Science

1/9/25 1:17 PM

LEARNING DISSABILITIES
• DYSLEXIA - difficult to read basic sight words
• DYSCALCULIA - math
• DYSGRAPHIA - spelling
• DYSPRAXIA - motor learning difficulties
• ADHD - trouble paying attention
• SCHIZOPHRENIA - lost contact with reality
• ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE - progressive memory loss
• MYOPIA - nearsighted
• HYPEROPIA - farsightedness
• DYSPEPSIA - indigestion
• AUTISM - difficulty with social interaction and communication

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
1. Steam engine
2. Electricity
3. Computer & Internet
4. Robotics & AI
5. Inclusivity & Governance and management of AI

• Charles Babbage - father of computer

• Alan Turing - father of modern computer
• Ada Lovelace - mother of computer
• Internet - information highway
• Operating system - makes computer function
• Central Processing Unit (CPU) - brain of the computer
• Convection - boiling water, liquid
• Conduction - It touches solid- scorching of feet on sand
• Friction - rubbing
• Radiation- either solid or liquid

WATER CYCLE- ECPIRS

E-evaporation
C- condensation
P- precipitation
I- infiltration
R- ran off
S- substance flow
REVISED Water Cycle- ETCPC
E- evaporation
T- transpiration
C- condensation
P- precipitation
C- collection

STORM NAMES - PT HA C India

• Typhoon- pacific
• Cyclone- India
• Hurricane- Atlantic

PH COLOR ACIDITY TEST- BB RANG

• Base- blue
• Green- neutral
• Red- acidic

• Table sugar- sucrose

M2 L1G S1F
• Maltose is made up of two units of glucose, lactose is made up of one unit of
glucose and one unit of galactose. Sucrose is made up of one unit of glucose and
one unit of fructose.

8 TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION
Di Ka Papasa Causes Our Family's Greatest Sadness
1. Domain
2. Kingdom: Animalia ( animals-faunna, plants-flora, fungi, bacteria-probiotics, protist)
3. Phylum: Chordata
4. Class: Mammalia
5. Order : primates
6. Family: Hominidae
7. Genus: Homo
8. Species: sapiens

• True nucleus: (eukaryotic) animals, fungi, protist, plants

• Bacteria- Prokaryotic- uni-cellular
• Runners- bamboo
• Plant- biotic
• Water- abiotic
• Symbiotic- relationship to other living organism
• Aristotle- 1st father of taxonomy classification
• Carl Linnaeus- father of modern taxonomy
• Angiosperms: seed- bearing vascular plants with a well differentiated plant body
and the seeds are enclosed within the fruits
• Pistil: female reproductive organ for flowers
• Stamen: male reproductive organ for flowers
• Dicotyledon: cassava
• Stomata: breathing organ of plants
• Lenticels: trunks
• Roots: beneath the ground
• Chlorophyll: green color
• Chloroplast: site of photosynthesis
• Undergo chemical change from the solar energy called photosynthesis (glucose &
oxygen)
• The products of Cellular respiration are carbon energy/ ATP and water
• Plant cells: cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuole
• Lysosomes is for animals
• Cell- the basic unit of structure and function in living things
• Cell membrane- thin structure that surrounds a cell
• Nucleus- control center
• Cytoplasm- all the living material inside a cell
• Vacuole- help sequester waste products
• Lysosomes- cell structure that break down nutrients molecules and old cell part
(digestive organ)
• Ribosomes- protein synthesis

HUMAN ANATOMY
• Adult bones: 206
• Kid: 300
• Muscles: 639
• Teeth: 32
• Ribs: 24
• Heart Chambers: 4
• Largest artery: aorta
• Normal BP: 120/80
• Number of spine vertebrae: 33
• Number of facial bones: 14
• Skull bones: 22
• Normal blood Ph: 7.4
• Blood in human body: 5 liters

SHORTCUTS
• Cilia- hair like
• Epiglottis- flap like
• Villi- finger like
• Flagella- whip like
• Esophagus food pipe- nearest organ to the heart
• Larynx- voice box
• Lungs- main organ for respiration
• Pancreatic cells- islet of Langerhans
• Liver- secretes bile
• Pancreas- secretes insulin

SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP
• Grazing- carabao eat grass, may na harm but hindi pinatay
• Predation- may pinatay
• Parasitism- species A benefits, species B harmed
• Commensalism- species A benefits, species B unaffected
• Mutualism- species A benefits, species B benefits

• Carbon dioxide- one that makes the photosynthesis

• Hydrogen- simplest elements
• Cellulose- organic because it has carbon dioxide
• Water- most abundant inorganic compound on earth
• XY- generates 2 types of sperm papa
• XX- mama
• T21/ extra chromosomes- down syndrome
• Removal of Type 1 collagen causes bones to turn brittle and break
• Hemophilia- from mother
• Wave patterns of the electroencephalogram (EEG) of an awake adult are SMR and
Beta
• Gamma Waves- insight, peak experience, synchronization
• Beta Waves- alertness, concentration, thinking
• Alpha Waves- mediation, creativity, relaxation
• Theta Waves- visualization, trance, dreaming
• Delta Waves- deep sleep, transcendence, restoration

• Components of Fungal Cell Wall- Glucans, chitin, and glycoproteins

• Adenine and Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine- perfect base pairs
• Cytokinin's and Auxins- plant growth
• Flat worms- reproduces through fragmentation
• Fragmentation- putol putolin
• Earth worm- 2 sexes, hermaphrodites
• Vacuoles- stores water in a plant cell
• Cell wall- protects the plant cell
• Lignite- lowest rank coal a.k.a brown coal
• Anthracite- highest rank coal a. k. a brown coal
• Positive charge- more protons than electrons
• Negative charge- more electrons than protons
• Neutral- if equal
• When an object is burned, it shows Chemical change
• Hydrogen- simplest gasses
• Helium- coolest of all gasses
• Acetylene- hottest of all gasses

APE MAN
• Mass number- Atomic number = NEUTRONS
ATOMIC NUMBER IS EQUAL TO THE # OF
PROTONS & ELECTRONS in a neutral atom.
• Note:When the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons the
atom is ionized. ( the atom is then called an ion.)
• Virus- acellular
• Sun- major source of energy on earth
• Sea- not fully developed in Philippines
• Fungus- YEAST
• Walrus- marine mammal that has long ivory tusk and lived in arctic water
• Habitat- a living organism thrives best
• Mitch- role
• Modern taxonomy- Linnae as ancient taxonomy is to Aristotle
• Socrates- Q & A primer
• Plato- republic
• Waste products of Citric acid: ATP & CO2
• Lowest form of learning in animals: CONDITIONING
• Lowest form of learning in human: PERCEIVING

Characteristics of Scientific Assertion- PROSE

v Provisional- pwede e challenge with another evidence
v Replicable
v Objectives
v Systematic
v Empirical

Mnemonics- BF Co Budding SR
• Bacteria reproduces through- FISSION
• Corals through- BUDDING
• Starfish- REGENERATION

LBMT- Ligaments bone to bone muscle to bone tendons

• BONES- gives the body the framework to support movements and protection
• LIGAMENTS- connects the bone to your bone
• TENDONS- connects the muscle to bone

• CHON- Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen - most abundant elements in a human

body
• Nitrogen- most abundant elements in atmosphere

Phase of Mitosis- P M A T
1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase

BV AA
• Artery- carries away blood from the heart
• Veins- back to your heart
• AB+ -universal blood recipient
• O- -universal blood donor

TONICITY OF SOLUTIONS
• Isotonic- the same solution considered the safest
• Hypertonic- shrink, shrivel, dehydrated
• Hypotonic- edema, burst, swell

• Macromolecules- CPLN (Carbohydrates, Protein, Lipids, Nucleotides)

• Lipids- Hydrophobic organic compound
• Proteins & Carbohydrates - hydrophilic (leak water)
• Carbohydrates- monosaccharides
• Proteins- amino acids
• Lipids- fats
• Nucleus-
• DNA- genetic made/ build up
• RNA- replicator machine
• Micro molecules- Vitamin a,b,c, d, e, k
• Vitamin A- eyes
• Vit. B- brain
• Vit. C- immune system
• Vit. D- booster of immune system from sunlight
• Vit. E- fruits- skin
• Vit. K - for clotting/wound
• Scurvy- deficient in vitamin c and need an ascorbic acid
• Gregor Mendel- father of genetics
• Genetics- study of heredity

• Meteorology- study of the atmosphere, atmospheric phenomena, and atmospheric

effects on our weather.
• Climatology- study of climate long period of weather observations.
• Cosmology- origin of the universe
• Astronomy- study of everything beyond earth's atmosphere
• Helminthology- study of worms
• Mycology- study of fungi
• Virology- study of virus
• Ichthyology- study of fishes
• Ornithology- study of birds
• Genetics- study of heredity
• Bacteriology- study of bacteria
• Oncology- study of cancer
• Capsid- protein shell of the virus
• Bioremediation- cures oil spill
• Biology- study of life
• Physics- study of material world
• Ecosystem- study of how we interact with other non- living
• Histology- study of tissues
• Physiology- study of functions
• Morphology- study of forms
• Pathology- study of diseases
• Pediatrics- study babies
• Genetics- heredity
• Cytology- cells
• Fertilization- process that involves a sperm fusing with an ovum
• Carbohydrates- direct energy
• Milk is an example colloids
• Calcium- aids blood clothing
• Theory of use and disuse- snake disappearance of legs and development of giraffes
long neck. (LAMARCKS)
• Homologous structure- human's arm, bat wing, dolphin flipper
• Analogous structure- bat wing (mammal): butterfly wing( insect)
• Eutrophication- fish kill due to algal blooms
• In the process of Photosynthesis, plants releases oxygen
• Night- plant take in oxygen and releases Carbon dioxide
• Day- take in CO2 and releases oxygen
• Plasmodium Vivax- causes malaria
• Dipterocarp (forest) and coral reefs- greatest diversity
• Secondary succession- canopy and shrubs start to grow in a damaged area
• Monkey-eating eagle- Philippine species known as Pithecophaga jeffereyi
• Carried by polluted air- acid rain
• Yeast- feed on dead and decaying matters

SHAPES OF BACTERIA
• Bacteria cholerae- comma
• Bacilli- rod-shape
• Spirillum- spiral
• Coccus - spherical

Climate of Philippine: Tropical & Maritime and high in humidity according to PAG-
ASA

ATMOSPHERE: TROS MITE

1. Troposphere- hot air balloon, passenger plane
2. Stratosphere- ozone layer, weather balloon
3. Mesosphere- coldest, meteors, meteorological rocket
4. Ionosphere- radio waves
5. Thermosphere-hottest, aurora borealis
6. Exosphere- spaceship, satellite

• A solar eclipse can only happen when the moon is NEW- sun-moon-earth- DAY
• A lunar eclipse can only happen when the moon is FULL- sun-earth-moon-NIGHT
• Syzygy- nearly straight- line configuration of three celestial bodies in a gravitational
system
• Moon- causes tides
• Hast the most moon- SATURN
• Ringed planet- SATURN
• Hottest- VENUS
• Coldest- URANUS
• Smallest- MERCURY
• Outermost- NEPTUNE
• Non moon- MERCURY & VENUS
• Mars moons- PHOBOS & DEIMOS
• Season- earth's tilted axis
• Gravitational pool of the moon- causes tide
• ROTATION- causes day and night
• SUMMER SOLSTICE- longer days
• WINTER SOLSTICE- longer night
• EQUINOX- equal lengths
• North hemisphere- SS-June 20
• Southern hemisphere- WS- December
• Northern lights- Aurora Borealis
• SUN is farthest from earth- APHELLION- JULY
• MOON is farthest in earth- APOGEE-
• SUN nearest to earth- PERIHELION- JANUARY
• MOON is nearest to earth- PERIGEE
• "A" means none or malayo

IMAGINARY LINES and its spaces:

North Pole- arctic

Tropic of Cancer

Tropic of Capricorn

South Pole- Antarctic

• Platelets- helps when we are bleeding / prevents bleeding

• Plasma- watery fluid portion of blood (90% water ) take nutrients and carry waste
from cells
• Hemoglobin- carries oxygen
• Red Blood Cells- CO2
• Iron,nickel, and cobalt are a type of FERROMAGNETIC
• Diamagnetic- gold- di momagnet
• Paramagnetic- parang magnetic
• Ferromagnetic- perti makadikit

• Thermometer- temperature
• Seismograph- earthquake
• Sphygmomanometer- blood pressure (120/80 normal BP)
• Stethoscope- internal sound of the body
• Earthquake- focus(originates)- epicenter- intensity(kalakas)- magnitude(kalawak)
§ DRILLS
• Triassic- period mammals evolved
• 10- score of the hardest mineral in Mohs scale
• Diamond- hardest mineral in Mohs Scale
• Talc- softest
• Convex Lens- lens of magnifying glass
• Thyroid & Pituitary Gland- gland for regulation of growth
• Sublimation- solid to gas (dry ice)
• Deposition- gas to solid (water vapor to ice)
• Condensation- water vapor to dew
• Evaporation- water to steam
• Freezing- liquid to solid (rock to ice)
• Melting- solid to liquid (rock to lava)

MODIFIED TROPICAL CYCLONE-March 2022:

• Tropical Depression: 61km/h or less (wind signal 1)
• Tropical Storm: 62- 88 km/h (wind signal 2)
• Severe Tropical Storm: 89- 117 km/h (wind signal 3)
• Typhoon: 118-184 km/h (wind signal 4)
• Super Typhoon: 185km/h or higher (wind signal 5)

• SURFACE TENSION-
Surface Tension Babies:
• Lamok
• Coin
• Paperclip
• Razor blade
• Toothpick

• Thermodynamics: law states, heat flows from High to Low

• Hinge: bending our arms and legs
• Refraction: bending of light rays when entering a medium
• Child born with thyroxin becomes mentally retarded
• Asthenosphere: partially molten layer of the earth
• Medulla Oblongata: breathing is controlled

PARTS OF THE BRAIN

a. Cerebrum-biggest, 4 lobes (frontal- thinking, temporal- hearing, parietal-

sensation, occipital- side vision)
b. Cerebellum- balance and coordination
c. Brain system -controls heart beating and breathing

• Food Web: interjoining

• Food chain: series/ straight
• Tundra: treeless region
• Biodiversity: life & its other lives
• Prairies: grassland with tall grasses
• Savanna: tropical grassland, scattered trees and shrubs found in central Africa
• Biomes: large areas characterized by their vegetation, soil, climate, and wildlife
a. Aquatic biomes- fresh water & marine
b. Grassland- open region dominated by grass and have warm, dry climate.
c. Forest- dominated by trees, cover about 1/3 of the earth. AMAZON- biggest
d. Deserts- dry areas where rainfall is less 50 cm (20inc /year).
(Antarctica- largest cold) (Sahara- hottest largest desert)

ADAPTATION
• Tropisms: are growth of plants toward sunlight and is example of Behavioral
Adaptation
• Geographical Isolation: separation / location
• Structural adaptation: structure- physical change
• Homeostasis: they can maintain stability even if there's external challenge
• Physiological adaptation: physiology, function & internal defense system/ internal
processes
• Hibernation: used by animals in winter sleep. E.g: frogs
• Aestivation: summer sleep. E.g: crocodiles

§ FATHERS
• Galileo Galile: Father of modern science
• Herodutos: Father of History
• Robert Koch: Germ Theory
• Aristotle: Father of biology and zoology
• Bentham: Father of Utilitarianism
• Wundt: father of modern psychology
• Mendel: genetics
• Freud: Psychoanalysis
• Alexander Flemming: penicillin
• Hippocrates: medicine
• Mendeleev: periodic table
• Archimedes: math
• Carl Linaeus: modern taxonomy
• George Dantzig: linear programming
• Pasteur: rabies & anthrax vax
• Carolus Linnaeus: Father of Binomial Nomenclature