Unit 3: Computer Hardware
This document provides an overview of computer hardware, detailing its categories, vital
components, and their functions. Understanding these elements is essential for anyone
looking to grasp the fundamentals of computer systems. The document will explore input,
processing, output, storage, and communication hardware, as well as the distinction between
internal and external hardware.
Overview of Computer Hardware
External Hardware Input Hardware
Processing
Internal Hardware
Hardware
Communication Output Hardware
Hardware
Storage Hardware
1. Introduction
Computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system. The functions
of these components are typically divided into processes and communication. Key
components include the processor (CPU), motherboard, and various input/output devices.
Communication is one of the primary functions of computer hardware, making it a crucial
element in the overall operation of a computer system.
Components of Computer Hardware
Processor
The central unit performing
calculations and logic
Motherboard
The main circuit board connecting
all components
Input/Output Devices
Devices for data entry and output
Communication Function
Facilitates data exchange between
components
2. Categories of Computer Hardware
Computer hardware can be categorized according to the operations they perform. These
operations include input, processing, output, storage, and communication. The following
sections will explain each category in detail.
2.1 Input Hardware
Input hardware is responsible for capturing data and sending it to the computer for
processing. Common input devices include:
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Scanner
• Joystick
• Trackball
• Touchpad
• Microphone
2.2 Output Hardware
Output hardware conveys processed data from the computer to the user. Typical output
devices include:
• Monitor
• Printer (Laser and Deskjet)
• Speakers
• CD/DVD drives
2.3 Processing Hardware
Processing hardware is essential for executing instructions and performing calculations. The
main processing component is:
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Random Access Memory (RAM)
2.4 Storage Hardware
Storage hardware is used to store data permanently or temporarily. Types of storage
hardware include:
• Read-Only Memory (ROM)
• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Hard Disk Drives (HDD)
• Solid State Drives (SSD)
• CD/DVD drives
• USB flash drives
• Floppy disk drives
2.5 Communication Hardware
Communication hardware facilitates data exchange between computers and networks.
Examples include:
• Modems
• Network Interface Cards (NIC)
• Routers
• Bridges
• Wireless devices (Wi-Fi, EDGE)
3. Internal and External Hardware
Computer hardware can also be categorized into internal and external hardware.
3.1 Internal Hardware
Internal hardware refers to components that reside within the computer system. These
include:
• CPU
• Motherboard
• RAM
• ROM
• Power supply
• Data cables
• Expansion cards
• Chipset
• Hard disk drives
• Floppy disk drives
3.2 External Hardware
External hardware refers to devices that are connected to the computer system from the
outside. Common external devices include:
• Keyboard
• Monitor
• Printer
• Scanners
• External modems
4. The Vital Components of the Systems Unit
The systems unit is the core of a computer, housing essential components that enable it to
function. Understanding these components is crucial for troubleshooting and upgrading
computer systems.
Figures 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3 illustrate the layout and connections of these vital components,
providing a visual representation of how they interact within the system.
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This document serves as a foundational guide to understanding computer hardware, its
categories, and the vital components that make up a computer system.
