must be D) were A) must not have phoned
E) should have been B) shouldn't have phoned
C) didn't phone
D) didn't use to phone
E) can't have phoned
23- Using the latest and most expensive
technology, including nuclear batteries,
space scientists ....... to the furthest reaches
of our solar system now. 28- Sally ....... Italian like a native, but since
she moved to Indiana, she has forgotten
A) were probing most of it.
B) may have probed
C) used to probe A) used to speak
D) are able to probe B) had spoken
E) must have probed C) was supposed to speak
D) has been speaking
E) must have spoken
24- Now remember, when you are in the race,
you ....... to run too fast in the first few laps
because you will need plenty of energy for 29- While there seem to be plenty of
the final sprint. unexploited petroleum reserves, some
experts worry that there ......... enough to
A) haven't tried carry us through the next century.
B) shouldn't have tried
C) mustn't try A) may not be
D) might not try B) haven't been
E) didn't use to try C) didn't use to be
D) don't have to be
E) had better not be
25- There are some sounds that are out of the
range of the human ear but which dogs
....... . 30- Today no one can imagine what a battle at
sea was like in the days of sail. It ....... both
A) ought to hear B) have heard an impressive and a frightening sight.
C) can hear D) have to hear
E) used to hear A) might be B) could be
C) ought to be D) has been
E) must have been
31- When we went to Japan, we ....... anything 36- He ......... as carefully as he claimed he was.
for ourselves because our Japanese hosts Why did he bump into the lamp post then?
took care of everything.
A) doesn't have to drive
A) must not have done B) isn't supposed to drive
B) needn't have done C) won't have been driving
C) didn't need to do D) shouldn't have driven
D) couldn't have done E) can't have been driving
E) ought not to do

37- Would you mind if I ....... early this

32- A: I hear a noise coming from the kitchen. afternoon? I have a dentist appointment at
B: My greedy brother ....... for something 4:30.
to eat.
A) to leave B) had left
A) must be looking C) leaving D) left
B) should have looked E) have left
C) used to look
D) ought to be looking
E) has looked
38- I'm so glad that I ........ to the meeting
place on time yesterday despite the heavy
traffic, or the boss would have been really
33- A: Did you know that classes were annoyed.
cancelled yesterday because the heating
in the building failed? A) was able to get
B: No, but I ...... anyway because I was in B) have got
bed all day with flu. C) used to get
D) should have got
A) didn't use to attend E) had to get
B) won't be attending
C) must not have attended
D) haven't attended
39- Sean ....... married three months ago and
E) couldn't have attended
since then he ....... out drinking with his
old friends.

34- I know I ....... for a job, but there are so A) had got/ought not to go
few jobs for a person of my abilities that it B) used to get/couldn't have gone
is discouraging. C) got/hasn't been able to go
D) has got/shouldn't be going
A) had been looking E) was getting/didn't have to go
B) ought to look
C) must have looked
D) was able to look
E) used to look 40- These days, he ....... to stop smoking and
playing cards as well because his wife is so
strict with him, so his life will have
35- I ....... the same computer program when I changed completely soon.
worked at a bank, so it ....... easy for me to
adjust to this new job. A) used to try
B) is trying
A) should be using/could be C) tried
B) used to use/should be D) had to try
C) need to use/would be E) could have tried
D) must have used/must be
E) might have used/can be
41- It is hardly surprising that sometimes he 46- Sue has only been in Egypt for a year and
gets depressed and wonders if he really she already speaks Arabic fluently. She
....... married. ....... it that quickly. I'm sure she had
started studying it before she left
A) could have got England.
B) must have got
C) used to get A) shouldn't have learned
D) had better get B) won't have learned
E) ought to have got C) can't have learned
D) didn't use to learn
E) isn't supposed to learn
42- Though Sally ....... how to swim, when she
met a young man who was a professional
diver, she learned quickly. 47- Do you think Jeff ........ to join us on our
hike? Does he like this sort of activity?
A) hasn't known
B) might not know A) would rather
C) can't know B) was able
D) wouldn't know C) has been able
E) didn't know D) had better
E) would like

43- Our father never earned much money, but

he ....... something nice for us whenever he 48- Sam is such a good swimmer that he .......
....... . the Olympic record for the 100 metre race,
but unfortunately, he didn't compete
A) should buy/did because of a pulled shoulder muscle.
B) had to buy/does
C) would buy/could A) is going to break
D) must have bought/can B) must have broken
E) would rather buy/has C) could have broken
D) is supposed to break
E) had to break

44- Where have you been? You ....... here at 2

o'clock, and it's almost 3.
49- I wonder what the problem was in the
A) must have been restaurant last night. Three members of
B) were supposed to be staff .......... tables, but there was only one.
C) were able to be I must speak to the restaurant manager.
D) are going to be
A) could be clearing
E) have been
B) ought to be clearing
C) should have been clearing
D) must have been clearing
45- I told my flatmate to buy some bread, but E) were clearing
he ....... because there isn't any here.

A) must have forgotten 50- Hey, watch where you are going! You
B) ought to be forgetting ....me!
C) could forget
D) should have forgotten A) could have killed
E) was able to forget B) should have killed
C) have killed
D) will have killed
E) used to kill
 51-65. sorularda, verilen cümleye anlamca C) While it is more expensive to use local
en yakın olan seçeneği bulunuz. posta) services, privatised parcel delivery
services are faster and more secure.
D) Private parcel delivery services, with their
faster, more economical and more efficient
51- Would you mind if I borrowed your car to delivery, are driving postal services out of
take my sick friend to the hospital? business all over the world.
E) You can use a normal postal service for
A) Do you think I should drive my friend to your parcels, or alternatively, if you are
the hospital? He seems very ill. willing to take a chance and wait a little
B) Would you give us a lift in your car to the longer, you can use a private parcel
hospital as my friend is very ill? delivery service.
C) Did you bring your car, because I need to
take my sick friend to the hospital?
D) Will you give me your permission to take
my sick friend to the hospital in your car? 54- He must have changed his phone number
E) Do you think I should borrow a car and because I can't get hold of him.
take my sick friend to the hospital?
A) He could have changed his phone number
after I last got in touch with him.
52- In spite of the many news reports, I am B) He had to change his phone number
not sure he understands the gravity of because I couldn't get through to his old
what has happened. one.
C) It is possible that he'll change his phone
A) The news reports have emphasized how number, but I won't know for sure until 1
serious the situation is, but he does not talk to him.
care at all. D) He should have changed his phone
B) Had it not been for the news reports, he number because no one could get in touch
would not have realised how serious the with him.
situation actually is. E) I am unable to get in contact with him, so
C) Although what has occurred has been in it is highly likely that he has a new phone
the news a lot, I doubt that he is aware of number.
its seriousness.
D) I feel sure that he would understand the
seriousness of the situation if the news
reports were more complete. 55- As a student, I used to think that all my
E) No matter how well the news reports put teachers wanted me to fail.
it across, he is incapable of understanding
how serious this is. A) In spite of being a good student, I did
badly because of the attitude of my
teachers.
53- Private parcel delivery services provide a B) I was such a bad student that I got used to
faster and more secure alternative to thinking that all my teachers wanted me to
postal services around the world, but they fail.
are relatively expensive. C) Though it sometimes seemed that all my
teachers wanted me to fail, I knew that it
A) International postal services are facing was not true.
stiff competition from private parcel D) When I was a student, I held the belief
delivery services, so they have lowered that none of my teachers wanted to see me
their prices in response. succeed.
B) Although postal services around the world E) During my time as a student I was
are cheaper, parcels have a better chance confident of passing despite the attitude of
of arriving more quickly and securely my teachers.
through private parcel delivery services.
56- In order to be able to hand your essay in D) I am unable to tell if this is my childhood
tomorrow, you had better stop making home or not because so much is
notes now and start typing. unfamiliar.
E) I can tell that this used to be my home
A) Why don't you type your essay directly, when I was a child, even though
without taking notes, if you are to hand it everything is so different now.
in tomorrow?
B) If you had wanted to finish your essay in
time to hand in, you should have finished 59- It was only after he had lived in Egypt for
your note-taking yesterday. five years that he was able to read the
C) I guess you stopped taking notes and newspapers without much difficulty.
started typing your essay in order to be
able to get it ready for tomorrow. A) Although he had lived in Egypt for five
D) It is time to stop note-taking and start years, he was still unable to decipher the
typing; otherwise, you won't be able to articles in the newspapers.
give your essay in tomorrow. B) While he could read the newspapers after
E) You don't need to stop writing notes and five years in Egypt, he was still having
start typing yet as you can explain great difficulty understanding them.
tomorrow why you haven't finished it. C) In spite of only having lived in Egypt for
five years, he was able to read the main
headings of the newspapers.
57- It was not necessary for me to study as
D) He had lived in Egypt for five years
hard as I actually did for the exam
before he could understand the newspapers
because it was easier than I expected.
without finding it very difficult.
E) His ability to read the newspapers was
A) I must not have studied as hard as I' impressive for someone who had only
thought I did because the exam did not lived in Egypt for five years.
seem easy.
B) Having hardly studied for the exam, I was
hoping that it would be easier than they
60- Going into a house with your shoes on
usually were.
may be acceptable in the West, but it isn't
C) I didn't use to study very hard for my
in most of the East.
exams because I usually found them so
easy.
D) Because I knew the exam was going to be A) Though Westerners usually enter a house
easy, I studied very little for it. with their shoes on, they are careful not to
E) The exam was not as difficult as I had do so if they are in the East.
anticipated, so 1 needn't have studied so B) You should remember when visiting the
hard for it. East that customs like not wearing
footwear inside a home are very important.
C) The Western custom of going into a house
58- This can't be the house I grew up in wearing shoes is unacceptable in the
because I don't recognise anything. majority of Eastern societies.
D) You should not wear shoes inside a house
in some countries no matter how normal it
A) I should have come here to find my home
might seem in your own country.
before it changed so much and there were
E) Though no one can explain why it is
still familiar things.
inappropriate to wear shoes inside a house
B) It is not possible that this is the house
in the East, Westerners should remember
where I spent my childhood as nothing is
not to do it.
familiar to me.
C) As this is the house where I was raised, I
am surprised that I recognise so little.
61- Let's take a taxi instead of walking home B) I can imagine how you felt when you
even though it is expensive. learned that you had almost won the
lottery.
A) I wouldn't mind spending the extra money C) I guess your first feeling was fear when
and going home by taxi although it is a you heard about winning the lottery.
nice walk. D) You should have felt better about all the
B) Rather than spending the money on a taxi, money you won from the lottery.
why don't we walk home instead? E) You ought to have chosen different
C) If we had enough money, we wouldn't numbers if you wanted to win the lottery.
have to walk home; instead, we could take
a taxi.
D) In spite of the expense, I would rather we 65- You had better wait for the rain to stop
took a taxi home than walked. before you leave, or you might catch a
E) Should we take a taxi despite the expense, cold.
or should we walk home?
A) It is so cold and rainy that it would be a
good idea for us not to leave just now.
62- It is possible that this will be your last B) It's likely that you'll catch cold in this
opportunity if you do not do well on the rain, so you shouldn't leave until it stops.
report. C) You will certainly get cold and wet if you
go out into this rain.
A) I think it is better if you don't get another
D) Do you really think it is a good idea to
chance to do a report after the last one.
risk catching a chill in this rain?
B) You will only get another chance if you
E) It is too cold to go out and it might rain,
have done your best on this report .
so I think you should wait before you
C) As soon as you are better, you will get
leave.
another chance to do a good report.
D) You must have done a good report as you
know that you will never get another
66-70. sorularda, verilen İngilizce cümlenin
chance, if you haven't.
E) You had better do a good job on the Türkçe dengini bulunuz.
report, or you may never get another
chance.

66- I was relieved to learn that I didn't have to

63- You can't have written this paper yourself
decide immediately, and that they could
because the English is perfect.
wait until the end of the week.
A) You did not write the paper in perfect
A) Hafta sonuna kadar bekleyebileceklerini
English because you are not able to.
söyledikleri için hemen karar vermek
B) The English in this paper is so good that 1
zorunda değildim.
know you must have worked hard on it.
B) Hafta sonuna kadar bekleyebilecekleri
C) It is not possible for this paper to be your
için hemen karar vermek zorunda
own work because you are unable to write
olmamak beni çok rahatlattı.
such flawless English.
C) Karar vermek için hafta sonuna kadar
D) You must not have worked very hard on
vaktim vardı çünkü bir süre
this paper, or the English would have been
bekleyebileceklerini duymuştum.
perfect.
D) Hemen karar vermek zorunda
E) No one would have thought that you were
olmadığımı, hafta sonuna kadar
capable of writing such good English.
bekleyebileceklerini öğrenince rahatladım.
E) Hafta sonuna kadar bekleyeceklerini
64- It must have been a terrific feeling when öğrendiğimde, hemen karar vermek
zorunda olmadığım için rahatladım.
you heard about your lottery win.

A) I'm sure you felt great upon learning that

you were the winner of the lottery.
67- Because it is both unknown and inevitable, 69- Pregnant women should avoid cigarettes
death has always been a source of wonder and alcoholic beverages since these
and fear. substances may harm the baby.

A) İnsanlar, kaçınılmaz olduğunu bildikleri A) Hamile kadınlar sigara ve alkollü

ölüme karşı her zaman merakla kanşık içeceklerden kaçınmalıdırlar çünkü bu
korku duymuşlardır. maddeler bebeğe zarar verebilir.
B) Her zaman bir korku kaynağı olan ölüm, B) Mademki sigara ve alkolllü içecekler
hem bilinmeyen hem de kaçınılmaz bebeğe zarar verebiliyor, hamile kadınlar
olduğu için hep merak edilmiştir. bu maddelerden uzak durmalıdır.
C) Hem bilinmeyen hem de kaçınılmaz C) Hamile kadınların sigara ve alkollü
olduğu içiıı ölüm her zaman bir merak ve içeceklerden kaçınmasının nedeni bu
korku kaynağı olmuştur. maddelerin bebeğe zarar verme
D) Ölümün her zaman bir merak ve korku olasılığıdır.
kaynağı olmasının nedeni hem D) Sigara ve alkollü içecekler bebeğe zarar
bilinmemesi hem de kaçınılmaz olmasıdır. verebileceğinden hamile kadınlar için bu
E) Bilinmeyen bir şey olduğu için insanların maddeler sakıncalıdır.
merak ettiği ama aynı zamanda korktuğu E) Hamile kadınların kaçınması gereken
ölüm kaçınılmaz bir olaydır. sigara ve alkollü içecekler, ileride
bebeğe zarar verebilir.

68- By the end of the first nine months, most

babies will be able to sit without support 70- Accidents and suicides are the leading
and balance well enough to play as they causes of deaths among youths and
sit. frequently are the result of alcohol and
drug use.

A) Dokuzuncu ayın sonunda bebekler, destek A) Çoğunlukla alkol ve uyuşturucu

olmaksızın denge sağlayabilir ve oturarak kullanımının sonucu meydana gelen kaza
oyun oynayabilirler. ve intiharlar, gençler arasında en yaygın
B) İlk dokuz ayın sonunda bebek desteksiz ölüm nedenleridir.
oturabiliyorsa, oturarak oyun oynamasını B) Kaza ve intihar, gençler arasında önde
sağlayacak dengeyi de kurabilir. gelen ölüm nedenleridir ve çoğunlukla da
C) Dokuzuncu ayın sonunda, oturarak oyun alkol ve uyuşturucu kullanımının
oynayabilecek kadar denge sağlayabilen sonucudur.
çoğu bebek desteksiz oturabilir. C) Kaza ve intihar, gençler arasında alkol ve
D) Bebeklerin çoğu ancak dokuzuncu aydan uyuşturucu bağımlılığı sonucu meydana
sonra desteksiz oturmayı ve otururken gelen ve çoğunlukla ölümle sonuçlanan
oyun oynayacak kadar denge sağlamayı olaylardır.
becerir. D) Çoğunlukla gençler arasında başlıca ölüm
E) İlk dokuz ayın sonunda çoğu bebek, nedeni olan kaza ve intihar olayları, alkol
desteksiz oturabilir ve otururken oyun ve uyuşturucu kullanımının
oynayacak kadar denge sağlayabilir. yaygınlaşmasının sonuçlarıdır.
E) Gençler arasında kaza ve intihar sonucu
ölüm olaylarının çok yaygın olmasının
başlıca nedeni alkol ve uyuşturucu
bağımlılığıdır.
 71-75. sorularda, verilen Türkçe A) I believe that people in the past, even
though they didn't have the benefits of
cümlenin İngilizce dengini bulunuz. modern times, were in general happier
than today's people.
71- Kızkardeşinin düğünü için aldığı elbise B) In the past, people lived without many
son moda olabilir ama ona hiç modern comforts, but, in my opinion, they
yakışmamış. were even happier than most people today
are.
A) The fashionable dress she has bought to C) The modem age has brought people many
wear to her sister's wedding doesn't suit benefits, yet, my opinion is that, we are
her at all. not happier than people in the past were.
B) I don't think the dress she bought for her D) Even though people in the past lacked
sister's wedding suits her at all, but at least many benefits of modem society, I believe
it is the latest fashion. that they were just as happy as today's
C) The dress she bought for her sister's people are.
wedding may be the latest fashion, but it E) In the past, people used to lack many
didn't suit her at all. benefits of the modern age, but, in my
D) Not only does the dress she bought for her opinion, they were a lot happier than
sister's wedding suit her, but it is also today's people.
highly fashionable.
74- Kitabı okumuş olamazsın; çünkü kitabın
E) Her sister's wedding dress was the latest
ne hakkında olduğu konusunda bile hiçbir
fashion, but I didn't think it really suited
fikrin yok.
her.
A) You could have read the book just in
72- Babamı, daha büyük bir eve taşınmamız order to understand what it is about.
konusunda ikna etmek için çok fazla B) If you had read the book, you would have
uğraşmam gerekmedi; çünkü o da bir some idea what it is about.
süredir aynı şeyi düşünüyormuş. C) You don't even know what the book is
about, so it is clear that you haven't read it.
A) Persuading my father about moving to a D) You can't have read the book as you don't
larger home was easy as he had also been even have an idea what it is about.
thinking it might be a good idea. E) You clearly haven't read the book
B) I realised that I needn't have tried so hard properly; otherwise, you would have some
to persuade my father to move into a idea what it is about.
bigger house as he had had the same idea
some time ago. 75- Kompozisyon yazarken konudan
C) I had been trying to persuade my father uzaklaşmamaya özellikle dikkat
for some time to move to a larger house etmelisiniz.
when he finally agreed to this idea. A) When you write a composition, you must
D) I didn't need to try hard to persuade my remember to keep to the main point.
father about moving to a bigger house as B) It is very important not to wander from
he'd been thinking about the same thing the point when yon write a composition.
for some time. C) You must pay special attention not to
E) My father had been considering moving wander from the point when you write a
to a bigger house for some time anyway, composition.
so he didn't need much persuasion from D) It is best to focus on one main point in
me. written compositions.
E) Special attention should be made not to
73- Eskiden insanlar modern çağın pek çok stray from the point in written
nimetlerinden yoksundular; ama bence compositions.
günümüz insanından çok daha
mutluydular.
 TEST YOUR VOCABULARY
1- The committee has ...... the front three 6- Because of the threat of terrorist attacks in
rows of seats for the parents of children the shopping centre, a security guard
who are appearing in the play. ......... everyone's bags as they enter the
building.
A) restored B) accommodated
C) seated D) reserved A) fills B) inspects
E) praised C) controls D) produces
E) tears

2- Shaun often leaves volumes of the

encyclopedias out on the table instead of 7- All visitors to the company first report at
......... them, to their usual shelves. the ....... where they sign the visitor's book
and are given a visitor's pass.
A) returning B) clearing
C) compiling D) hanging A) cashier B) delivery
E) examining C) reception D) accounts
E) profit

3- "Please stop tapping your foot," said Tom

to Jeannine in class. "It is very ........ and I 8- He didn't want to go to the farewell party,
just can't concentrate." but as the member of staff who was
leaving was a ...... from the same
A) sore B) helpful department, he felt obliged.
C) distracting D) sensitive
E) promising A) pensioner B) rioter
C) convict D) relative
E) colleague
4- In this restaurant, the waiters used to
collect money from customers until the
manager ......... a cashier. 9- As her business became more successful,
Maryanne decided to it and opened
A) lent B) invented branches in many different parts of the
C) baked D) sacked city.
E) employed
A) contract B) reduce
C) explode D) expand
5- In the strong winds and rolling waves, the E) invest
crew were ...... to keep the boat afloat.

A) pulling B) sniffing 10- I went to a fortune teller ten years ago, but
C) sinking D) punching none of the predictions she made were
........ — nothing she predicted has -
E) struggling
happened.

A) accurate B) exact
C) constant D) lasting
E) pessimistic
11- As a salesman, he has to buy petrol, meals 16- I wrote to the firm complaining about the
for customers and parking permits, but he standard of service and they replied with a
claims these ...... back at the end of the really ........ letter, implying that I was just
month. a silly, complaining old woman, so I was
absolutely furious.
A) expenses B) prices
C) recipes D) wages A) delightful B) insulting
E) prescriptions C) considerate D) pessimistic
E) convincing

12- You shouldn't eat so much chocolate. It

will ...... your teeth. 17- I gave the carpet fitter the ...... of the
conference room for a new carpet and
A) fill B) crack asked for a quotation.
C) ruin D) polish
E) brush A) seating B) stages
C) entrance D) volume
E) measurements
13- Many old people don't want to live in a
home for the elderly because they don't
get much ...... there as they are always in a 18- In order to clear a pond of the weed
room with other people. donkey's tail, it is necessary to pull out all
the ....... as well as the stems; otherwise, it
A) privacy B) sympathy will soon grow back again.
C) society D) excitement
E) service A) flowers B) roots
C) plants D) water
E) leaves
14- The new teacher seems to be very ......... in
class. He makes the students sit in straight
rows and won't tolerate any noise. 19- For sending bills, I usually use cheap
brown ......... but for sending cards and
A) common B) soft letters, I prefer to use white or blue ones.
C) preferable D)strict
E) helpful A) stamps B) presentations
C) envelopes D) briefcases
E) documents
15- He spent his entire .......... that month on a
new stereo, and spent the rest of the
month with the money he borrowed from 20- The hospital has advertised for a qualified
his mother. nurse. The closing date for ...... is
November 5th.
A) earnings B) balance
C) victories D) loss A) resignations B) reservations
E) valuables C) invitations D) applications
E) operations
21- Due to the flooded ground, the cricket 26- I overheard you arranging to meet James
match has been ...... until November 7th. on Saturday afternoon. I .... that means
you are not coming to basketball
A) scheduled B) refereed practice.
C) qualified D) postponed
E) cancelled A) promise B) question
C) assume D) wonder
E) detect
22- In order to make this dessert, you need to
...... the egg whites until they form a stiff
white mixture. 27- The truck hit a car and sent it spinning
over to the other side of the road, where
A) rotate B) roll it ...... with a vehicle coming in the
C) trim D) scramble opposite direction.
E) whisk
A) drowned B) crumbled
C) collided D) floated
23- 'One-for-One' is a charity which gives all E) squashed
the money it ......... from fund holding
events to help disabled children.

28- She always pays her rent to her ...... on

A) spends B) raises time every month.
C) investigates D) completes
E) contributes A) housekeeper B) landlord
C) headmaster D) tenant
E) doorman
24- The seller wanted five million liras for the
scarf I liked, but I ..... hard with him and,
in the end, I paid four million liras for it. 29- ...... me to give you the shop keys before I
leave; otherwise, you won't be able to lock
A) profited B) conflicted the shop.
C) debated D) bargained
E) agreed A) Promise B) Announce
C) Forget D) Remember
E) Remind
25- My father had had a moustache for years,
but yesterday, he ....... it off. I think he
looks much younger now without it. 30- She can't swim very well and certainly
shouldn't have been in the deep end of the
A) combed B) brushed swimming pool. Fortunately, a lifeguard
C) split D) trimmed spotted her as soon as she started to panic,
E) shaved and he ........ in and saved her

A) dived B) drowned
C) appeared D) raised
E) sank
31- As soon as they realised that the dam was 36- There is something wrong with our ...... .
going to burst, they flew in helicopters to Instead of going out, the smoke from the
help ........ the area, and within hours, they fireplace is coming back into the room.
had moved all the local people to safety.
A) ladder B) flames
A) locate B) evacuate C) roof D) pipe
C) transfer D) conquer E) chimney
E) flatten

37- The potatoes had literally dissolved into

32- We have fitted a safety gate at the top of the water because she had ...... them too
the ...... in order to prevent the baby from long.
falling down.
A) peeled B) sunk
A) hill B) path C) boiled D) chopped
C) staircase D) ladder E) soaked
E) rope

38- I had expected a pay rise after I had

33- I had been worried because of the reports worked for the company twelve months, so
of an aeroplane crashing in bad weather when I didn't get one, I was..... .
and was relieved when we ...... safely at
Atatürk Airport. A) excited B) frightened
C) disappointed D) destroyed
A) landed B) crossed E) amused
C) parked D) grounded
E) crashed
39- Cyanide, a deadly poison, escaped from a
reservoir at the gold mine when it
34- Mary works twice as hard as her overflowed and caused the worse ...... of
colleagues and yet she is on a lower salary the River Tisza in living memory.
— she doesn't seem to ........ this, but I'd be
really hurt and angry if I were her. A) evolution B) contamination
C) evaporation D) solution
A) tolerate B) mind E) clarification
C) bear D) offend
E) abuse
40- The company didn't send the order on
time because the packing machine had
35- I was against buying a new carpet for the broken down and they had to pack the
lounge, but my husband brought a items with a tool operated .......... .
catalogue home with some lovely designs
in it and ........ me. A) annually B) steadily
C) constantly D) permanently
A) assumed B) approved E) manually
C) distracted D) persuaded
E) regretted
 ELS 2001/3 ANSWER KEY
Exercise 1 (pg. 7)
1. moving 2.if I opened/opening 3.if I skipped 4.if I used 5. dusting 6.making/if I made
7.getting 8.if I borrowed 9.making 10.showing
Exercise 2 (pg. 8) Sample answers:
1. May I go on a skiing holiday with my classmates, Dad? 2. Would you pay the cashier
over there, please? 3.Can you tell me more about" the course you took at university? 4.
Would you mind bringing me a cheese sandwich? 5.Could you open the door for
me?/Would you mind opening the door for me? 6. Can you hold my umbrella for a
moment, please? 7.Could you direct me to Mr. Smith's office? 8.Could (Would) you
explain that again in French? 9.May I speak to the Small Business Advisor,
please?/Would you put me through to the Small Business Advisor, please? 10. May I
return it for a full refund if it is too small? 11.May I take it for a test drive?/Would you
mind if I tried it out? 12.Can I/May I go swimming with Tom, Mum? 13. Would you like
some help in the garden. Mum? 14.Would you mind if we sat in the smoking section?/If
you don't mind, can we sit in the smoking section? 15.Could you bring me some mustard,
please?/Can I have some mustard, please?
Exercise 3 (pg. 13)
1.mustn't 2.don't have to 3.mustn't 4.don't have to 5.don't have to 6.mustn't/mustn't 7.don't
need to 8.doıı't need to 9.mustn't 10.mustn't 11.don't have to 12.mustn't 13.don't need to
14.mustn't 15.don't have to
Exercise 4 (pg. 14)
1. mustn’t 2.needn't 3.mustn't 4.must 5.have to/don't have to 6.doesn't have to 7.must
(have to) 8.don't have to 9.don't have to 10.have to 11.must (have to) 12.have to
Exercise 5 (pg. 15)
1.didn't have to buy 2.needn't have borrowed 3.needn't have brought 4.didn't need to add
5.didn't need to water 6.needn't have cooked 7.needn't have hired 8.didn't have to throw
9.needn't have missed 10.needn't have typed
Exercise 6 (pg. 18)
1.shouldn't 2.shouldn't 3-needn't 4.shouldn't 5.needn't 6.needn't 7.needn't 8.shouldn't
9.needn't 10.shouldn't
Exercise 7 (pg. 18)
1.should give 2.shouldn't have put 3.should clean 4.should have bought 5.should provide
6.shouldn't settle/should bargain 7.shouldn't have been driving 8.shouldn't have stayed
9.should tack 10.should have sent/shouldn't have taken 11.should have been working
12.shouldn't be working 13.shouldn't have eaten 14.shouldn't assume 15.shouldn't make
16.shouldn't have set 17.shouldn't have drunk 18.should concentrate 19.should have left
20.should be eating
Exercise 8 (pg. 20)
3.You were supposed to turn the answer machine on. 4. You were supposed to collect some
parsley from the greengrocer's. 5.You were supposed to phone the customer before you left.
/You weren't supposed to leave the office without phoning the customer. 6.I am supposed to
pay my rent to my landlord today. 7.I am supposed to be at a customer's now./I am not
supposed to be in the office now. 8.You aren't supposed to make personal phone calls from
the office. 9. You were supposed to bring a course book for me. 10.You are supposed to stay
in until you recover from your cold completely.
Exercise 9 (pg. 23)
1.could hear 2.were able to rescue 3.could swim 4.could play 5.could go 6.were able to lift
7.could sail 8.was able to land 9.could study 10.were able to jump
Exercise 10 (pg. 24)
1.can whistle/can't sing 2.can use 3.was able to get 4.could play/couldn't go 5.couldn't
hang 6.had been able to get 7.hasn't been able to hear 8.be able to afford 9.was able to
clear 10.can speak/can speak 11.will be able to sit (can sit) 12.could see/couldn't persuade
(wasn't able to persuade) 13.can watch 14.can't find/won't be able to go 15.hasn't been able
to go
Exercise 11 (pg. 32)
3.must be getting 4.must hate 5.must like 6.must be boiling 7.must have been sailing 8.must
be milking 9.must have arrived 10.must be living 11.must have made 12.must have assumed
13.must have been showing (must have shown) 14.must have been listening 15.must be
16.must work (must be working) 17.must have decided 18.must be fitting 19.must have
finished 20.must have been serving

Exercise 12 [pg. 33)

1.can't be/might belong 2.could go/could cycle 3.might be washing/might be cleaning/can't be
vacuuming 4.can't have left 5.must be using 6.must have copied/might have studied/must
agree 7.could have put 8.must not want 9.might get 10.might be 11.must not have
understood/might be 12.must not believe 13.must be going 14.must be (might be)/can't
be/must be (might be) 15.must have taken/can't have taken
Exercise 13 (pg. 37)
1.have spent 2.had finished 3.hadn't agreed 4.cleared 5.be designing 6.not have cut 7.didn't
have 8.not listen 9.had asked 10.not have gone 11.be riding/be playing/be skiing 12.hadn't
mentioned 13.always ate/had 14.work (be working) 15.didn't tease
Exercise 14 (pg. 39)
3. ..used to be terrified... 4. ...used to take us.../...used to buy... 5. No change 6.No
change 7. ...who used to slap... 8. ...often used to become.../...didn't use to become... 9.
...used to work... 10.No change
 TEST YOURSELF 1
1.C 2. B 3. A 4.D 5.C 6.E 7.A 8.A 9.B 10.E
11.D 12.D 13.E 14.C 15.A 16.D 17.B 18.E 19.E 20. D
21.A 22.B 23.C 24.B 25.D 26.A 27.C 28.C 29.E 30.B
31.E 32.C 33.D 34.A 35.A 36.E 37.A 38.B 39.C 40 .A
41.B 42.E 43.E 44. D 45.E 46. B 47. D 48.C 49 .A 50.D
51.D 52.E 53.B 54.C 55.A 56. B 57.E 58.D 59.A 60.C
61.C 62.A 63.D 64.E 65.B 66.A 67.C 68.D 69.B 70.B
71.E 72. C 73.A 74.B 75.D

TEST YOURSELF 2
1.B 2.D 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.B 7.E 8.D 9.A 10.C
11.D 12.E 13.B 14.A 15.D 16.D 17.C 18.E 19.B 20.B
21. A 22.B 23.D 24. C 25.C 26.D 27.B 28.A 29 .A 30.E
31.C 32.A 33.E 34.B 35.B 36.E 37.D 38 .A 39.C 40.B
41.E 42.E 43.C 44. B 45.A 46.C 47.E 48.C 49. C 50.A
51.D 52.C 53.B 54.E 55.D 56.D 57.E 58.B 59.D 60.C
61.D 62.E 63.C 64.A 65.B 66. D 67.C 68.E 69.A 70.B
71. C 72.D 73.E 74.D 75.C

TEST YOUR VOCABULARY

1.D 2.A 3.C 4.E 5.E 6.B 7.C 8.E 9.D 10.A
11.A 12.C 13.A 14.D 15.A 16.B 17.E 18.B 19.C 20.D
21.D 22.E 23.B 24.D 25.E 26.C 27. C 28.B 29.E 30.A
31.B 32.C 33.A 34.B 35.D 36.E 37.C 38.C 39. B 40.E

EXAMPLES FROM ÖYS/YDS

1.A 2.D 3.C 4.D 5.E 6.A 7.D 8.D 9. E