Human Reproduction and

Development
Reproduction is
an important
biological
feature among
living organisms
that enable
them to persist
for many
generations.
2
 The process of
reproduction in
humans must be
followed by
various
developmental
processes during
gestation that lead
to the formation of
a fully functional
individual.
3
 Human Life Cycle

Fertilization and meiosis

alternate during the
entire life cycle.

4
 Human Life Cycle

Fertilization and meiosis Gametes serve as

alternate during the vehicles to deliver and
entire life cycle. combine parents’ DNA.

5
 Human Life Cycle

Fertilization and meiosis Gametes serve as

alternate during the vehicles to deliver and
entire life cycle. combine parents’ DNA.

The chromosome
number is restored in the
zygote after fertilization.

6
 Human Life Cycle

Fertilization and meiosis Gametes serve as

alternate during the vehicles to deliver and
entire life cycle. combine parents’ DNA.

The zygote then The chromosome

develops into an embryo, number is restored in the
then grows into an adult. zygote after fertilization.

7
Human Life Stages

8
 Human Life Stages

INFANCY CHILDHOOD ADOLESCENT ADULTHOOD

Ages 0 to 2 years
old with a Ages 1 to 12 Ages 13 to 19 Ages 20 years
continuous physical years old; years old; and onwards;
development locomotor and undergoing sexually 9
 Human Life Stages

INFANCY CHILDHOOD ADOLESCENT ADULTHOOD

Ages 0 to 2 years Ages 1 to 12 years
old with a old; locomotor and Ages 13 to 19 Ages 20 years
continuous physical cognitive skills years old; and onwards;
development development undergoing sexually 10
 Human Life Stages

INFANCY CHILDHOOD ADOLESCENT ADULTHOOD

Ages 0 to 2 years Ages 1 to 12 years Ages 13 to 19 years
old with a old; locomotor and old; undergoing Ages 20 years
continuous physical cognitive skills various changes and onwards;
development development related to puberty sexually 11
 Human Life Stages

INFANCY CHILDHOOD ADOLESCENT ADULTHOOD

Ages 0 to 2 years Ages 1 to 12 years Ages 13 to 19 years Ages 20 years and
old with a old; locomotor and old; undergoing onwards; sexually
continuous physical cognitive skills various changes mature physically
development development related to puberty and behaviorally
12
Human Life Stages

Various changes during puberty in humans serve as physical,

physiological, and behavioral preparations for adulthood. 13
Human Reproduction

14
Human Reproduction

Mode is
exclusively
sexual

15
Human Reproduction

Mode is
exclusively
sexual
No viable
asexual
means

16
Human Reproduction

Mode is
exclusively
sexual
No viable
asexual
means
Genetic
material
from two
sources

17
Human Reproduction

Mode is
exclusively
sexual
No viable
asexual
means
Genetic
material
from two
sources Prevents
mutations
from
increasing
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Male Reproductive Anatomy

19
 Male Reproductive Anatomy

Testis
(plural,
testes) Male gonad
that
produces and
nourishes
sperm cells

20
 Male Reproductive Anatomy

Scrotum
External sac
that
regulates
temperature
for testis

21
 Male Reproductive Anatomy

Epididymis
Stores sperm
cells produced
and transports
them to vas
deferens
 Male Reproductive Anatomy

Urethra
Common
exit duct for
both the
urine and
semen

23
 Male Reproductive Anatomy

Vas
deferens
Pathway of
sperms from
testis to the
urethra

24
 Male Reproductive Anatomy

Seminal
Vesicle Contributes
alkaline fluid
that
nourishes
and protects
sperm cells

25
 Male Reproductive Anatomy

Prostate
Gland Contributes
a fluid that
neutralizes
semen and
vaginal fluid

26
 Male Reproductive Anatomy

Bulbouret
hral Gland Contributes
a fluid that
functions
for
lubrication

27
 Male Reproductive Anatomy

Penis Copulatory
organ that
conveys
sperm to
female
reproductive
tract

28
Female Reproductive Anatomy

29
Female Reproductive Anatomy

Ovary
Female
gonad that
produces and
nourishes
egg cells

30
Female Reproductive Anatomy

Fallopian
Tubes Ducts that
serve as
fertilization
site and
leads to the
uterus

31
Female Reproductive Anatomy

Fimbriae
Appendages of
the fallopian
tubes that
catch eggs
during
ovulation

32
Female Reproductive Anatomy

Uterus
Highly
vascularized
sac that
nourishes the
developing
embryo

33
Female Reproductive Anatomy

Cervix Narrow
channel that
prevents
further entry
of foreign
materials

34
Female Reproductive Anatomy

Vagina
Receives the
sperm cells
and serves
as the birth
canal

35
Female Reproductive Anatomy

External
Genitalia
(vulva) Accessory
structures of
the female
reproductive
system

36
Female Reproductive Anatomy

External
Genitalia
(vulva) Accessory
structures of
the female
reproductive
system

37
Female Reproductive Anatomy

Bartholin’s
Gland Produces
fluid that
serves as
lubrication
during
intercourse

38
 Gametogenesis

Reduction of the Makes sperm cells

chromosome number sufficiently motile

Gametogenesis

Spermatogenesis ( ) Produces egg cells

or oogenesis ( ) with enough nutrients
39
 Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis

PROLIFERATION GROWTH MATURATION DIFFERENTIATION

Occurs in the seminiferous

tubules of male testis

40
 Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis

PROLIFERATION GROWTH MATURATION DIFFERENTIATION

Occurs in the seminiferous

tubules of male testis

Nourishing cells include

the Sertoli cells

41
 Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis

PROLIFERATION GROWTH MATURATION DIFFERENTIATION

Occurs in the seminiferous

tubules of male testis

Nourishing cells include

the Sertoli cells

Starts during puberty and

continuous throughout life

42
 Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis

PROLIFERATION GROWTH MATURATION DIFFERENTIATION

Spermatogonium undergoes
several mitotic divisions to

} produce more spermatogonia.

 Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis

PROLIFERATION GROWTH MATURATION DIFFERENTIATION

Spermatogonia undergo
minimal growth and further
division to become primary
} spermatocytes.

44
 Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis

PROLIFERATION GROWTH MATURATION DIFFERENTIATION

Maturation involves the

meiotic division of the primary
} spermatocyte.

45
 Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis

PROLIFERATION GROWTH MATURATION DIFFERENTIATION

Meiosis I of a primary
spermatocyte produces two
secondary spermatocytes.

}
46
 Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis

PROLIFERATION GROWTH MATURATION DIFFERENTIATION

Meiosis II of each secondary

spermatocyte produces two
spermatids.

}
47
 Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis

PROLIFERATION GROWTH MATURATION DIFFERENTIATION

Each spermatid differentiates

to become functional and
motile spermatozoon.

} 48
Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis

Spermatogonia

Primary
Spermatocyte

Secondary
Spermatocyte

Spermatid

49
 Gametogenesis: Oogenesis

PROLIFERATION GROWTH MATURATION DIFFERENTIATION

It occurs in the ovaries and

fallopian tubes.

50
 Gametogenesis: Oogenesis

PROLIFERATION GROWTH MATURATION DIFFERENTIATION

It occurs in the ovaries and

fallopian tubes.

The follicles of the ovary

exert hormonal influence.

51
 Gametogenesis: Oogenesis

PROLIFERATION GROWTH MATURATION DIFFERENTIATION

It occurs in the ovaries and

fallopian tubes.

The follicles of the ovary

exert hormonal influence.

It starts during the

pregnancy of the mother.

52
 Gametogenesis: Oogenesis

PROLIFERATION GROWTH MATURATION DIFFERENTIATION

Each oogonium
undergoes mitotic
division to produce more
oogonia.

53
 Gametogenesis: Oogenesis

PROLIFERATION GROWTH MATURATION DIFFERENTIATION

Each oogonium then

undergoes significant
growth to become
primary oocytes.

54
 Gametogenesis: Oogenesis

PROLIFERATION GROWTH MATURATION DIFFERENTIATION

Maturation involves the

meiotic division of the
primary oocyte to reduce
chromosome number.

55
 Gametogenesis: Oogenesis

PROLIFERATION GROWTH MATURATION DIFFERENTIATION

Meiosis I of the primary

oocyte produces a
secondary oocyte and a
polar body.

56
 Gametogenesis: Oogenesis

PROLIFERATION GROWTH MATURATION DIFFERENTIATION

Meiosis II of the
secondary oocyte
produces an ootid and
another polar body.

57
 Gametogenesis: Oogenesis

PROLIFERATION GROWTH MATURATION DIFFERENTIATION

The ootid is a very

transient stage.
Eventually, it becomes
the ovum, but with very
minimal differentiation.

58
Gametogenesis: Oogenesis

A developing primary
oocyte inside the follicle
of human ovary.
59
Gametogenesis: Oogenesis

The polar body is a small meiotic

product of the unequal division in
oogenesis in females. It allows to
concentrate the cytoplasmic
contents into one ovum. 60
 Human Fertilization

Fusion of the gametes or sex cells

from male and female parents

61
 Human Fertilization

Fusion of the gametes or sex cells Sperm cell must pass through the
from male and female parents granulosa and jelly coat layers

62
 Human Fertilization

Fusion of the gametes or sex cells Sperm cell must pass through the
from male and female parents granulosa and jelly coat layers

With slow-block and

fast-block
mechanisms against
polyspermy

63
 Human Fertilization

Fusion of the gametes or sex cells Sperm cell must pass through the
from male and female parents granulosa and jelly coat layers

With slow-block and

fast-block
mechanisms against
polyspermy

Produces the zygote

with normal or
restored
chromosome number
64
 Pre-Implantation Phase

During the pre-implantation phase, the resulting zygote from fertilization

undergoes repeated cell divisions and reorganization. 65
Pre-Implantation Phase

The dividing ball of cells

travel down into the
uterus through the
fallopian tube. The
implantation occurs
during the blastocyst
stage.
66
Implantation and Gastrulation

During the third week from

conception, the offspring
becomes a three-layered
embryo through the process of
gastrulation.
67
Extraembryonic Membranes

The amnion contains the fluid

that surrounds the developing
embryo.

The yolk sac serves as the

initial nourishment source of
the embryo.

The allantois initially collects

liquid wastes and facilitates
gas exchange.

Chorion forms villi that allow

the exchange of nutrients,
gas, and wastes.
68
 Extraembryonic Membranes

Eventually, the placenta is formed, which is both maternal and fetal in origin.
Also, the yolk sac and allantois give rise to the umbilical cord. 69
 Extraembryonic Membranes

The placenta is a
structure during
gestation that supplies
the developing fetus
with oxygen and
nutrients from the
mother. Also, it removes
the wastes accumulated
by the fetus.

Placenta with an umbilical cord from a newborn 70

Embryonic and Fetal Development

71
Embryonic Development
Organogenesis during embryonic development

72
Fetal Development

Organogenesis during fetal development

73
Which time period do you think
is the most crucial for human
development?

74
Determine the accuracy of each of the following
statements. Write true if the statement is correct and
false if otherwise.
1.The growth phase in spermatogenesis is more
pronounced than that in oogenesis.
2.Both the yolk sac and allantois give rise to the umbilical
cord of the developing embryo.
3.The differentiation phase is less pronounced in
oogenesis than in spermatogenesis.
75
Complete the Venn diagrams by comparing and
contrasting the given terms below.

Embryonic Fetal
Development Development

1. 4.
3.

2. 5.

76
● The human life cycle begins with fertilization
and is accompanied by a series of growth and
developmental events that allow the full
formation of the offspring.

77
● Human reproduction involves both the production
of the sex cells through gametogenesis and their
fusion through the fertilization process.

78
● After fertilization, the fertilized egg will travel into
the uterus, where it will be implanted. This stage
refers to the pre-implantation embryonic
development.

79
● During the second week of human development in
the uterus, the implanted embryonic cells start to
organize into layers and form the extraembryonic
membranes, namely the amnion, the yolk sac,
the allantois, and the chorion.

80
● Human development can be divided into
embryonic and fetal periods.

81
Pre-embryonic,
embryonic, and
fetal periods of
development in
humans

82