Regression
SCATTERPLOTS AND REGRESSION
1. The table gives weight in pounds and length in inches for 3-month-old
baby girls. Graph the points from the table in a scatterplot and describe
the trend.
Weight (lbs) Length (in)
9.7 21.6
10.2 22.1
12.4 23.6
13.6 25.1
9.8 22.4
11.2 23.9
14.1 25.8
2. The following values have been computed for a data set of 14 points.
Calculate the line of best fit.
∑
x = 86
∑
y = 89.7
∑
xy = 680.46
x 2 = 654.56
∑
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3. For the data set given in the table, calculate each of the following
values:
x ,(
∑ )
2
2
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
n, x, y, xy, x
Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Temperature 73 73 75 75 77 79 79 81 81 81 77 75
4. Use the Average Global Sea Surface Temperatures data shown in the
table to create a line of best fit for the data. Consider 1910 as year 10. Use
the equation to predict the average global sea surface temperature in the
year 2050.
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Year Temperature, F
1910 -1.11277
1920 -0.71965
1930 -0.58358
1940 -0.17977
1950 -0.55318
1960 -0.30358
1970 -0.30863
1980 0.077197
1990 0.274842
2000 0.232502
2010 0.612718
5. Compare the scatterplots. The second graph includes extra data
starting in 1880. How does this compare to the plot that only shows 1910 to
2010? Explain trends in the data, and how the regression line changes by
adding in these extra points. Which trend line would be best for predicting
the temperature in 2050?
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Average Global Sea Surface Temperatures, 1910-2010
0.9
0.6
0.3
Temperature
-0.3
-0.6
-0.9
-1.2
-1.5
1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
Year
Average Global Sea Surface Temperatures, 1880-2010
0.9
0.6
0.3
Temperature
-0.3
-0.6
-0.9
-1.2
-1.5
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
Year
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6. A small coffee shop wants to know how hot chocolate sales are
affected by daily temperature. Find the rate of change of hot chocolate
sales, with respect to temperature.
Daily Temperature, F Hot Chocolate Sales
28 110
29 115
31 108
33 103
45 95
48 93
55 82
57 76
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CORRELATION COEFFICIENT AND THE RESIDUAL
1. What does the shape of this residual plot tell us about the line of best
fit that was created for the data?
2. What does the shape of this residual plot tell us about the line of best
fit that was created for the data?
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3. Calculate and interpret the correlation coefficient for the data set.
x y
54 0.162
57 0.127
62 0.864
77 0.895
81 0.943
93 1.206
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4. Calculate the residuals, draw the residual plot, and interpret the
results. Compare the results to the r-value in the previous problem. The
equation of the line of best fit for the data is
ŷ = 0.0257x − 1.1142
x y
54 0.162
57 0.127
62 0.864
77 0.895
81 0.943
93 1.206
5. The table shows average global sea surface temperature by year.
Calculate and interpret the correlation coefficient for the data set. Leave
the years as they are.
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Year Temperature, F
1880 -0.47001
1890 -0.88758
1900 -0.48331
1910 -1.11277
1920 -0.71965
1930 -0.58358
1940 -0.17977
1950 -0.55318
1960 -0.30358
1970 -0.30863
1980 0.077197
1990 0.274842
2000 0.232502
2010 0.612718
6. Calculate the residuals and create the residual plot for the data in the
table. Compare this with the r-value we calculated in the last question and
interpret the results. Use the equation for the regression line
ŷ = 0.0143x − 28.332.
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Year Temperature, F
1880 -0.47001
1890 -0.88758
1900 -0.48331
1910 -1.11277
1920 -0.71965
1930 -0.58358
1940 -0.17977
1950 -0.55318
1960 -0.30358
1970 -0.30863
1980 0.077197
1990 0.274842
2000 0.232502
2010 0.612718
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COEFFICIENT OF DETERMINATION AND RMSE
1. Linda read an article about the predictions of high school students and
their GPA. The article studied three factors, the number of volunteer
organizations each student participated in, the number of hours spent on
homework, and the student’s individual scores on standardized tests.
The article concluded that the number of hours spent on homework are
the best predictor of GPA, because they found 24 % of the variance in GPA
to be from hours spent on homework, 15 % from the number of volunteer
organizations, and 11.5 % from individual scores on standardized tests.
What is the coefficient of determination for the line-of-best-fit that has y
-values of high school GPA and x-values of hours spent on homework? Is
the line of best fit a good predictor of the data? Why or why not?
2. For the data in the table, calculate the sum of the squared residuals
based on the mean of the y-values.
x y
1 3.1
2 3.4
3 3.7
4 3.9
5 4.1
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3. Use the same data as the previous question to calculate the sum of
the squared residuals based on the least squares regression line,
ŷ = 0.25x + 2.89.
4. Based on the previous two questions, in which we found the sum of
the squared residuals based on the mean of the y-values and then the line
of best fit, what percentage of error did we eliminate by using the least
squares line? What is the term for this error?
5. What is the RMSE of the data set and what does it mean?
x y
1 3.1
2 3.4
3 3.7
4 3.9
5 4.1
6. Calculate the RMSE for the data set, given that the least squares line is
ŷ = 0.0028x + 1.2208.
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x y
5 1.25
10 1.29
12 1.17
15 1.24
17 1.32
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CHI-SQUARE TESTS
1. We want to know whether a person’s geographic region of the United
State affects their preference of cell phone brand. We randomly sample
people across the country and ask them about their brand preference.
What can we conclude using a chi-square test at 95 % confidence?
iPhone Android Other Totals
Northeast 72 33 8 113
Southeast 48 26 7 81
Midwest 107 50 10 167
Northwest 59 33 10 102
Southwest 61 27 9 97
Totals 347 169 44 560
2. A beverage company wants to know if gender affects which of their
products people prefer. They take a random sample of fewer than 10 % of
their customers, and ask them in a blind taste test which beverage they
prefer. What can the company conclude using a chi-square test at α = 0.1?
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Beverage
A B C Totals
Men 35 34 31 100
Women 31 33 36 100
Totals 66 67 67 200
3. A coffee company wants to know whether or not drink and pastry
choice are related among their customers. The company randomly
sampled fewer than 10 % of their customers, and recorded their drink and
pastry orders. What can the restaurant conclude using a chi-square test at
99 % confidence?
Bagel Muffin Totals
Coffee 38 34 72
Tea 25 29 54
Totals 63 63 126
4. A school district wants to know whether or not GPA is affected by
elective preference. They randomly sampled fewer than 10 % of their
students, and recorded their elective preference an GPA. What can the
school district conclude using a chi-square test at α = 0.1?
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GPA range
<2 2 3 4+ Totals
Music 12 26 31 34 103
Theater 21 22 23 21 87
Art 36 29 29 32 126
Totals 69 77 83 87 316
5. An airline wants to know if people travel constantly throughout the
year, or if travel is more concentrated at specific times. They recorded
flights taken each quarter, and recorded them in a table (in hundreds of
thousands). What can the airline conclude using a chi-square test at 95 %
confidence?
Quarter Jan-Mar Apr-Jun Jul-Sep Oct-Dec Total
Flights 3.97 4.58 4.73 5.14 18.42
6. A sandwich company wants to know how their sales are affected by
time of day. They recorded sandwiches sold during each part of the day.
What can the sandwich company conclude using a chi-square test at
α = 0.1?
Time of day Midday Afternoon Evening Total
Sales 213 208 221 642
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