MODALS

KİPLER
MODALITY nedir, nasıl kullanılır?

▪ “Modal” Türkçe’deki “kip” demektir.

▪ Fiilden önce gelerek, fiilin anlamını değiştirir.
▪ Bir “modal” birden çok anlama gelebilir.
▪ Kendilerinden sonra “V0” alırlar ve günümüze ya da
geleceğe gönderme yaparlar.
▪ Kendilerinden sonra “have + v3” aldıklarında geçmişe
gönderme yaparlar.
▪ Bir “modal”ın present ve past halleri farklı anlamlarda
kullanılabilir.
 MODALS
Present Past Modals
Modals
•Kendilerinden sonra “V0” •Kendilerinden sonra “have
alırlar + V3” alırlar

•Günümüze yada geleceğe •Geçmişe gönderme

gönderme yaparlar yaparlar

•Bazı modallar “V0” ile

kullanılmasına rağmen
anlam olarak geçmişe
gönderme yapabilirler.
 MODALITY

MODAL-LIKE AUXILIARY
MODAL VERBS
VERBS
▪ can ▪ should ▪ be able to
▪ could ▪ will ▪ have to
▪ may ▪ would ▪ used to
▪ might ▪ must ▪ need (to)
▪ shall ▪ ought to ▪ had better
functions modals anlamı
Ability can / could / be able to -ebilmek
Request can / could / will / would you … ? / -ebilir misin
ı wonder if you could … / would you mind … ?
Permission can / may / could / do you mind if …? / -ebilirsiniz
would you mind if …? / may not / cannot -amazsınız
Offer and invitation would you like to … ? / would you like me to …? … ister misin?
Obligation and must – mustn’t / have to / need to -meli
necessity
Lack of obligation dont-doesn’t have to / don’t-doesn’t need to …’ya gerek yok
Prohibition mustn’t / can’t / “to be” not allowed to -a mazsın
Advice should / ought to / had better / why don’t you …? -meli / -sa iyi olur
Suggestion let’s / why don’t we…? / how about … ? / shall we…? tavsiye
Preference prefer / would prefer / would rather Tercih etmek
Habitual past could / used to -erdim
Possibility and can / may / might / be likely / must -ebilir
deduction
ABILITY / YETENEK
can / could / “be” able to
can / can’t
“can” ve “can’t” yapabildiklerimiz veya
yapamadıklarımızdan, yeteneklerimizden ve
becerilerimizden bahsederken kullanılır.

▪ Young people can use smart phones.

▪ Old people can’t use smart phones.
▪ Can they use smart phones?
Yes, they can.
No, they can’t.
“can” ve “can’t” özneye göre değişmez.
“can” ve “can’t” sonrası FİİL daima V1 olur.

▪ I can see them at the crest of the hill.

▪ We can prevent the pollution if we try.
▪ No one can solve this question!
▪ Can anyone help me get out of here?
▪ Only members of the club can join the meeting.
▪ Others can’t participate in the meeting.
▪ Horses can run fast, but turtles can’t.
could / could not
“could” ve “couldn’t” geçmişte yapabildiklerimiz
ya da yapamadıklarımızı anlatırken kullanılır.

▪ Students could arrive at the school on time despite the

traffic.
▪ Some students couldn’t arrive at the school because of
the traffic.
▪ Could they arrive at the school on time?
Yes, they could.
No, they couldn’t.
“could” ve “couldn’t” yardımcı fiilleri özneye
göre değişmez. Arkasından daima V1 alır.

▪ Ancient people couldn’t travel long distances easily.

▪ Residents couldn’t sleep last night due to the construction.
▪ The resque team could rescue the children from the flood.
▪ He couldn’t see far because he did not have his glasses.
▪ The new system was so complicated that on ly the experts
could use it.
▪ Until I moved to the U.K., I couldn’t speak English.
▪ The patient could still make jokes before the operation.
“be” able to
“be able to” yeteneklerimizden bahsederken
kullanılır. Farklı tenselerle ve modal verblerle
kullanımı mümkündür.

PRESENT SIMPLE My son is 2 years old, but he is able to speak.

Some people are able to drive better than others
PAST SIMPLE The door was closed, but I was able to go in somehow.
Micheal Phelps was able to break the world records.
FUTURE Anyone will be able to travel for free in the future.
NASA is going to be able to send an unmanned shuttle to
Mars
PRESENT PERFECT She has been able to swim since she was 4 years old.
Çorum people have been able to use natural gas since
2008.
OTHER MODALS We will have to be able to convince him to join
us tomorrow.
Some animals may be able to predict the
eathquakes.
Everyone should be able to access their their
loved ones.
Tip 1 can / be able to

▪ can / be able to
▪ “Present” yeteneklerimizden söz ederken farkları yoktur.
She can answer all the questions / She is able to answer all the
question.
▪ could / be able to
▪ “Past” yeteneklerimiz belirtirken farklı anlamda
kullanılırlar.
▪ “could” geçmişteki genel yeteneklerimizi anlatır.
Northern countries could reach fresh water easier.
▪ “be able to” özel anlara mahsus becerilerden bahsederken
kullanılır.
I was able to accomplish the tast on time
Tip 2 “could” “be able to”

▪ Geçmişte belli bir anda ortaya çıkmış yetenekler “be able

to” ile anlatılır.
▪ Ancak, “understand, see, hear…” gibi algılama fiillerinden
sonra “could” kullanıldığında da o ana dair bir beceri
anlamı verir.

I could hear clearly what James said to

her.
James’in ona ne söylediğini net olarak
duyabildim
Tip 3 “was/were able to”

▪ Eğer sorularda; “iyi ki, şans eseri” anlamı veren

aşağıdaki zarfları görüseniz öncelikle:

– Fortunately “was/were able to +

– Luckily V0
 Tip 4 “be able to” for future

▪ Geleceğe dair bir yetenek ifade etmek için “be able to” yapısını
“will” ve “shall” ile kullanabiliriz.

After he has taken this course, he will be able to speak

French very well.
We shall be able to learn the results of the competition
when he arrives.
Tip 5 “managed to”

managed to V0: uğraş sonucu elde edilen başarı

anlamındadır.
Bu anlamda “was/were able to V0” yapısı da
kullanılabilir.

The experts managed to stop the leak in the nuclear

plant.
The experts were able to stop the leak in the nuclear
plant.
“ABILITY” QUICK SUMMARY

a) Present Ability can + V0 am/is/are able

to V0
b) Future Ability will be able to + V0 shall be
able to + V0
c) Past Ability could + V0 was/were able
to + V0
REQUEST / RİCA
Can / could
will
Would you …?
I wonder if you could
…?
Would you mind …?
Ricada bulunurken…
 Ricada bulunurken bu yapıları soru halinde
kullanırız… İstersen sonuna “please”
ekleyebiliriz.

Sure.
Can you tell me the time Why not?
OK.
Certainly.
Could you help me with the With pleasure.
dishes Maybe another time.
Not now.
Would you explain me this Sorry, I can’t.
Terribly sorry.
topic Nope.
I am afraid, I can’t.
Will you give me a ride I’d be happy to.
OK. I will.
I would
I wonder if you prepare the project I would be glad to.
Of course.
could plan for me
Sample sentences

▪ Can you tell me the time, please?

– Sure. It’s 9 o’clock.

▪ Somebody is knocking the door. Could you open the

door?
– Sorry. I am busy at the moment.

▪ Could you possibly explain the topic to me?

– I would be glad to.

• I wonder the teacher could repeat how to solve reading

questions.
- You should ask yourself.
“Would you mind…?” yapısı karşımızdakinden bir ricada
bulunurken kullanılabilir. “… (senin için) sakıncası var
mı?” anlamına gelir.

waiting in
the all? Sure.
Why not?
OK.
Certainly.
With pleasure.
Maybe another
Would you time.
mind Not now.
Sorry, I can’t.
Terribly sorry.
not making Nope.
noise? I am afraid, I can’t.
I’d be happy to.
Sample sentences

▪ Would you mind picking me up?

▪ Would you mind telling me your phone
number?
▪ Would you mind not adding too much
salt?
▪ Would you mind helping me with my
homework?
Would like (to)

OK.
Certainly.
to have a cup of coffee, With pleasure.
I’d like
please. Maybe another
time.
Not now.
Sorry, I can’t.
Terribly sorry.
Nope.
I am afraid, I
to get the answers, can’t.
I would please.
I’d be happy to.

like talk to the manager please

Ricada bulunurken “would like” yapısı da
kullanılabilir. Kendisinden sonra bir “noun” ya da
“to VERB” alabilir.

▪ I would like to have pizza, please.

▪ I would like pizza, please.
▪ I would like to register for the course.
▪ I would like to try this one, please.
 Bir başkasının bir şey yapmasını bekliyorsak:
“would like SOMEBODY TO Verb” yapısı kullanılır.

▪ I would like YOU to help me.

▪ I would like THE TEACHER to explain the
topic again.
▪ I would like THE MANAGER to ask for our
opinions.
▪ We would like SOMEONE to help us here.
PERMISSION / İZİN
ASKING FOR PERMISSION

İZİN İSTEMEK
İzin isterken, “can” “could” “may” modalları “I”
veya “we” pronoun’ları ile kullanılır.
(“may” ve “could” daha resmidir.)

Can
I use your mobile
Could phone?
we join you?
Icome with you?
we sit here?
I park here?
we answer the question?
we take a taxi?
we meet again next
tuesday?
“Do you mind if VERB1?” ve “Would you mind if VERB2?”
yapıları “…yapmanın sakıncası var mı?” anlamına gelir.

call you later?

Do you mind if I talk to you later?
meet you later?
called you
later?
Would you
talked to you
mind if I
later?
met you later?
Başka biri adına bir izin isterken
“would you mind if SOMEONE VERB2” yapısı kullanılır.
Tense, past olduğu halde, anlam present’tır.

▪ Would you mind if my brother sat here for a while?

▪ Would you mind if our students came in the museum during
the noon break?
▪ Would you mind if the parents waited here until the meeting
starts?
▪ Would you mind if we smoked here?
GIVING PERMISSION

İZİN VERMEK
“may” “may not” ya da “can” “cannot” izin
verilip verilmediğini anlatırken kullanılır.

Passengers cannot / may not leave their seat before it

stops.
You cannot/may not smoke here.
You may go as soon as you hand in your paper.
Nobody can call me “chicken”!
Retailers may not sell items below the manufacturer’s
price.
OFFER AND INVITATION
TEKLİF VE DAVET
“Would you like (to)…?” birine bir şey ikram
ederken ya da birisini bir yere davet ederken
kullanılabilir.

a hamburger?
a free ticket?
some more tea?
to eat a
Would you like hamburger?
to get a free ticket?
to have some more
tea?
“Would you like me to …?” “Shall I…?” “I’ll…”
yapıları da teklifte bulunurken kullanılabilir.

Would you like me

to
help you carry the
Shall I boxes?
join you?
buy something for you?
share my sandwich with
you?
borrow you some
money?
bring you something to
I’ll eat?
OBLIGATION &
NECESSITY
ZORUNDALIK & GEREKLİLİK
“must: -malı”
“must not: -mamalı”
Gereklilik bildirir.
“must” konuşan kişiye göre bir zorundalık
(obligation) ya da gereklilik (necessity) bildirir.

We must let her doctor know before giving her the pills
again.
People must significantly reduce carbon dioxide emissions
from activities like heating and transportation.
Everbody must optimise their surroundings to save energy.
Forensic investigators must collect evidence while the
crime scene is still fresh.
Students must not waste their time during such an
important time.
“must” tavsiyede bulunurken anlamı
güçlendirmek için de kullanılabilir.

This book is one of the best-selling books of the year. You

must definitely read it.
When you go to Rome, you must pay a visit to
Collesium, it’s magnificent.
If you ever eat sushi, you must try “wasabi” with it.
As a tourist you must learn the local language of the
place you plan to visit –even if it be a few words only.
“must not / mustn’t” yapılmaması gereken bir
şeyi belirtirken kullanılır.

You mustn’t drive that fast! It’s dangerous!

Visitors mustn’t feed the animals in the zoo because of
health issues.
The diabetics mustn’t forget have their insulin level
checked regularly.
Children mustn’t stay out until late hours at night.
No one must spend their precious time with useless
discussions.
“must not / mustn’t” ayrıca yasaklama da
bildirir.

You mustn’t park your car here. It is forbidden!

Landlords mustn’t forget to pay their taxes every year.
Students mustn’t bring food to the classrooms.
Visitors mustn’t take photos in the museums.
Passenger mustn’t leave their seats during the landing.
 “must”, geçmiş zamanda “had to”
olur.

▪ Scientists had to cancel the experiment due to lack of

funding.
▪ Students had to carry the heavy boxes themselves.
▪ Everyody had to wait under the rain until the doors
opened.
▪ We had to fill a 4-page form to enroll the course.
▪ She had to endure a long interview before accepted
to the company.
am, is,
are
EXPECTATIONS / BEKLENTİLER
was, “be to V0”: Görevlendirme ve Programlar
were

▪ “be to V0” yapısı birine görevlendirmede bulunurken ya da bir program

çerçevesinde gerçekleşmesi gereken etkinlikleri belirtirken yaygınlıkla
kullanılır.
I will collect some data and you are to type them as soon as possible.
The film is to start at 5 p.m.

▪ “be to V0” yapısının PAST hali “was/were to V0” olarak kullanılır. Bu yapı
“yapacaktım ve yaptım” anlamında kullanılır.
I was to buy some souvenir from Moscow.

▪ “yapacaktım ama yapmadım” anlamında ise “was/were to have V3” yapısı

kullanılır.

The Prime Minister was to have announced the final

decision yesterday, but the announcement was delayed.
have to / has to
zorunda olmak
“have to / has to” –genellikle- bir
kurala göre zorundalık bildirir.
“have to / has to” geçmişte bir zorundalık
bildiriyorsa “had to” olarak kullanılır.
“have to/has to” geçmişten günümüze bir zorundalık
bildiriyorsa “have had to” olarak kullanılır.
“have to/has to” gelecekteki bir zorundalığı
bildiriyorsa “will have to” olarak kullanılır.
“have to/has to” diğer MODAL’larla
birlikte kullanılabilir.
“don’t have to / doesn’t have to”,
“don’t need to / doesn’t need to”
“needn’t” zorundalık olmadığını bildirir.
“didn’t have to” ve “didn’t need to”
geçmişte bir durum için zorundalık olmadığını
anlatır.
“must” ve “have to” farkı
“mustn’t” ve “don’t / doesn’t have to”
farkı
“need to” gereklilik bildirir.
“don’t need to” / “needn’t” zorundalık
olmadığını bildirir. (gerek yok)
“can’t” ve “be not allowed to”
benzerdir. Yasaklama bildirirler.
MODAL olmamakla birlikte yasaklama bildiren bazı diğer yapılar

“be forbidden to” ““be prohibited to” “be not supposed

to”
“be not allowed to” “be banned to” “be not to”

You aren’t allowed to enter this room. It’s a “staff

only” room.
It’s prohibited to/banned to write in ink on the
exam papers.
You are not to talk like that.
It is forbidden to trespass!
Sınavlarda Zorundalık ve Gereklilik
bildiren Modallar

▪ We will soon have to find new ways of living that do not

harm the environment.
▪ That means I’ll have to take more days off, so I’ll fall
behind my work.
▪ Any student has to appreciate the struggle of
memorizing vocabulary
▪ One must realize how important it is to avoid identifying
an innocent person as the criminal.
▪ Humanity must take responsibility for the warming of
the planet in the last 60 years.
▪ Children need to be instructed and inspired.
▪ Scientists need to work closely with companies that
provide complementary expertise.
▪ Reptiles do not need to maintain a constant body
temperature.
▪ An accomplished writer must help us visualise events
rather than plainly tell them.
▪ Travellers must also wear seatbelts and automobiles
must have dashboard made of soft material.
ADVICE
TAVSİYE
should & ought to
-meli
STRUCTURE
“should” ve “ought to” ÖZNE’ye göre
değişmez. Aynı kalır.
“should” ve “ought to” yapıları
tavsiye verirken kullanılır.
“should” tavsiye isterken de
kullanılabilir.
had better
-san iyi olur
STRUCTURE
“had better” yapısı “’d better” olarak
kısaltılabilir. Kendisinden sonra FİİL yalın
gelir. ÖZNE’ye göre değişmez.
“had better”, “should” ve “ought to”dan daha
güçlü bir tavsiye verir. Söz konusu eylem
yapılmadığı takdirde kötü sonuçlar ortaya çıkabilir.
Takip eden cümlelerde “otherwise, or ya da or
else gelebilir.
“had better” olumsuzu “had better not”
olur.
Why don’t you…?
Neden …-mıyorsun?
“why don’t you…?” “Neden …-mıyorsun?”
anlamına gelir. Tavsiye verirken kullanılır.
ADVICE / TAVSİYE ÖZET
“must” “should” “ought to” “had better”

▪ “must” daha güçlü tavsiye ifade eder.

▪ “should” “ought to” “had better” aynı anlama
sahiptirler.
▪ “had better” yapısı sadece PRESENT ve FUTURE
anlamında kullanılır.

▪ A) POSITIVE ADVICE
▪ B) NEGATIVE ADVICE
A) POSITIVE ADVICE
“must” “should” “ought to” “had better”

▪ “must” -meli/-malı
▪ Daha önce içsel zorunluluk anlamında görmüştük. Şimdi
ise güçlü tavsiye anlamında kullanıyoruz.
Ben: I have an unbearable headache

Nick: You must see a doctor.

▪ “should” “ought to” “had better”

You should see “Back to the Future”. It is an awfully good
movie.
B) NEGATIVE ADVICE

▪ “mustn’t” “shouldn’t” “ought not to” veya “had better

not” yapıları kullanılır.

You mustn’t eat anything for 5 hours before the operation.

You shouldn’t go on smoking if you want to live longer.

You had better not stay up late.
Örnek soru

I don’t want us to be late for the meeting, so we _______

take a taxi.

a) have had to
b) are able to
c) had to
d) had better
e) needed
Örnek soru

Cross-border shopping is a fundemental right under EU

law and _______ as a form of tax evasion.

a) must not have been regarded

b) should not be regarded

c) had not been regarded
d) would not have been regarded
e) was not being regarded
SUGGESTIONS
ÖNERİLER
STRUCTURES
LET’S
SHALL WE…?
 “shall”

▪ “shall” teklifte bulunmak için de kullanılır.

Shall we dance?

▪ Sadece “shall I” ya da “shall we” şeklinde kullanılır.

▪ “shall” yapısının olumsuz hali “shall not / shan’t”
şeklindedir.
▪ “shan’t” nadir kullanılır. Onun yerine “won’t”
kullanılır.
WHY DON’T WE…?
HOW ABOUT…? / WHAT ABOUT…?
COULD
PREFERENCES
TERCİHLER
prefer
would prefer
would rather
prefer: tercih etmek
prefer + V-ing + to + V-ing
prefer + to VERB + rather than +
VERB
would prefer + to VERB
would prefer + to VERB + rather than +
VERB
would prefer + someone/object pronoun + to
VERB
 “would prefer to be V-ing” tercih edilen eyleme
Continues anlamı vermek için kullanılır.

▪ Bu yapı içinde bulunulan an için bi tercih bildirilecekse

kullanılır.
▪ “to be” ikinci kısımda kullanılmasa da olur.

I would prefer to be sleeping at home rather than (to

be) working here.
(Burada çalışıyor olmaktansa evde uyuyor olmayı tercih
ederdim.)
“would prefer to have V3” tercih edilen eyleme PAST
anlamı vermek için kullanılır.

▪ “Geçmişte bir şey yapmış olmayı tercih

ederdim” anlamında kullanılır.

I would prefer to have listened to him more

carefully.
(Onu daha dikkatli dinlemiş olmayı tercih ederdim.)
“would prefer not”

▪ “would prefer” yapısı kendisinden sonra “not” getirilerek

olumsuz yapılır.

I would prefer not to speak German at

home.
would rather + VERB
would rather + … + than + …
“would rather” “would sooner” “would just as soon”
▪ Kendilerinden sonra her zaman “V0” alırlar.
▪ Bir şeyi başka bir şeye tercih ettiğimizi belirtirken ikinci fiilden
önce “than” koyulur. Fiil aynıysa kullanmaya gerek yoktur.

I would rather stay at home than go out.

I would rather eat “kebap” than (eat) “sushi”

▪ Bu yapılar “şu an” için tercih bildirecekse “be V-ing” ile kullanılır.

I would rather be sleeping at home than (be) working in

here now.
 “would rather” “would sooner” “would just as soon”
▪ Bu yapılar “geçmişe dair” bir tercih belirteceklerse
kendilerinden sonra bu kez “have V3” alırlar.

I would rather listen to him.(general)

I would rather listen to him than make a speech.
(general)
I would rather be listening to him than (be) making a
speech. ( now)
I would rather have listened to him
carefully. (past)
 “would rather” “would sooner” “would just as soon”
▪ Bu yapılar kendilerinden sonra “not” alarak olumsuz anlam
taşırlar.

Immigrants would rather not speak their own

language in public spaces.

▪ Bu yapılar eğer başka biri adına tercih belirteceklerse

SUBJECT’den sonra bir derece PAST yapı alırlar.

I would rather she didn’t smoke. ( now)

I would rather Kemal hadn’t accepted the offer. (past)
HABITUAL PAST
GEÇMİŞTEKİ ALIŞKANLIKLAR
 USED TO + VERB: -ardım

+ People used to live in villages.

- They didn’t use to live in big and crowded cities.
? Did they use to go to shopping centres? Yes, they did. / No, they didn’t.
Wh- Where did they use to socialize?
 Geçmişteki alışkanlıkları anlatır, durum
bildiren ya da yinelenen eylemlerden söz
ederken kullanılır.

He used to be a pretty good mechanic

My parents used to listen to those old songs when I was a child.
He used to pay $10; now he pays one dollar.
It was where the barber shop used to be located.
Miss Keller used to knit and crochet, but she has had better things to do.
I used to think, when I read in my books about your great city,
that when I visited it the people would be strangers to me, but now I feel
differently.
There used to be .. : eskiden .. vardı
There didn’t use to be .. eskiden .. yoktu
Did there use to be .. ? eskiden .. var mıydı?

There used to be a hotel near the airport, but it closed a long time
ago.
There used to be more hippies in this neighbourhood.
There didn’t use to be so many skyscrapers in the city.
Did there use to be a pool in the garden when you were living
here?
 “didn’t use to” kullanımlarına
DİKKAT!

It didn’t use to be so crowded in the shops as it is nowadays.

I didn’t used to like broccoli when I was younger, but I love it now.
(Don’t use this form in exams.)

In very formal styles, we can use the negative form used not to:

She used not to live as poorly as she does now.

=> We never used to mix very much with the neighbours.

 Emphatic “did”

We can use the emphatic auxiliary did with used to in

affirmative sentences.

We never used to mix very much with the neighbours, but

we did used to say hello to them in the street.

(Don’t use this form in written exams.)

 “to be used to” yapısından sonra V-ing
ATTENTION! ya da NOUN gelir. “alışkın olmak”
anlamına gelir.
am used to is used to are
used to
was used to were used to
have been used to has been used to
will be used to is going to be used to

The students are used to solving difficult questions.

Ancient people were used to walking long distances
for fresh water.
I have been used to memorizing new words recently.
 get used to + V-ing / NOUN :
ATTENTION! Alışmak
 PRESENT HABITUAL ACTIVITIES/SITUATIONS
“be used to” “be accustomed to”

▪ Present alışkanlıklarımızı ifade ederken “ be used to” “be accustomed to”

kullanılır.

I am used to staying up late.

People who are used to consuming alcohol a lot are likely to
have heart attacts.

▪ Bir şeye yeni alışıyorsak bunu “get used to” “ get accustomed to” ile belirtiriz.

I hope he will get used to working with us soon.

I got accustomed to living in Ankara at last.

* Bu yapılardan sonra “V-ing” ya da “noun/noun phrase” gelir.

PAST HABITUAL ACTIVITIES/SITUATIONS
▪ “used to” (durumlar ve fiillerle)

I used to be a volunteer for bicycle federation.

I used to drink too much tea when I was younger.

▪ “would” (sadece fiiller ile)

I would drink too much tea when I was younger.

▪ PAST SIMPLE TENSE (durumlar ve fiillerle)

I was a tea addict when I was younger.

I drank too much tea when I was younger.
“used to” vs. “would”

▪ Cümlede “eskiden” anlamı varsa “would” işaretleyebiliriz

▪ Cümlede “eskiden” anlamı varsa ve seçeneklerde hem “used
to” hem de “would” varsa biz “used to” işaretlemeliyiz.
▪ “used to” yapısı geçmişte bir süreci anlatır. Bu yüzden anlık
durumlar için (onu gördüğümde/1990’da gibi) kullanamayız.

I used to walk to school when I was at high

school.
I used to walk to school when I saw you.
Örnek soru

▪ Western scholarship _______ impose itself on the

developing world, but at last the West is beginning to
realize that it has much to learn itself.
a) ought to
b) has to
c) used to
d) might
e) would
Habitual Activities Summary Chart

am/is/are + used to + V-ing “-e alışkın olmak”

am/is/are + accostumed to + V-ing “-e alışkın olmak”

get used to + V-ing “-e alışmak”

get + accostumed to + V-ing “-e alışmak”

used to + V0 “-erdim / -ardım”

would + V0 “-erdim / -ardım”
V2 “-erdim / -ardım”
DEDUCTION
Mantıki Çıkarım
 Evde olmalı.
“Mantıki çıkarım” nedir? Dışarıda
olamaz.
Hızlı olmalı.
Ucuz
olamaz.

Üzgün
olmalı.
Mutlu
Cesur
olamaz.
olmalı.
Korkak
olamaz.
 “Mantıki çıkarım”ı

• Olması büyük olasılıkla muhtemel

durumları anlatmak istediğimizde
kullanırız.

• Kesine yakındır.

• Kanıt vardır.
İngilizce’de bu anlamı “must, mustn’t veya can’t ile sağlarız.

Bu anlamda “MODAL + Ving” o anda devam etmekte olan eylemler

hakkındaki çıkarımlarımızı anlatmak için kullanılır.
A)POSITIVE DEDUCTION
▪ Present durumlara dair olumlu çıkarımlar da “must” kullanılır.

The lights are on. So, he must be at home.

B) NEGATIVE DEDUCTION
▪ Present durumlara dair olumsuz çıkarımlar da
“can’t” kullanılır.

He has just eaten 3 hamburgers. He can’t be

hungry.
That must be the main entrance. I can see people queuing to get
in.
I've lost my keys. They might be at work or they could be in the
car.
You can't be bored already! You've only been here five minutes.
This must be her house. I can see her car in the garage.
He must live near here because he always walks to work.
Come inside and get warm. You must be freezing out there!
She's not here yet. She might be stuck in traffic.
He's not answering. He could be in class.
We regret to inform you that some services may be delayed due
to the bad weather.
POSSIBILITY/
PROBABILITY
OLASILIK
POSSIBILITY konusunu üç ayrı başlık altında ele
alabiliriz.

A) General Possibility (Genel Olasılık)

“may V0, might V0, could V0”

B) Theoretical Possibility ( Kuramsal Olasılık)

“can V0”

C) Other Structures (Diğer Yapılar)

“be likely to V0, be unlikely to V0, be bound to
V0”

“may well V0, might well Vo, could well

V0”
A) General Possibility (Genel Olasılık)
“may V0” “might V0” “could V0”
Olumlu cümlelerde “may” “might” “could”
ihtimal bildirir.

The contract may be signed at the end of the

week.
We might go on a holiday next week.
They could reach an agreement after these
negotiations.

Olumsuz cümlelerde “may not” ve “might not”

ihtimal bildirir.
A) Aşağıdaki gibi belirsizlik belirten
yapılarla
“may V0” “might V0” “could V0”
I have no idea: Fikrim yok
I don’t know: Bilmiyorum
Perhaps: Belki
Maybe: Belki
I am not sure: Emin değilim
Probably: Muhtemelen
Possibly: Muhtemelen
It’s not certain: Kesin değil etc.
B) Theoretical Possibility ( Kuramsal
Olasılık) “can”

“can” bu anlamıyla bahsi geçen eylemin herhangi bir

zamanda yapılabileceği anlamını verir.

Anybody can learn a new language.

You can find the vocabulary section at the end
of the book.
 With another saying…

We use may, might and could to say that something is possible, but not
certain:
“BELKİ”
anlamı var.
They may come by car. (= Maybe they will come by car.)
They might be at home. (= Maybe they are at home.)
If we don't hurry, we could be late. (= Maybe we will be late.)
“BELKİ”
anlamı yok.

We use can to make general statements about what is possible:

It can be very cold here in winter. (= It is sometimes very cold here in

winter.)
You can easily get lost in this town. (= People often get lost in this town.)
• We do not use can to talk about specific events:

A: Where's John?
B: I'm not sure. He may/might/could be (NOT can) in his office.

• Notice the difference in meaning

between can and may/might/could:

That dog can be dangerous.

(= Sometimes that dog is dangerous. I know.)

That dog may/might/could be dangerous.

(= Perhaps that dog is dangerous. I don't know.)
C) Other Structures (Diğer Yapılar)
“be likely to”
Some people are more likely to suffer back
problems.
▪“be unlikely to”
The dispute is unlikely to be settled for a long
time.
▪“be bound to”
If you have problems at work, it is bound to affect
your family.
“may/might/could well” vs. “may/might as
well”bahsettiğimiz “may/might/could well” yapıları ile
Yukarıda
“may/might as well” yapıları karıştırılmamalıdır.

“may/might as well” yapıları “bari…yapalım” anlamına

gelmektedir.

There are no buses at this hour. We might as well

walk home.

I think this meeting will be a complete waste of time.

I may as well sit at home.
MODAL for Restatement Questions

MODALS konusu sadece Grammar olarak düşünülmemelidir. Reading

Passages ve Restatement sorularında “modalların eş anlamlısını
aramak” çok önemlidir.
“could” for General Possibility

Aşağıdaki ifadeleri görürsek bu bizi “olasılık” anlamı veren yapılara

götürmelidir.

I have no idea… “Possibility” anlamı veren

I don’t know… yapılara gidilmelidir.

Perhaps/maybe “can/could” arasında kalırsak,

I’m not sure “could” işaretlemeliyiz.

…or…
Probably/possibly
if SUBJECT could
in case SUBJECT could