LOGIC AND SEQUENTIAL CIRCUIT

DESIGN

MUHAMMAD SALMAN
SPRING, 2024
CHAPTER 3 – GATE-LEVEL MINIMIZATION

2
Introduction
• Gate-level minimization refers to the design task of
finding an optimal (best possible) gate-level
implementation of Boolean functions describing a
digital circuit.
The Map Method
• The complexity of the digital logic gates
• The complexity of the algebraic expression
• Logic minimization
• Algebraic approaches: lack specific rules
• The Karnaugh map
• A simple straight forward procedure
• A pictorial form of a truth table
• Applicable if the # of variables < 7

• A diagram made up of squares

• Each square represents one minterm
Karnaugh Map
• Simplification of Boolean Expressions
• Doesn’t guarantee simplest form of expression
• Terms are not obvious
• Skills of applying rules and laws

• K-map provides a systematic method

• An array of cells
• Used for simplifying 2, 3, 4 and 5 variable expressions
 3-Variable K-map
AB\C 0 1
A\BC 00 01 11 10

00 0 1 0 0 1 3 2

1 4 5 7 6
01 2 3

11 6 7

10 4 5
4-Variable K-map

AB\CD 00 01 11 10

00 0 1 3 2

01 4 5 7 6

11 12 13 15 14

10 8 9 11 10
Grouping & Adjacent Cells
• K-map is considered to be wrapped around

• All sides are adjacent to each other

• Groups of 2, 4, 8,16 and 32 adjacent cells are formed

• Groups can be row, column, square or rectangular.

• Groups of diagonal cells are not allowed
Mapping of Standard SOP
expression
• Selecting n-variable K-map

• 1 marked in cell for each minterm

• Remaining cells marked with 0

Mapping of Standard SOP expression
• SOP expression ABC + ABC + ABC

AB\C 0 1

00

A\BC 00 01 11 10
01

11 0

10 1
Mapping of Standard SOP expression
• SOP expression ABC + ABC + ABC

AB\C 0 1

00

A\BC 00 01 11 10
01

11 1 0

10 1 1
Mapping of Standard SOP expression
• SOP expression ABC + ABC + ABC

AB\C 0 1

00

A\BC 00 01 11 10
01

11 1 0

10 1 1 1 1
Mapping of Standard SOP expression
• SOP expression ABC + ABC + ABC

AB\C 0 1

00

A\BC 00 01 11 10
01 1

11 1 0 1

10 1 1 1 1
Mapping of Standard SOP expression
• SOP expression ABC + ABC + ABC

AB\C 0 1

00 0 0

A\BC 00 01 11 10
01 1 0

11 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

10 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
Mapping of Standard SOP expression
• SOP expression

A.B.C.D + A.B.C.D + A.B.C.D + A.B.C.D + A.B.C.D + A.B.C.D + A.B.C.D

AB\CD 00 01 11 10

00

01

11

10
Mapping of Standard SOP expression
• SOP expression

A.B.C.D + A.B.C.D + A.B.C.D + A.B.C.D + A.B.C.D + A.B.C.D + A.B.C.D

AB\CD 00 01 11 10

00 1

01 1 1 1

11 1 1

10 1
Mapping of Standard SOP expression
• SOP expression

A.B.C.D + A.B.C.D + A.B.C.D + A.B.C.D + A.B.C.D + A.B.C.D + A.B.C.D

AB\CD 00 01 11 10

00 0 1 0 0

01 1 1 0 1

11 0 1 0 1

10 1 0 0 0
Mapping of Non-Standard SOP expression

• Selecting n-variable K-map

• 1 marked in all the cells where the non standard term is present

• Remaining cells marked with 0

Mapping of Non-Standard SOP
expression
• SOP expression A + BC

AB\C 0 1

00

A\BC 00 01 11 10
01

11 0

10 1
Mapping of Non-Standard SOP
expression
• SOP expression A + BC

AB\C 0 1

00

A\BC 00 01 11 10
01

11 1 1 0

10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Mapping of Non-Standard SOP
expression
• SOP expression A + BC

AB\C 0 1

00

A\BC 00 01 11 10
01

11 1 1 0

10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Mapping of Non-Standard SOP
expression
• SOP expression A + BC

AB\C 0 1

00

A\BC 00 01 11 10
01 1

11 1 1 0 1

10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Mapping of Non-Standard SOP
expression
• SOP expression A + BC

AB\C 0 1

00 0 0

A\BC 00 01 11 10
01 1 0

11 1 1 0 0 0 0 1

10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Mapping of Non-Standard SOP
expression
• SOP expression D + AC + BC

AB\CD 00 01 11 10

00

01

11

10
Mapping of Non-Standard SOP
expression
• SOP expression D + AC + BC

AB\CD 00 01 11 10

00 1 1

01 1 1

11 1 1

10 1 1
Mapping of Non-Standard SOP
expression
• SOP expression D + AC + BC

AB\CD 00 01 11 10

00 1 1

01 1 1

11 1 1

10 1 1
Mapping of Non-Standard SOP
expression
• SOP expression D + AC + BC

AB\CD 00 01 11 10

00 1 1

01 1 1

11 1 1 1

10 1 1 1
Mapping of Non-Standard SOP
expression
• SOP expression D + AC + BC

AB\CD 00 01 11 10

00 1 1

01 1 1

11 1 1 1

10 1 1 1
Mapping of Non-Standard SOP
expression
• SOP expression D + AC + BC

AB\CD 00 01 11 10

00 1 1

01 1 1 1

11 1 1 1 1

10 1 1 1
Mapping of Non-Standard SOP
expression
• SOP expression D + AC + BC

AB\CD 00 01 11 10

00 0 1 1 0

01 0 1 1 1

11 1 1 1 1

10 1 1 1 0
Simplification of SOP expressions
using K-map
• Mapping of expression

• Forming of Groups of 1s

• Each group represents product term

• 3-variable K-map
• 1 cell group yields a 3 variable product term
• 2 cell group yields a 2 variable product term
• 4 cell group yields a 1 variable product term
• 8 cell group yields a value of 1 for function
Simplification of SOP expressions
using K-map
• 4-variable K-map
• 1 cell group yields a 4 variable product term
• 2 cell group yields a 3 variable product term
• 4 cell group yields a 2 variable product term
• 8 cell group yields a 1 variable product term
• 16 cell group yields a value of 1 for function
Two-Variable Map
• A two-variable map
• Four minterms
• x' = row 0; x = row 1
• y' = column 0; y = column 1
• A truth table in square
diagram
Figure 3.1 Two-variable Map
• Fig. 3.2(a): xy = m3
• Fig. 3.2(b): x+y = x'y+xy' +xy
= m1+m2+m3

Figure 3.2 Representation of functions in the map

A Three-variable Map
• A three-variable map
• Eight minterms
• The Gray code sequence
• Any two adjacent squares in the map differ by only
on variable
• Primed in one square and unprimed in the other
• e.g., m5 and m7 can be simplified
• m5+ m7 = xy'z + xyz = xz (y'+y) = xz

Figure 3.3 Three-variable Map

A Three-variable Map
• m0 and m2 (m4 and m6) are adjacent
• m0+ m2 = x'y'z' + x'yz' = x'z' (y'+y) = x'z'
• m4+ m6 = xy'z' + xyz' = xz' (y'+y) = xz'
Example 3.1
• Simplify the Boolean function F(x, y, z) = (2, 3, 4, 5)
• F(x, y, z) = (2, 3, 4, 5) = x'y + xy'

Figure 3.4 Map for Example 3-1, F(x, y, z) = Σ(2, 3, 4, 5) = x'y + xy'
Example 3.2
• Simplify F(x, y, z) = (3, 4, 6, 7)
• F(x, y, z) = (3, 4, 6, 7) = yz+ xz'

Figure 3.5 Map for Example 3-2; F(x, y, z) = Σ(3, 4, 6, 7) = yz + xz'

Four adjacent Squares
• Consider four adjacent squares
• 2, 4, and 8 squares
• m0+m2+m4+m6 = x'y'z'+x'yz'+xy'z'+xyz' = x'z'(y'+y) +xz'(y'+y) = x'z' + xz' = z'
• m1+m3+m5+m7 = x'y'z+x'yz+xy'z+xyz =x'z(y'+y) + xz(y'+y) =x'z + xz = z

Figure 3.3 Three-variable Map

Example 3.3
• Simplify F(x, y, z) = S(0, 2, 4, 5, 6)
• F(x, y, z) = S(0, 2, 4, 5, 6) = z'+ xy'

Figure 3.6 Map for Example 3-3, F(x, y, z) = Σ(0, 2, 4, 5, 6) = z' +xy'
Example 3.4
• let F = A'C + A'B + AB'C + BC
a) Express it in sum of minterms.
b) Find the minimal sum of products expression.
F(A, B, C) = (1, 2, 3, 5, 7) = C + A'B

Figure 3.7 Map for Example 3-4, A'C + A'B + AB'C + BC = C + A'B
Four-Variable Map
• The map
• 16 minterms
• Combinations of 2, 4, 8, and 16 adjacent squares

Figure 3.8 Four-variable Map

 Example 3.5
• Simplify F(w, x, y, z) = (0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14)

F = y'+w'z'+xz'

Figure 3.9 Map for Example 3-5; F(w, x, y, z) = Σ(0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14) = y' + w' z' +xz'
Example 3.6
• Simplify F = ABC + BCD + ABCD + ABC

Figure 3.9 Map for Example 3-6; ABC + BCD + ABCD + ABC=
BD + BC +ACD