Grade 9 Chemistry
Revision guide for Grade 9 End Year exam 2023-24
Acids bases and salt
Define
Titration: It is used to prepare salts of very reactive metals, Ex: NaCl
Acids: Acids are proton donors Ex: HCL
Base: Bases are proton acceptors Ex NaOH
Alkali: Substances that dissolve in water and giving out OH - ions which
turns red litmus paper blue are called alkalis.
Salt: is a compound that has been formed when all the hydrogen ions of an acid
have been replaced by metal ions or by the ammonium ions (NH4+). They can be
soluble or insoluble in water
Properties of acids and bases
Acids
Substances that dissolve in water and giving out H + ions
which turns blue litmus paper red are called acids.
They show a pH below 7
Example: HCL (Hydrochloric acid)
Alkali/bases
Substances that dissolve in water and giving out OH - ions
which turns red litmus paper blue are called alkalis.
They show a pH above 7.
Bases: CuO (Copper oxide)
Alkali: NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide)
Alkalis are the part of bases and all alkalis are bases.
All bases are not soluble in water. So, that are soluble in
water are called alkalis and that have excess of OH - ions present in
it.
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Distinguish between strong acids and weak acids with examples [also pH values]
Strong Acid Weak acid
Acids that completely dissociated into Acids that partially dissociate into ions
ions in aqueous solution in aqueous solution
pH of strong acid is very low pH of weak acid is between 3-5
produces maximum high concentration it produces low concentration of H +
of H + ions ions
Better conductor of electricity Poor conductor of electricity
Examples: Hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid Examples: Ethanoic acid, citric acid
Distinguish between strong alkali and weak alkali with examples [also pH values]
Strong alkali Weak alkali
Alkalis that completely dissociated into Alkalis that partially dissociate into ions
ions in aqueous solution in aqueous solution
pH of strong acid is high pH of weak acid is low between 7-10
produces maximum high concentration it produces low concentration of OH
of OH ions ions
Better conductor of electricity Poor conductor of electricity
Examples: Potassium hydroxide Examples: Ammonium solution
Ionization of strong acid (HCl →H + + Cl-)
Ionization of weak acid (ethanoic acid CH3COOH ↔ CH3COO- + H +) (The
reaction is reversible)
pH values of acids, alkalis
2
indicators, colour change in acids and bases.
indicators In acids neutral In alkali
litmus Red purple blue
Methyl orange Red orange yellow
phenolphthalein Colourless colourless blue
How to prepare a soluble salt
There are four general methods of preparing soluble salts. These involve the react
of an acid with:
i) Excess Soluble metal + acid
(Example Mg + HCl)
ii)Titration using two soluble salts.
iii)excess Insoluble base and acid
Metal oxide + acid (Copper oxide + HCl)
Matal carbonate + acid (copper carbonate + HCl)
Metal hydroxide + acid (copper hydroxide + HCl)
The steps to prepare each salt (Filtration, evaporation, crystallisation)
3
1. metal + Acid
This method can be only used with less reactive metals, as metals like
sodium would react vigorously. MAZIT metals are used:
M agnesium, A luminum , Z in, I ron, T in
2. Acid + insoluble base
This method is used to prepare salts of an unreactive metal, such as lead or
copper. Copper will not react with dilute sulfuric acid. So to make copper(Isulfate,
you must start with a base such as copper(II) oxide, which is insoluble. The
reaction that takes place is:
CuO (s)+ H2SO4 (aq) CuSO4 (aq) +H2O (l)
Some warming of contents may be necessary to increase the rate of the reaction
Soluble Salts from Excess Insoluble Bases (metal, metal oxide, carbonates)
1. Warm acid (increases the speed of reaction)
2. Add an excess reactant + stir
3. Filter mixture
4. Transfer to evaporating basin
5. Heat using a Bunsen burner
6. Leave to cool until crystallization point
7. Wash crystals with distilled water
8. Dry crystals on filter paper
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3) Acid + Alkali (soluble base)
This method is generally used for preparing salts of very reactive metals,
such as sodium or potassium
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Why do we add the metal oxide in excess when you prepare a soluble salt?
To make sure all the acids have reacted
What is the purpose of filtration?
excess copper oxide can easily be removed by filtration as it is insoluble. /remove
the excess base that has not reacted
What is the purpose of crystallisation?
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Crystallize the solution. So that we get a pure sample of solid salt at the end of the
reaction, we need to crystallize the solution.
Preparation of insoluble salts:
How to prepare an insoluble salt from two soluble salts?
(two soluble salts)
Write examples of insoluble salts and write their formulae
Ex: silver chloride
Barium sulfate
Lead chloride
The steps involved
Filter, wash the precipitate, dry
Name the process by which an insoluble solid salt is produced by mixing two
soluble salts. Ans: precipitation
Name the apparatus used in titration for measuring an acid- burette
Name the apparatus used in titration for measuring an alkali-volumetric pipette
Name the apparatus used for collecting gas while measuring rate of reaction-gas
syringe
What is neutralization?
A neutralisation reaction occurs between an acid and a base to produce water and
salt
Define Saturated solution.
7
A solution containing the maximum concentration of a solute dissolved in the
solvent at a given temperature
What are Basic oxides? Write examples, properties.
Ans: They are oxides of metals; They react with acids to form salt and water. They
change the universal indicator blue to purple.
Similarly, acidic oxides are oxides of non-metals. They react with bases to form
salt and water. Colour in universal indicator is blue to purple.
Amphoteric oxides react with both acids and bases to form salt and water.
Learn test for
anion (carbonate
CO3) Test for
halides (colours
of precipitate)
[ the table for
soluble salts]
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Test of anions
Anion Test Test result
Carbonate (co3) Add dilute acid Effervescence -CO2
produced
Chloride Cl- Add dilute nitric acid, White precipitate
then add aq silver nitrate
Bromide Br- Add dilute nitric acid, A cream precipitate
then add aq silver nitrate
Iodide (I-) Add dilute nitric acid, A yellow precipitate
then add aq silver nitrate
What will be colour of the precipitate formed with acid and silver nitrate for the
following? [refer to the table]
a. Chloride----------------------
b. Bromide ------------------------
c. Iodide--------------------------
Reversible reactions
CuSO4 .5H2 O ↔ CuSO4 +5 H2 0
Blue white
CoCl2.6H2 O ↔ CoCl 2 +6 H2 O
Pink blue
Write the steps to prepare a soluble salt.
1.add excess of solute into the solution
2.filtration (to remove the unreacted solute from the solution and to get the clear
solution of the salt)
3. evaporate (to obtain the pure salt)
Why do we allow the saturated solution to cool ?
When you cool the solution the solubilty of the solute decreases.so it started
forming crystals.
