STEEL DESIGN

1 – Introduction to Steel Design

2 – Design of Members for Tension
3 – Design of Members for Compression
4 – Design of Members for Flexure
5 – Design of Members for Shear
6 – Design of Composite Members
7 – Design of Connections
Outline
1 Structural Design
2 Principles of Design
3 Structural Steel
4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Steel
5 Design Philosophies
6 Limit States
7 Basic Load Cases
8 LRFD Load Combinations
9 ASD Load Combinations
10 Sample Problems

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Structural Design

Structural design may be defined as a mixture of art and

science, combining the engineer’s judgement (experienced
engineer’s intuitive feeling for the behavior of a structure)
with a sound knowledge of the mechanics (principle of stat-
ics, dynamics, mechanics of materials and structural analy-
sis) to produce a safe, economical structure that will serve
its intended purpose.

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Structural Design

Computations involving scientific principles should serve as

a guide to decision making and not be followed blindly. The
art of intuitive ability of the experienced engineer is utilized
to make the decisions, guided by the computational results.

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Principles of Design

For any design endeavour, a set of criteria is usually fol-

lowed:
minimum cost
minimum weight
minimum construction time
minimum labor
minimum cost of manufacture of owner’s products
maximum efficiency of operation to owner

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Principles of Design

The design procedure is typically composed of two parts:

Functional Design
Structural Framework Design

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Principles of Design

Functional Design - ensures that the intended results are

achieved:
adequate working areas and clearances
proper ventilation and/or air-conditioning
adequate transportation facilities
adequate lighting
aesthetic

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Principles of Design

Structural Framework Design - the selection of the ar-

rangement and sizes of structural elements so that service
loads may be carried, and displacements are within accept-
able limits.

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Principles of Design

Structural design is iterative in nature. The process can

be outlined as follows:
Planning. Establish functions of the structure. Set
criteria for arriving at an optimum design.
Preliminary structural configuration. Arrangement
of the elements to serve functions in (1).
Establish the loads to be carried.

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Principles of Design

Preliminary member selection. Based on (1), (2),

(3), selection of member sizes to satisfy an objective
criterion, such as least weight or cost.
Analysis. Structural analysis involving modelling the
loads and structural framework to obtain internal forces
and any desired deflections.
Design. Structural member sizes are determined to
satisfy the requirements of the structural analysis.

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Principles of Design

Evaluation. Are all the strength and serviceability re-

quirements satisfied and is the result optimal compared
with predetermined criteria?
Redesign. Repetition of any part of (1) through (6)
found necessary or desirable after the evaluation. Usu-
ally only steps (3) through (6) will be subject to itera-
tion.
Final decision. The determination of whether or not
an optimum design has been achieved.

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Structural Steel

Structural steel is a common structural material used

for various types of structural members such as columns,
beams, bracings, frames, trusses, bridge girders, and
other structural applications.
Due to the widespread use of steel in may applications,
there are a wide variety of systems for identifying or
designating steel, based on grade, type and class.

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Stress-strain Curve

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Stress-strain Curve

Elastic Range
The elastic limit of a material is a stress that lies be-
tween the proportional limit and the yield point.
Up to this point, the specimen can be unloaded without
permanent deformation.
The slope of the stress-strain curve is the Young’s Mod-
ulus.
The proportional limit and yield point is close to each
other and usually treated as single point, defined by
Fy .

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Stress-strain Curve

Plastic Range
Strain hardening happens after the yield point is reached
in which increasing stress is required to produce addi-
tional deformation.
Ultimate strength refers to the maximum stress that
a material can withstand while being pulled and is re-
ferred to as Fu .
The material finally breaks at Rupture.

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Structural Steel Designation

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Steel Products

Steel products used in construction can be classified as

follows:
Structural steel produced by continuous casting and
hot rolling for large structural shapes, plates and sheet
steel.
Cold-formed steel produce by cold-forming of sheet
steel into desired shapes.
Fastening products used for structural connections,
including bolts, nuts and washers.

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Steel Products

Reinforcing steel (rebars) for use in concrete rein-

forcement.
Miscellaneous products for use in such applications as
forms and pans.

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Structural Steel Shapes

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Advantages of Steel as a Structural Member

High strength
Uniformity
Elasticity
Permanence
Ductility
Constructibility

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Disadvantages of Steel as a Structural Member

Maintenance cost
Lower resistance against fire compared to concrete
Susceptibility to buckling
High expansion rate in increasing temperatures
Energy intensive to produce

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Design Philosophies

The fundamental requirement of structural design is that

the available strength is always greater than the re-
quired strength; that is,

Available Strength ≥ Required Strength

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Design Philosophies

The National Structural Code of the Philippines, 7th Ed.

(NSCP, 2015) prescribes two philosophies (Section 502)
in designing steel structures;

Allowable Strength Design (ASD)

Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)

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Design Philosophies (ASD)

Allowable Strength Design (ASD)

A member is selected so that its properties are sufficient

to withstand the maximum applied forces.
Allowable Strength ≥ Required Strength

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Design Philosophies (ASD)

Required Strength
Service loads or working loads combined using the ASD
load combinations (Sec 203.4)

Allowable Strength
Allowable strength = Nominal (theoretical strength)
divided by a factor of safety

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Design Philosophies (ASD)
Design for Strength using ASD (Sec 502.3.4),

Rn
≥ Ra
Ω
where:

Ra = required strength (ASD)

Rn = nominal strength (Sec 502-511)
Ω = safety factor (Sec 502-511)
Rn
= allowable strength
Ω
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Design Philosophies (LRFD)

Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)

A member is selected such that its theoretical strength,

reduced by the application of a resistance factor, is always
greater than the service loads amplified by some load fac-
tors.
Factored Strength ≥ Factored Load

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Design Philosophies (LRFD)

Factored Load
Sum of all service loads, each multiplied by its own load
factor based on LRFD load combinations (Sec 203.3)

Factored Strength
Theoretical strength reduced by multiplying a resis-
tance factor.

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Design Philosophies (LRFD)

Design for Strength using LRFD (Sec 502.3.3),

ΦRn = Ru
where:

Ru = required strength (LRFD)

Rn = nominal strength (Sec 502-511)
Φ = resistance factor (Sec 502-511)
ΦRn = design strength

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Design Philosophies

In the past, the ASD and LRFD are treated separately.

However, in the new structural code the two methods
are integrated. That is, ASD is an equal alternative
to LRFD.
For structural design, it is important to make provisions
for both overload and understrength.

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Limit States

The study of what constitutes the proper formulation

of structural safety focuses on examining by various
probabilistic methods the chances of ”failure” occuring
in a member, connection or system.
Rather than ”failure”, the term ”limit state” is pre-
ferred.

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Limit States

Limit states means those conditions of a structure at

which it ceases to fulfill its intended function.
Limit states are generally divided into two categories:
strength and serviceability.

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Limit States

Strength Limit States

buckling, fatigue, fracture, overturning and sliding

Serviceability Limit States

deflection, vibration, permanent deformation and crack-
ing

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Basic Load Cases (Sec 203.2)

Symbols and Notations

D = dead load
E = earthquake load (Sec 208)
W = wind load (Sec 207)
F = fluid Load
H = load due lateral pressure of soild and water in soil
L = live Load
Lr = roof live load
R = rain load
T = self-straining force due to temperature

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LRFD Basic Load Combinations (Sec 203.3.1)

1.4(D + F )
1.2(D + F + T ) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or R)
1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (f1 L or 0.5W )
1.2D + 1.0W + f1 L + 0.5(Lr or R)
1.2D + 1.0E + f1 L
0.9D + 1.0W + 1.6H
0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H
where:
f1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly,
for live loads in excess of 4.8 kPa)
and for garage live load
f1 = 0.5 for all other cases
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ASD Basic Load Combinations (Sec 203.4.1)

D+F
D+H +F +L+T
D + H + F + (Lr or R)
D + H + F + 0.75[L + T + (Lr or R)]
!
E
D + H + F + 0.6W or
1.4
Note:

No increase in allowable stresses shall be used when Sec. 203.4.1 is

used.

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Alternate Basic Load Combinations (Sec 203.4.2)
In lieu of the ASD basic load combinations, the following may be
used: " !#
E
D + H + F + 0.75 L + Lr + 0.6W or
1.4
0.6D + 0.6W + H
E
0.6D + +H
1.4
D + L + (Lr or R)
D + L + 0.6W
E
D+L+
1.4
Note:
When using Sec 203.4.2, a one-third increase shall be permitted in
allowable stresses for all combinations including W or E .
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Sample Problem 1

A column (compression member) in the upper story of a building is

subject to the following loads:

Dead Load = 485 kN

Floor Live Load = 205 kN
Roof Live Load = 85 kN
Rain Load = 90 kN
Determine the controlling load combination for LRFD and the
corresponding factored load.
If the resistance factor, Φ is 0.90, what is the required nominal
strength?

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Sample Problem 2

A column (compression member) in the upper story of a building is

subject to the following loads:

Dead Load = 485 kN

Floor Live Load = 205 kN
Roof Live Load = 85 kN
Rain Load = 90 kN
Determine the controlling load combination for ASD and the cor-
responding required service load strength.
If the safety factor Ω is 1.67, what is the required nominal strength
based on the required service load strength?

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Sample Problem 3 (Review Problem)

For the given cross section, determine the following properties on

both the major and minor axes.

Moment of Inertia
Section Modulus
Radius of Gyration

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References

American Institute of Steel Construction, Manual of Steel Construc-

tion, 14th Edition. Chicago: AISC, 2011.

Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines(2015), National

Structural Code Of The Philippines, Volume 1 – Buildings, Towers,
And Other Vertical Structures.

Salmon, C.G & et. al. (2009). Steel Structures Design and Behavior:
Emphasizing Load and Resistance Factor Design (5th Ed.). Pearson

Segui, W.T.(2013). Steel Design (5th Ed.). Cengage

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 End.

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