PHYSICS
FORMULAS
e
Static equilibrium and elasticity
Gravitation
Hydromechanics
Oscillations
Waves
Sound
Thermodynamics
Ideal gases
Entropy and engines
Electrostatics
PART 2
STATIC EQUILIBRIUM AND ELASTTICITY
n.
=.
$)
.
-
Balance of forces
Balance of torques
Tension and compression
⑲
Shearing
Hydraulic stress
F - force (N)
T - torque (N m)
-
A - area (m 2)
E - Young’s modulus (Pa)
L/L - strain
G - shear modulus (Pa)
x/L
2 ' - shearing strain
2'
B - bulk modulus (Pa)
V/V - strain
p - pressure (Pa)
GRAVITATION
- Newton’s law of gravitation
m
Gravitational acceleration of a
particle
Acceleration difference
M Gravitational force inside a
uniform solid sphere
Gravitational potential energy
Escape velocity
Kepler’s law of periods
Kinetic energy
Total mechanical energy
·
F - force (N)
G - gravitational constant
r - distance (m)
M - mass of the spherical body (kg)
m - mass of the particle (kg)
R - radius (m)
T - period (s)
HYDROMECHANICS
·stan
Density
Pressure
Hydrostatic pressure
Pascal’s principle
Buoyancy
Apparent weight
Continuity equation
Mass flow rate
Bernoulli’s equation
p - pressure (Pa)
F - force (N)
8- density (kg/m3 )
h - depth (m)
A - area (m 2 )'
v - velocity (m/s) ⑲
m - mass (kg) I
V - volume (m3 )
E
OSCILLATIONS
-.....
in
Period
Displacement
Angular frequency
Velocity
Maximum velocity
Acceleration
Maximum acceleration
Spring constant
Linear oscillator period
Simple pendulum period
Mechanical energy
Damping force
Angular frequency of
damped oscillator
T - period (s) m - mass (kg)
f - frequency (Hz) l - length (m)
x - displacement (m) k - spring constant (N/m)
v - velocity (m/s)
a - acceleration (m/s 2 )
A - amplitude (m)
b - damping constant (kg/s)
WAVES
-
-..5
!
Displacement
Wave number
Velocity
Frequency
Angular frequency
Velocity of a wave on
a string
Average power
Wave equation
⑪ Standing wave
Frequency of a
standing waves
.
y - displacement (m) L - length (m)
A - amplitude (m) P - power (W)
n - number of nodes
k - wave number (1/m)
W - linear density (kg/m)
- wavelength (m)
f - frequency (Hz) t - time (s)
T - period (s)
B - tension (N)
SOUND
·seem
Speed of sound
Longitudinal displacement
Pressure change
Pressure amplitude
Phase difference
Constructive interference
Destructive interference
Intensity
Sound level
Beat frequercy
Doppler effect
Mach cone angle
v - velocity (m/s) L - path length difference (m)
A - amplitude (m) vD - velocity of the detector (m/s)
p - pressure (Pa) vS - velocity of the source (m/s)
I - intensity (W/m2 ) A - surface (m 2 )
k - wave number (1/m)
S - density (kg/m 3)
THERMODYNAMICS
-⑮
.
.....
Mih
-
Linear thermal expansion
Volume thermal expansion
Coefficient of volume thermal expansion
Heat
Latent heat
Work done by a gas
The first law of thermodynamics
The number of moles ·
L - change in length (m) T - temperature (K)
L - initial length (m) p - pressure (Pa)
V - change in volume (m 3 ) N - number of particles
n - number of moles (mol)
V - initial volume (m 3 )
NA - Avogadro’s constant (mol)
c - specific heat (J/kgK)
Y - coefficient of
linear expansion
3
(1/K)
IDEAL GASES
-set
Man
Ideal gas law
Work in an isothermal
.
volume change
Root mean square speed
Kinetic energy
Mean free path
y
Specific heat of a gas at
constant volume
Specific heat of a gas at constant
pressure
Internal energy
Adiabatic process
p - pressure (Pa) n - number of moles (mol)
m - mass (kg) - adiabatic constant
V - volume (m3 ) Q - heat (J)
R - gas constant (J/mol K)
k - Boltzmann constant (J/K) 8
* .
°@. a
...
v - velocity (m/s) ⑲ 585@5@°.
.
5°@ T=const.
T - temperature (K)
-
M - molar mass (g/mol)
N - number of particles ...... 0
ENTROPY AND ENGINES
-
-
h
Entropy
The second law of
thermodynamics
Efficiency of any engine
Efficiency of ideal engine
Efficiency of any
refrigerator
Efficiency of ideal
refrigerator
S - entropy (J/K) TL - temperature od the low
Q - heat (J) temperature reservoir (K)
T - temperature (K)
TH - temperature od the high
R - gas constant (J/mol K)
V - volume (m3 ) temperature reservoir (K)
n - number of moles (mol) W - work (J)
k - Boltzmann constant (J/K)
c - specific heat at constant volume (J/kgK)
ELECTROSTATICS
-
·-
Coulomb’s law
Quantization of charge
Electric field
Electric field due to a
point charge
Electric field due to an
electric dipole
Electric field due to a
line of charge
Electric field due to a
charged disk
Electric dipole momentum
Torque on electric dipole
Potential energy of a dipole
F - electric force (N) R - radius (m)
q - charge (C) - surface charge density (C/m2 )
-
r - distance (m)
E - permittivity constant (C /Nm )
2 2
q0 - test charge (C)
e - elementary charge (C)
z - distance between the point
and the centre of the dipole (m)
