STRUCTURE OF ATOM
➢ DISCOVERY OF SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
➢ CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRONS, PROTONS AND NEUTRONS
➢ STRUCTURE OF ATOM
• Thomson’s atomic model
• Rutherford’s atomic model
• Bohr’s atomic model
➢ DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRONS IN DIFFERENT SHELLS (Bohr- Bury
Scheme)
➢ Writing E.C OF ELEMENTS and schematic diagrams of structure of
atom
➢ VALENCY
➢ ATOMIC NUMBER, MASS NUMBER
➢ ISOTOPES AND ISOBARS
ELECTRON J.J THOMSON 1897 Discharge tube -1.6 × 10 -19 C 9.1× 10 -31 kg 1/1836 times
experiment the mass of H
• Cathode rays ATOM
1/1836 u
PROTON E. Goldstein 1896 Discharge tube 1u
experiment 1.6 × 10 -19 C 1.672× 10 -27 = mass of H
• Canal rays kg atom
= 1836 times
the mass of
electron
NEUTRON J. Chadwick 1932 Mass of atom was No charge 1.674 × 10 -27 1u
more than thetotal kg
mass of protons.
This indicated the
presence of 3rd
subatomic particle
of the cathode rays (mass and charge) is
Note: Nature
independent of the gas taken in the discharge tube
Canals rays is
made of
positively
charged
particles
(protons)
And its
properties
(mass and
charge) depend
on the gas
taken in the
discharge tube.
NOTE-
Canal rays / anode rays formed by hydrogen gas is made
of lightest positively charged particle called protons.
Name Thomson’s Apple pie pudding model/ Christmas
pudding
year 1903
Features Positively charged sphere
Negatively charged electrons embedded
I+I = I - I
Merit Explains why atom is electrically neutral
Demerit No mention of Nucleus
do not explain stability of atom
Cannot explain the observations of Rutherford’s experiment
No experimental evidence
• Rutherford’s NUCLEAR MODEL OF ATOM
• Year- 1911
• Experiment- ALPHA PARTICLE SCATTERING EXPERIMENT
• Assumption- deflection of positively charged alpha particles by
subatomic particles, but he didn’t expected to see large deflections as
alpha particles were much heavier than protons
• Observations
• Conclusions
• Features
• Merit
• Demerit
• Emitted by radioactive elements
• Helium nucleus He2+
• Mass = 4u
• Have high energy
Observations
1. Most of the alpha
particles passed through
the gold foil
2. Some alpha particle were
deflected with small
angles and some by large
angles
3. 1/ 12000 particles
rebounded
ConclusionS
• Most of the space of the atom is empty
• Positive charge of the atom occupies small space as only a few
alpha particles were deflected from their path
• All the positive charge and mass of the atom is concentrated in a
very small space inside nucleus
Features Merit Demerit
• Nucleus having positive charge Discovery of Cannot explain stability of
present in the centre of atom nucleus atom
• All mass of atom resides in its
nucleus
• Electrons revolve around the
nucleus in circular paths
• Size of nucleus size of atom
Name Year Features Merit
BOHR’S 1913 • Atom- 3 subatomic particles Explains
atomic • p + n present in nucleus at centre of atom stability of
• e- revolve around the nucleus in fixed energy shells
model atom
• Each shell has a limit to the no. of e- it can hold
• Each shell has fixed amount of energy and e- do not
lose energy as long as they keep revolving in these
shells and atom remains stable.
• e- jumps fromLower shell to higher shell, it GAINS
ENERGY
• e- jumps fromHIGHER shell to LOWER shell, it LOSES
ENERGY
Distribution of electrons in energy shells
➢It occurs according to BOHR-BURY SCHEME
• Max e- in shell = 2n2
n=1 K shell 2e-
n=2 L shell 8e-
n-=3 M shell 18e-
n=4 N shell 32e-
• Valence shell can have a maximum of 8 e- only
• Electrons are first completely filled in lower shells and then in
higher shells
Note- the arrangement of electrons in the various shells of atom is called
its electronic configuration.
VALENCY
• The ability of atom to react with atoms or same or different
elements to complete its outermost shell is called valency
• Combining capacity of an element
• Valence electron- electrons present in the outermost shell of
atom
• How is valency of an element determined- by the number of
electrons gained/ lost / shared to attain nearest noble gas
configuration (octet/duplet)
NOTE- The M shell can have a maximum of 18 electrons but still it
has only 8 electrons in the Ca atom because if the remaining 10
electrons of Ca were to be filled in M shell, it would be against the
octet rule (valence shell cannot have more than 8 electrons)
Atomic number and Mass number
Find the number of protons, electrons and neutrons of the given
elements
Fe 56
26
Br 80
35
Si 28
14
ISOBARS AND ISOTOPES
Q1. The ion of an element has 3 positive charges. Mass
number of the atom is 27 and the number of neutrons
is 14. What is the number of electrons in the ion?
(a) 13
(b) 10
(c) 14
(d) 16
Q2. In a sample of ethyl ethanoate (CH3COOC2H5) the two
oxygen atoms have the same number of electrons but
different number of neutrons. Which of the following is the
correct reason for it?
(a) One of the oxygen atoms has gained electrons.
(b) One of the oxygen atoms has gained two neutrons.
(c) The two oxygen atoms are isotopes.
(d) The two oxygen atoms are isobars.
Q3.Elements with valency 1 are
(a) always metals
(b) always metalloids
(c) either metals or non-metals
(d) always non-metals.
Q4.The first model of an atom was given by
(a) N. Bohr
(b) E. Goldstein
(c) Rutherford
(d) J.J. Thomson.
Q5.An atom with 3 protons and 4 neutrons will have a
valency of
(a) 3
(b) 7
(c) 1
(d) 4.
Q6.The electron distribution in an aluminium atom is
(a) 2,8,3
(b) 2,8,2
(c) 8,2,3
(d) 2,3,8.
Q7.Atomic models have been improved over the years.
Arrange the following atomic models in the order of their
chronological order
(i) Rutherford’s atomic model
(ii) Thomson’s atomic model
(iii) Bohr’s atomic model
(a) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(b) (ii), (iii) and (i)
(c) (ii), (i) and (iii)
(d) (iii), (ii) and (i).
Q8.Is it possible for the atom of an element to have one
electron, one proton and no neutron. If so, name the
element.
Solution:
Yes, hydrogen has one electron, one proton and no
neutron. It is represented as 1 H 1
Q9.Will 35CIand 37CI have different valencies? Justify your
answer.
Solution: No,
The given species are isotopes of chlorine, so their atomic
no. is same and so its electronic configurations are also
same ,i.e., 2,8,7.
The valence shell has 7 electrons and it needs just 1
electron to complete its octet so the valency of both the
species is 1.
Q10.Why did Rutherford select a gold foil in his α-ray scattering
experiment?
Solution:
Gold is a heavy metal with high mass number. A light metal cannot
be used because on being hit by fast moving α-particles, the atom
of light metal will be simply pushed forward and no scattering can
occur. Moreover, gold is highly malleable and can be beaten to get
very thin foils.
However, the observations would still have been the same if any
other heavy metal other than gold was taken.
Q11. Find out the valency of the atoms represented by the Fig.
Q12. Write down the electron distribution of chlorine atom. How
many electrons are there in the L shell? .
Q13.What information do you get from the Fig. 4.4 about
the atomic number, mass number and valency of atoms X,
Y and Z?
Q14. Calculate the number of neutrons present in the
nucleus of an element X which is represented 3115X
Q15.The atomic number of calcium and argon are 20
and 18 respectively, but the mass number of both these
elements is 40. What is the name given to such a pair of
elements?
Q16.Helium atom has 2 electrons in its valence shell but its
valency is not 2, Explain.
Q17. (a) Neon and chlorine have atomic numbers 10 and 17
respectively. Their valencies will be______ and _______
respectively.
(b) The electronic configuration of silicon is _____ and that of
sulphur is______.
Q18. The ratio of the radii of hydrogen atom and its nucleus is
~ 105. Assuming the atom and the nucleus to be spherical,
(i) what will be the ratio of their sizes?
(ii) If atom is represented by planet earth ‘Re‘ = 6.4 x 106m,
estimate the size of the nucleus.
Q19.In the Gold foil experiment of Geiger and Marsden, that
paved the way for Rutherford’s model of an atom, ~ 1.00% of the
α-particles were found to deflect at angles > 50°. If one mole of a-
particles were bombarded on the gold foil, compute the number
of a-particles that would deflect at angles less than 50°.
