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GATE PHYSICS 2022 SOLUTION
General Aptitude
Q1. – Q5. Carry ONE mark each.
Q1. You should _________ when to say _________
(A) no / no (B) no / know
(C) know / know (D) know / no
Ans.: (d)
Solution: Have the sentence will be 'You should know when to say no'.
Q2. Two straight lines pass through the origin  x0 , y0    0,0  . One of them passes through the point

 x1 , y1   1,3 and the other passes through the point  x2 , y2   1, 2  .

What is the area enclosed between the straight lines in the interval  0,1 on the x -axis?

(A) 0.5 (B) 1.0 (C) 1.5 (D) 2.0

Ans.: (a)
Solution: They required area is the triangular area shaded in the figure.
From co-ordinate geometry area of a triangle is
y
Area = [𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦 ) + 𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦 ) + 𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦 )] 1,3
3
Therefore, 2
1 1, 2 
Area = [0(2 − 3) + 1(3 − 0) + 1(0 − 2)]
1 1 x
= [3 − 2] = × 1 = 0.5  0, 0  1 2 3
2 2
Q3. If
p : q  1: 2
q:r  4:3

r : s  4:5
and u 50% more than s , what is the ratio p : u ?
(A) 2 :15 (B) 16 :15 (C) 1:1 (D) 16 : 45
Ans.: (d)
Solution:
𝑝 𝑞 𝑟 1 4 4 𝑝 8
× × = × × ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑝: 𝑠 = 8: 15
𝑞 𝑟 𝑠 2 3 5 𝑠 15
From the question =

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Therefore
𝑝 𝑠 8 2 16
× = × =
𝑠 4 15 93 45
𝑝 16
Q4. Given
⇒ the
= statements:
⇒ 𝑝: 4 = 16: 45
4 45
 P is the sister of Q.
 Q is the husband of R.
 R is the mother of S.
 T is the husband of P.
Based on the above information, T is ______ of S.
(A) the grandfather (B) an uncle (C) the father (D) a brother
Ans.: (b)
Solution: We devoted by an arrowed line the husband wife relation and by an unnarrowed line brother
sister relation. The vertical lime denotes the

T  P  Q  R  

S  

parent- siblings relation, from the figure we see that 𝑇 is an uncle of 𝑆.

Q5. In the following diagram, the point R is the center of the circle.
The lines PQ and ZV are tangential to the circle. The relation
among the areas of the squares, PXWR, RUVZ and SPQT is
(A) Area of SPQT = Area of RUVZ = Area of PXWR
(B) Area of SPQT = Area of PXWR – Area of RUVZ
(C) Area of PXWR = Area of SPQT – Area of RUVZ
(D) Area of PXWR = Area of RUVZ – Area of SPQT
Ans.: (b)
Solution: 𝑃𝑄𝑅 is a right -angled triangle. The three squares are formed on sides 𝑃𝑄, 𝑄𝑅 and 𝑃𝑄: of (1)
this triangle. Therefore
qr(𝑃 × 𝑊𝑅) = q𝑟(𝑆𝑃𝑄𝑇) + q𝑟(𝑅 ∪ 𝑉𝑍)
⇒ qr(𝑆𝑃𝑄𝑇) = q𝑟(𝑃 × 𝑊𝑅) − q𝑟(𝑅 ∪∨ 𝑍)

Q6. – Q10. Carry TWO marks each.

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Q6. Healthy eating is a critical component of healthy aging. When should one start eating healthy? It
turns out that it is never too early. For example, babies who start eating healthy in the first year
are more likely to have better overall health as they get older.
Which one of the following is the CORRECT logical inference based on the information in the
above passage?
(A) Healthy eating is important for those with good health conditions, but not for others
(B) Eating healthy can be started at any age, earlier the better
(C) Eating healthy and better overall health are more correlated at a young age, but not older age
(D) Healthy eating is more important for adults than kids
Ans.: (b)
Solution: From the passage it is clear that Eating healthy can be started at any age. Also form the passage
it is clear that the earlier the better.
Q7. P invested ₹ 5000 per month for 6 months of a year and Q invested ₹ 𝑥 per month for 8 months
of the year in a partnership business. The profit is shared in proportion to the total investment
made in that year.
If at the end of that investment year, Q receives of the total profit, what is the value of 𝑥 (in ₹)?
(A) 2500 (B) 3000 (C) 4687 (D) 8437
Ans.: (b)
Solution: Total investment for 𝑃 = 5000 × 6 = 30000 rupees
Total investment of 𝑄 = 8 × 𝑥 = 8𝑥 rupees
Ratio of profits = 30000: 8𝑥 = 3750: 𝑥
From the question
4 𝑥𝑦 4 𝑥
𝑦= ⇒ =
9 3750 + 𝑥 9 3750 + 𝑥
where 𝑦 is the assumed total profit.
⇒ 4(3750 + 𝑥) = 9𝑥 ⇒ 5𝑥 = 3750 × 4
3750 × 4
⇒𝑥= = 750 × 4 = 3000
5

Q8.

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The above frequency chart shows the frequency distribution of marks obtained by a set of
students in an exam.
From the data presented above, which one of the following is CORRECT?
(A) mean > mode > median (B) mode > median > mean
(C) mode > mean > median (D) median > mode > mean
Ans.: (b)
Solution:
3 × 3 + 4 × 9 + 5 × 11 + 6 × 7 + 7 × 14 + 8 × 2 + 9 × 4
Mean =
3 + 9 + 11 + 7 + 14 + 2 + 4
292
= = 5.89
50
Median = Mean of 25 th and 26 th observation
6+𝑐
= =6
2
Mode = 14
Therefore, mode > median > mem

Q9. In the square grid shown on the left, a person standing at P2 position is required to move to P5
position.

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The only movement allowed for a step involves, “two moves along one direction followed by one
move in a perpendicular direction”. The permissible directions for movement are shown as
dotted arrows in the right.
For example, a person at a
given position Y can move only
to the positions marked X on
the right.
Without occupying any of the
shaded squares at the end of
each step, the minimum
number of steps required to go from P2 to P5 is
(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 7
Ans.: (b)
Q10. Consider a cube made by folding a single sheet of paper of appropriate
shape.
The interior faces of the cube are all blank. However, the exterior faces
that are not visible in the above view may not be blank.
Which one of the following represents a possible unfolding of the cube?

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

Ans.: ()

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Q11. – Q35. Carry ONE mark Each
Q11. For the Op-Amp circuit shown below, choose the correct output waveform corresponding to the
input Vin  1.5sin 20 t (in Volts). The saturation voltage for this circuit is Vsat  10 V .

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

Topic: Electronics
Sub topic: OpAmp
Ans. 11: (a)
Solution: Given circuit is an Schmitt Trigger circuit. So, in this configuration the output will always be
limited between V sat to  V sat .

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Q12. Match the order of  - decays given in the left column to appropriate clause in the right column.

Here X  I   and Y  I   are nuclei with intrinsic spin I and parity  .

1 𝑋 →𝑌 i) First forbidden 𝛽-decay

2 𝑋 →𝑌 ii) Second forbidden 𝛽-decay

3 𝑋(3 ) → 𝑌(0 ) iii) Third forbidden 𝛽-decay

4 𝑋(4 ) → 𝑌(0 ) iv) Allowed 𝛽-decay
Topic: Nuclear Physics
Sub topic: Radioactivity
Ans. 12: (b)
Solution: (1) I  0   No Which is allowed by  decay
(2) I  2   Yes Which indicates the First forbidden 𝛽 - decay
(3) I  3   No No Second forbidden 𝛽 - decay
(4) I  4   YES Third forbidden 𝛽-decay
Q13. What is the maximum number of free independent real parameters specifying an 𝑛 dimensional
orthogonal matrix?
( ) ( )
(a) 𝑛(𝑛 − 2) (b) (𝑛 − 1) (c) (d)

Topic: Mathematical Physics

Sub topic: Matrix
Ans. 13: (c)
a b
Solution: Consider a 2 × 2 orthogonal matrix A  
c d 

Since, 𝐴 is a matrix is orthogonal. Thus, it will satisfy the following relation

AT A  I
T
a b  a b 
c d  c d   I
   
𝑎 +𝑐 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑐𝑑 = 𝐼 = 1 0
𝑎𝑏 + 𝑐𝑑 𝑏 +𝑑 0 1
From the above equation , we will have following constraint a 2  c 2  1, b 2  d 2  1
These are the two constraints on diagonal elements.
Also, ac  bd  0 is one constraint on the value of diagonal elements. This will make one more

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component dependent.
Thus, the independent component of A is 4  3  1
For n  n matrix.
The total component is n 2 .
The number of constraint along diagonal is n
n(n  1)
The number of constraint along off diagonal is nC2 
2
n( n  1) n( n  1)
Thus, the total number of independent component n 2  n  
2 2
Q14. An excited state of Ca atom is [Mg]3p 4 s 3 d . The spectroscopic terms corresponding to the
total orbital angular momentum are
(a) S, P, and D (b) P, D, and F (c) 𝑃 and 𝐷 (d) S and P
Topic: Atomic Physics
Sub topic: L-S Coupling
Ans. 14: (b)
Solution: It is worthy to mentioned here that the core shell electrons and 4s electron of Mg should be
ignored to calculate its spectroscopic term. We have to consider only the p electron, ( l1  1) and

d electron (l2  2) Thus, total orbital angular momentum can be written as

L  l1  l2 .... l1  l2  3, 2,1  D, P, S

Q15. On the surface of a spherical shell enclosing a charge free region, the electrostatic potential
values are as follows: One quarter of the area has potential 𝜙 , another quarter has potential
2𝜙 and the rest has potential 4𝜙 . The potential at the centre of the shell is (You can use a
property of the solution of Laplace's equation.)

(a) 𝜙 (b) 𝜙 (c) 𝜙 (d) 𝜙

Ans. 15: (a)

Solution:

𝑉 (𝑟, 𝜃) = 𝐴 𝑟 𝑃 (cos 𝜃) = 𝐴 𝑟 𝑃 (cos 𝜃) + 𝐴 𝑟 𝑃 (cos 𝜃) + ⋯

𝑉 (𝑟, 𝜃) = 𝐴 + 𝐴 𝑟𝑃 (cos 𝜃) + ⋯
𝑉 (0, 𝜃) = 𝐴 + 𝐴 × 0 + ⋯ All other terms are zero.
Thus potential at centre is only decided by 𝐴 ; 𝐴 = ?
Also, it can be shown that surface area of sphere from 0 = 0 to and = and to 𝜋 is

respectively 𝜋𝑅 , 𝜋𝑅 and 2𝜋𝑅

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𝑉 (𝑟, 𝜃) = 𝐴 𝑟 𝑃 (cos 𝜃) = 𝐴 𝑟 𝑃 (cos 𝜃) + 𝐴 𝑟 𝑃 (cos 𝜃) + ⋯

𝑉 (𝑟, 𝜃) = 𝐴 + 𝐴 𝑟𝑃 (cos 𝜃) + ⋯
𝑉 (0, 𝜃) = 𝐴 + 𝐴 × 0 + ⋯ All other terms are zero.
Thus potential at centre is only decided by 𝐴 ; 𝐴 = ?
Also, it can be shown that surface area of sphere from 0 = 0 to and = and to 𝜋 is

respectively 𝜋𝑅 , 𝜋𝑅 and 2𝜋𝑅

𝜙 , 0<𝜃<
⎧ ⎫
Let's apply the boundary condition, which is 𝑉(𝑅, 𝜃) = 2𝜙 , <𝜃<
⎨ ⎬
⎩4𝜙 , < 𝜃 < 𝜋⎭

Thus 𝑉(𝑅, 𝜃) = ∑𝐴 𝑅 𝑃 (cos 𝜃)

Now 𝐴 = ∫ 𝑉(𝑅, 𝜃)𝑃 (cos 𝜃)sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃

As we only want 𝐴
2×0+1
⇒𝐴 = 𝑉(𝑅, 𝜃)𝑃 (cos 𝜃)sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃
2𝑅
𝑃 (cos 𝜃) = 1
1 / /
𝐴 = ∫ 𝜙 (sin 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 + ∫ /
2𝜙 (sin 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 + ∫ /
(𝜙 )sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃
2
/ /
𝐴 = 𝜙 × −|cos 𝜃| + 2𝜙 × −|cos 𝜃| / + 4𝜙 × −|cos 𝜃| /

1 1 1
⇒𝐴 = 𝜙 − 1 − 2𝜙 − + 0 + 4𝜙
2 2 2
( )
⇒𝐴 = + + 𝜙 + 4𝜙 = = 𝜙 = 𝜙 .

As 𝑉in (0, 𝜃) = 𝐴 , Potential at centre = 𝜙

Topic: Electromagnetic theory

Sub topic : Electrostatic
Q16. A point charge 𝑞 is performing simple harmonic oscillations of amplitude 𝐴 at angular frequency
𝜔. Using Larmor's formula, the power radiated by the charge is proportional to
(a) 𝑞𝜔 𝐴 (b) 𝑞𝜔 𝐴 (c) 𝑞 𝜔 𝐴 (d) 𝑞 𝜔 𝐴 𝜔
Topic: Electromagnetic theory
Sub topic : Radiation
Ans. 16: (d)
Solution: We know that p (t )  qx (t ) , p (t )  qA cos( t ) ⇒ 𝑝¨ α − 𝑞𝐴𝜔
⟨𝑃⟩ ∝ (𝑝¨) ∝ 𝑞 𝐴

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Q17. Which of the following relationship between the internal energy 𝑈 and the Helmholtz's free
energy 𝐹 is true?

(a) 𝑈 = −𝑇 (b) 𝑈 = +𝑇 (c) 𝑈 = +𝑇 (d) 𝑈 = −𝑇

Topic: Thermodynamics
Sub topic : Maxwell relation
Ans. 17: (a)
Solution: The free energy can be written as follows
F  U TS
dF  SdT  PdV  Since, dU  TdS  PdV 
Now, The differentiation of above equation with respect to temperature at constant volume will
provide entropy S as follows

𝑆=− ,𝐹 =𝑈+𝑇 , 𝑈 =𝐹−𝑇

Now = − =− 𝐹−𝑇

∂𝐹 ∂ 𝐹
𝑈 =𝐹−𝑇 = −𝑇
∂𝑇 ∂𝑇 𝑇

Q18. If nucleons in a nucleus are considered to be confined in a three-dimensional cubical box, then
the first four magic numbers are
(a) 2,8,20,28 (b) 2,8,16,24 (c) 2,8,14,20 (d) 2,10,16,28
Topic: Nuclear Physics
Sub topic : Shell model
Ans. 18: (c)
Solution: The energy of cubical box having side L can be written as follows
ħ
𝐸 = 𝑛 +𝑛 +𝑛

Where n x  1, 2, 3, 4,..

ny  1, 2,3,4,.. nz  1,2,3,4,..

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Combination nx ny nz No.of satying Nucleons Magic No
1 1 1 1 2 2

2 1 1 2 2
1 2 1 2
2 2 1 2 8

3 1 1 3 2
1 3 1 2
3 1 1 2 14
So on....
Q19. Consider the ordinary differential equation
𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 = 0
and its solution 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 . Then
(a) 𝑎 = 0, 𝑐 = −2𝑏 ≠ 0 (b) 𝑐 = −2𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑏 = 0
(c) 𝑏 = −2𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑐 = 0 (d) 𝑐 = 2𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑏 = 0
Topic: Mathematical Physics
Sub topic : Differential equation
Ans. 19: (b)
Solution: 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 = 0 ____(1)
Given solution 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑏 + 2𝑐𝑥
𝑦 = 2𝑐
Put the value of 𝑦, 𝑦 and 𝑦 𝑚(1), we get
2𝑐 − 2𝑥[𝑏 + 2𝑐𝑥] + 4[𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 ] = 0
2𝑐 − 2𝑏𝑥 − 4𝑐𝑥 + 4𝑎 + 4𝑏𝑥 + 4𝑐𝑥 = 0
2𝑏𝑥 + (2𝑐 + 4𝑎) = 0
⇒ 𝑏 = 0 and 2𝑐 + 4𝑎 = 0
⇒ 𝑐 = −2𝑎
Thus, 𝑏 = 0 and 𝑐 = −2𝑎

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Q20. For an Op-Amp based negative feedback, non-inverting amplifier, which of the following
statements are true?
(a) Closed loop gain < Open loop gain
(b) Closed loop bandwidth < Open loop bandwidth
(c) Closed loop input impedance > Open loop input impedance
(d) Closed loop output impedance < Open loop output impedance
Ans. 20: (a), (c) and (d)
Topic: Electronics
Sub topic : OpAmp
Q21. From the pairs of operators given below, identify the ones which commute. Here 𝑙 and 𝑗
correspond to the orbital angular momentum and the total angular momentum, respectively.
(a) 𝑙 , 𝑗 (b) 𝑗 , 𝑗 (c) 𝑗 , 𝑙 (d) 𝑙 , 𝑗
Ans. 21: (a), (b) and (d)
Topic: Quantum mechanics
Sub topic : Angular momentum
Q22. For normal Zeeman lines observed ∥ and ⊥ to the magnetic field applied to an atom, which of the
following statements are true?
(a) Only 𝜋-lines are observed ∥ to the field
(b) 𝜎-lines ⊥ to the field are plane polarized
(c) 𝜋-lines ⊥ to the field are plane polarized
(d) Only 𝜎-lines are observed ∥ to the field
Topic: Atomic Physics
Sub topic : Zeeman Effect
Ans. 22 (b), (c) and (d)
Solution: The following diagram clearly shows that
𝜎-lines ⊥ to the field are plane polarized z

𝜋-lines ⊥ to the field are plane polarized 

Only 𝜎-lines are observed ∥ to the field 

B   


 


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Q23. Pauli spin matrices satisfy
(a) 𝜎 𝜎 − 𝜎 𝜎 = 𝑖𝜖 𝜎 (b) 𝜎 𝜎 − 𝜎 𝜎 = 2𝑖𝜖 𝜎
(c) 𝜎 𝜎 + 𝜎 𝜎 = 𝜖 𝜎 (d) 𝜎 𝜎 + 𝜎 𝜎 = 2𝛿
Topic: Quantum Mechanics
Sub topic : Angular momentum
Ans. 23: (b) and (d)
Solution: General anti commutator relation.
Let us verify option (b)
 x x   x x  2i xx   0 [Since,  xx  0]

Also,
𝜎 𝜎 − 𝜎 𝜎 = 2𝑖𝜎
0 1 0 −𝑖
𝜎 = ;𝜎 =
1 0 𝑖 0
0 1 0 −𝑖 0 −𝑖 0 1
𝜎 𝜎 −𝜎 𝜎 = −
1 0 𝑖 0 𝑖 0 1 0
𝑖 0 −𝑖 0 2𝑖 0
= − = = 2𝑖𝜎
0 −𝑖 0 𝑖 0 −2𝑖
Let us verify the relation in option (d)

 x x   x x  2 [Since, x2  I ]
0 𝑖 0 −𝑖 0 −𝑖 0 1
𝜎 𝜎 +𝜎 𝜎 = +
𝑖 0 𝑖 0 𝑖 0 1 0
𝑖 0 −𝑖 0 0 0
= + =
0 −𝑖 0 𝑖 0 0
But, option (a) and (c) will not satisfy the following relation.
Thus, option (b) and (d) are correct option.
Q24. For the refractive index 𝑛 = 𝑛 (𝜔) + in (𝜔) of a material, which of the following statements
are correct?
(a) 𝑛 can be obtained from 𝑛 and vice versa
(b) 𝑛 could be zero
(c) 𝑛 is an analytic function in the upper half of the complex 𝜔 plane
(d) 𝑛 is independent of 𝜔 for some materials
Topic: Electromagnetic theory
Sub topic : Propagation of EM waves
Ans. 24: (a) and (c)

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Q25. Complex function 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 + |𝑧 − 𝑎| ( 𝑎 is a real number) is
(a) continuous at (𝑎, 𝑎)
(b) complex-differentiable at (𝑎, 𝑎)
(c) complex-differentiable at (𝑎, 0)
(d) analytic at (𝑎, 0)
Topic: Mathematical Physics
Sub topic : Complex analysis
Ans. 25: (a), (c)
Solution: 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 + |𝑧 − 𝑎|
= 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + |𝑥 − 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑦|
= 𝑥 + (𝑥 − 𝑎) + 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑦
Continuity at (𝑎, 𝑎)
Parallel to 𝑥-axis
Lt → 𝑓(𝑧) = Lt → [𝑓(𝑧)]
= Lt → [𝑥 + (𝑥 − 𝑎) + 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑎]
= 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑎 … … (1)
Parallel to 𝑦-axis
Lt → 𝑓(𝑧) = Lt → [𝑓(𝑧)]
= Lt → [𝑥 + (𝑥 − 𝑎) + 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑦]
= Lt → [𝑎 + 0 + 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑦] = 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑎 … . . (2)
Along line having slope (𝑚) passing through (𝑎, 𝑎)
Equation of line is 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑎)
Lt → 𝑓(𝑧) = Lt → [𝑥 + (𝑥 − 𝑎) + (𝑎 + 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑎)) + 𝑖(𝑎 + 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑎))]
= 𝑎 + 0 + (𝑎 + 𝑚0) + 𝑖(𝑎 + 𝑚0)
= 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑎 … … . (3)
As (1) = (2) = (3)
Hence function is continuous at (𝑎, 𝑎)
Differentiability at (𝑎, 0)
By definition, the derivative of the function at (𝑎, 0) is
𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑖0 + Δ𝑧) − 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑖0)
𝑓 (𝑎, 0) = Lt →
Δ𝑧
𝑓(𝑎 + Δ𝑧) − 𝑓(𝑎)
=
Δ𝑧
Since 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 + |𝑧 − 𝑎|
Hence function is continuous at (𝑎, 𝑎)

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By definition, the derivative of the function at (𝑎, 0) is
𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑖0 + Δ𝑧) − 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑖0) 𝑓(𝑎 + Δ𝑧) − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓 (𝑎, 0) = Lt → =
Δ𝑧 Δ𝑧
Since 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 + |𝑧 − 𝑎|
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑎 + |𝑎 − 𝑎| = 𝑎
𝑓(𝑎 + Δ𝑧) = 𝑎 + Δ𝑧 + |𝑎 + Δ𝑧 − 𝑎|
= 𝑎 + Δ𝑧 + |Δ𝑧|
| |
Thus, 𝑓 (𝑎, 0) = Lt →

Parallel to 𝑥-axis:- Δ𝑦 = 0, Δ𝑥 → 0
[1 + Δ𝑧 ∗ ]
= Lt → = Lt (1 + Δ𝑧 ∗ )
Δ𝑧 →

Parallel to 𝑥-axis:- Δ𝑦 = 0, Δ𝑥 → 0
𝑓 (𝑎, 0) = Lt [1 + Δ𝑥 − 𝑖Δ𝑦]
→
= Lt → [1 + Δ𝑥] = 1 + 0 = 1 … … . . (4)
𝑛 to 𝑦-axis:- Δ𝑥 = 0, Δ𝑦 → 0
𝑓 (𝑎, 0) = 𝐿𝑡 [1 + 0 − 𝑖Δ𝑦] = 1 − 𝑖 ⋅ 0 = 1 … (5)
→

Along line having slope ' 𝑚 ' passing through (𝑎, 0)

Equation of line is 𝑦 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑎)
Δ𝑦 = 𝑚Δ𝑥
𝑓 (𝑎, 0) = Lt Δ𝑥 → 0[1 + Δ𝑥 − 𝑖𝑚Δ𝑥]
= 1 + 0 − 𝑖𝑚0 = 1 … (6)
As (4) = (5) = (6)
Hence function is differentiable at (𝑎, 0)
Thus ' 𝑎 ' and ' 𝑐 ' are correct options.
Q26. If 𝑔(𝑘) is the Fourier transform of 𝑓(𝑥), then which of the following are true?
(a) 𝑔(−𝑘) = +𝑔∗ (𝑘) implies 𝑓(𝑥) is real
(b) 𝑔(−𝑘) = −𝑔∗ (𝑘) implies 𝑓(𝑥) is purely imaginary
(c) 𝑔(−𝑘) = +𝑔∗ (𝑘) implies 𝑓(𝑥) is purely imaginary
(d) 𝑔(𝑘)
Ans. 26: (a), (b)
Solution: According to the given statement
1
𝑔(𝑘) = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 𝑑𝑥
√2𝜋
taking complex conjugate of (1)

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1
𝑔 ∗ (𝑘) = 𝑓 ∗ (𝑥)𝑒 𝑑𝑥
√2𝜋
Replacing 𝑘 by −𝑘𝑚(1)
1
𝑔(−𝑘) = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 𝑑𝑥
√2𝜋
Now if 𝑔(−𝑘) = 𝑔 ∗ (𝑘) condition 'a'}
⇒ (2) = (3)
1 1
𝑓 ∗ (𝑥)𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 𝑑𝑥
√2𝜋 √2𝜋
∗
⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓 (𝑥)

Hence 𝑓(𝑥) must be real and not purely imaginary

{Condition ' b '}
𝑔(−𝑘) = −𝑔 ∗ (𝑘)
1 1
⇒ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑓 ∗ (𝑥)𝑒 𝑑𝑥
√2𝜋 √2𝜋
⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑓 ∗ (𝑥). Thus 𝑓(𝑥) must be purely imaginary and not real.
Thus ' 𝑎 ' and ' 𝑏 ' are correct options.
Q27. The ordinary differential equation
(1 − 𝑥 )𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 + 9𝑦 = 0
has a regular singularity at
(a) −1 (b) 0 (c) +1 (d) No finite value of 𝑥
Topic: Mathematical Physics
Sub topic : Differential equation
Ans. 27: (a), (c)
Solution: (1 − 𝑥 )𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 + 9𝑦 = 0
Dividing by 1 − 𝑥
𝑥 9
𝑦 − 𝑦 + 𝑦=0
1−𝑥 1−𝑥
Compare with 𝑦 + 𝑝(𝑥)𝑦 + 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 = 0
−𝑥 9
𝑃(𝑥) = , 𝑄(𝑥) =
1−𝑥 1−𝑥
At 1 and −1 both 𝑃(𝑥) and 𝑄(𝑥) diverge first condition satisfied.
At 𝑥 = 1

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(𝑥 − 1)𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1) = (𝑥 − 1) ⋅ = = finite.

At 𝑥 = −1
𝑥 𝑥 −1 1
(𝑥 + 1)𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1) ⋅ = = =
𝑥 − 1 𝑥 − 1 −1 − 1 2
Thus (𝑥 − 𝑥 )𝑃(𝑥) remains finite.
At 𝑥 = 1
9 𝑥−1 0
(𝑥 − 1) 𝑄(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1) = −9 ⋅ = −9 × = 0
(1 − 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥) 𝑥+1 2
At 𝑥 = −1
−9 (𝑥 + 1) 0
(𝑥 + 1) 𝑄(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1) ⋅ = −9 ⋅ = −9 × =0
(1 + 𝑥)(1 − 𝑥) (𝑥 − 1) −2
Thus (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 𝑄(𝑥) remains finite.
Thus both 1 and −1 are regular singular points.
Q28. For a bipolar junction transistor, which of the following statements are true?
(a) Doping concentration of emitter region is more than that in collector and base region
(b) Only electrons participate in current conduction
(c) The current gain 𝛽 depends on temperature
(d) Collector current is less than the emitter current
Topic: Electronics
Sub topic : Transistor
Ans. 28: (a), (c), (d)
Solution: In order to explain the conduction in transistor both minority and majority charge carriers are
considered
Q29. Potassium metal has electron concentration of 1.4 × 10 m and the corresponding density of
states at Fermi level is 6.2 × 10 Joule m . If the Pauli paramagnetic susceptibility of
Potassium is 𝑛 × 10 in standard scientific form, then the value of 𝑘 (an integer) is electron is
9.3 × 10 Joule T ; permeability of free space is 4𝜋 × 10 Tm A )
Topic: Solid state Physics
Sub topic : Magnetism
Ans. 29: 6 to 6
Solution: Given that

ne  1.4 1028 m3 , 0  4 107 Tm A1 , D( EF )  6.2 1046 Jm3 , B  9.31024 JT 1

We know that the susceptibility
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xPauli  0 B 2 D( EF )

= 4𝜋 × 10 × (9.3 × 10 ) × 6.2 × 10
𝜒Pauli = 4𝜋 × (9.3) × 6.2 × 10 = 6.735 × 10
𝑘=6
Q30. A power supply has internal resistance 𝑅 and open load voltage 𝑉 = 5 V. When a load
resistance 𝑅 is connected to the power supply, a voltage drop of 𝑉 = 4 V is measured across

the load. The value of is

(Round off to the nearest integer)

Topic: Electronics
Sub topic : KVL
Ans. 30: 4 to 4
Solution: We know that
RL
VL  54
RL  Rs

𝑅
4𝑅 + 4𝑅 ⇒ =4
𝑅
Q31. Electric field is measured along the axis of a uniformly charged disc of radius 25 cm. At a distance
𝑑 from the centre, the field differs by 10% from that of an infinite plane having the same charge
density. The value of 𝑑 is (Round off to one decimal place)
Topic: Electromagnetic theory
Sub topic : Gauss’s law
Ans. 31: 2.4 to 2.6

  d  
Solution: E Disc  1  , E Infinitesheet 
2 0  R2  d 2  2 0

Given, EDisc  90% EInfinitesheet

  d  
1    90%
2 0  R d 
2 2 2 0

𝑑 9 1
⇒ =1− = ⇒ 100𝑑 = 𝑅 + 𝑑
√𝑅 + 𝑑 10 10
𝑅 25
⇒ 99𝑑 = 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑑 = = cm = 2.5 cm
√99 √99

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Q32. In a solid, a Raman line observed at 300 cm has intensity of Stokes line four times that of the
anti-Stokes line. The temperature of the sample is (Round off to the nearest integer)
(1 cm ≡ 1.44 K)
Topic: Molecular Physics
Sub topic : Raman Effect
Ans. 32: 311 to 312
h
IS
Solution:  e kT
I AS

Taking ln both side, we can write

ℎ𝑐𝑣‾ 6.626 × 10 𝐽 S × 3 × 10 m/s × 300 × 100 m
𝑇= =
𝐼 1.38 × 10 J/K × ln 4
𝑘 ln
𝐼
= 31.17 × 10 K = 311.7 K
Hence, T = 311 to 312
Q33. An electromagnetic pulse has a pulse width of 10 s. The uncertainty in the momentum of the
corresponding photon is of the order of 10 kg m s , where 𝑁 is an integer. The value of 𝑁 is
ℎ = 6.6 × 10 Js)
Topic: Quantum Mechanics
Sub topic : Heisenberg Uncertainty principle
Ans. 33: 39 to 40
Solution: Given that Δ𝑡 = 10 sec, ℎ = 6.6 × 10 , 𝑐 = 3 × 10 m/s
By using Heisenberg uncertainty principle we can write
ħ ħ
Δ𝐸 ⋅ Δ𝑡 = ⇒ Δ𝐸 =
2 2Δ𝑡
The uncertainty in the momentum is given by.
Δ𝐸 ħ 1.05 × 10
Δ𝑝 = = = = 0.175 × 10 = 1.75 × 10 kg m/s
𝑐 2𝑐Δ𝑡 2 × 3 × 10 × 10
Q34. The wavefunction of a particle in a one-dimensional infinite well of size 2𝑎 at a certain time is

𝜓(𝑥) = √2sin + √3cos + cos . Probability of finding the particle in 𝑛 = 2

√

state at that time is % (Round off to the nearest integer)

Topic: Quantum Mechanics
Sub topic : Particle in a Box
Ans. 34: 33 to 34
Solution: Given wavefunction as follows

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1 𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥 3𝜋𝑥
𝜓(𝑥) = √2sin + √3cos + cos
√6𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎
1 2 𝜋𝑥 √3 √2 𝜋𝑥 1 2 3𝜋𝑥
= sin + cos + cos
√6 𝑎 𝑎 √12 √𝑎 2𝑎 √12 𝑎 2𝑎

1 √3 1
= |𝜙 ⟩ + |𝜙 ⟩ + |𝜙 ⟩
√6 √12 √12
The gs, 1st excited and 2nd excited state wavefunction can be written as follows

2 𝜋𝑥 2 𝜋𝑥
|𝜓 ⟩ = cos ; |𝜓 ⟩ = sin
𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

2 3𝜋𝑥
|𝜓 ⟩ = cos
𝑎 2𝑎

The normalization constant is obtained as follows.

1 1 1
|𝜓⟩ = 𝐴 |𝜙 ⟩ + |𝜙 ⟩ + |𝜙 ⟩
√6 √4 √12
1 1 1
⟨𝜙 ∣ 𝜙 ⟩ + ⟨𝜙 ∣ 𝜙 ⟩ +
⟨𝜓 ∣ 𝜓⟩ = 𝐴 ⟨𝜙 ∣ 𝜙 ⟩ = 1
6 4 12
1 1 1 2+3+1
𝐴 + + =1⇒𝐴 = 1 ⇒ 𝐴 = √2
6 4 12 12
Thus, the normalized wave function is given by
1 1 1
|𝜓⟩ = |𝜙 ⟩ + |𝜙 ⟩ + |𝜙 ⟩
√2 √3 √6
The probability of finding the particle in state 𝑛 = 2 is
1 1
(𝜙 ) = |⟨𝜙 ∣ 𝜓⟩| = ⟨𝜙 ∣ 𝜙 ⟩ = = 33.33%
√3 3
Q35. A spectrometer is used to detect plasma oscillations in a sample. The spectrometer can work in
the range of 3 × 10 rads to 30 × 10 rads . The minimum carrier concentration that can
be detected by using this spectrometer is 𝑛 × 10 m . The value of 𝑛 is (Round off to two
decimal places)
(Charge of an electron = −1.6 × 10 C, mass of an electron = 9.1 × 10 kg and 𝜖 =
8.85 × 10 C N m )
Topic: Electromagnetic theory
Sub topic: Propagation of EM wave in matter
Ans. 35: 2.70 to 2.96

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×( . × )
Solution: 𝜔 = ⇒ 3 × 10 =
. × × . ×

9 × 10 × 8.85 × 10 × 9.1 × 10
𝑛 =
2.56 × 10
= 283.1 × 10 m
𝑛 = 2.83 × 10 m
≃ 2.83 × 10 m
Q.36 – Q.65 Carry TWO marks Each
Q36. Consider a non-interacting gas of spin 1 particles, each with magnetic moment 𝜇 placed in a weak

magnetic field 𝐵, such that ≪ 1. The average magnetic moment of a particle is

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Topic: Solid state physics

Sub topic : Magnetism
Ans. 36: (a)
Solution: In quantum mechanical treatment, single-dipole partition function is
1
sinh 1+ 𝑥
2𝐽
𝑄 (𝛽) =
1
sinh 𝑥
2𝐽
Where 𝑥 = 𝛽(𝑔𝜇 𝐽)𝐵. The mean magnetic moment of the system is then given by
𝑁 ∂ln 𝑄 (𝛽)
𝑀 = 𝑁⟨𝜇 ⟩ = = 𝑁𝑔𝜇 𝐽𝐵 (𝑥)
𝛽 ∂𝛽
𝑀
= ⟨𝜇 ⟩ = 𝑔𝜇 𝐽𝐵 (𝑥)
𝑁
Where B (x) is the Brillouin function. For
𝜇 𝐵
𝑥 <<< 1, i.e., <<< 1
𝑘 𝑇
1 1
𝐵 (𝑥) ≈ 1 + 𝑥 + ⋯
3 𝐽
Therefore,
(𝑔𝜇 𝐽) 1 2 𝜇 𝐵
⟨𝜇 ⟩ = 1+ 𝐵=𝑔 𝜇
3𝑘 𝑇 𝐽 3 𝑘 𝑇
Where, last term is written for J = 1

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𝜇 𝐵
𝑥 <<< 1, i.e., <<< 1
𝑘 𝑇
1 1
𝐵 (𝑥) ≈ 1 + 𝑥 + ⋯
3 𝐽
Therefore,
(𝑔𝜇 𝐽) 1 2 𝜇 𝐵
⟨𝜇 ⟩ = 1+ 𝐵=𝑔 𝜇
3𝑘 𝑇 𝐽 3 𝑘 𝑇
Where, last term is written for J = 1
Q37. Water at 300 K can be brought to 320 K using one of the following processes.
Process 1: Water is brought in equilibrium with a reservoir at 320 K directly.
Process 2: Water is first brought in equilibrium with a reservoir at 310 K and then with the
reservoir at 320 K.
Process 3: Water is first brought in equilibrium with a reservoir at 350 K and then with the
reservoir at 320 K.
The corresponding changes in the entropy of the universe for these processes are Δ𝑆 , Δ𝑆 and
Δ𝑆 , respectively. Then
(a) Δ𝑆 > Δ𝑆 > Δ𝑆 (b) Δ𝑆 > Δ𝑆 > Δ𝑆 (c) Δ𝑆 > Δ𝑆 > Δ𝑆 (d) Δ𝑆 > Δ𝑆 > Δ𝑆
Topic: Thermodynamics
Sub topic : Laws of Thermodynamics
Ans. 37: (b)
Solution: Here initial temperature (𝑇 ) of water is 300𝐾 & final temperature 𝑇 is 320𝐾.
Process1:
𝑇 320
Δ𝑆Water = 𝐶 ln = 𝐶 ln = 0.06454𝐶
𝑇 300
−𝐶 Δ𝑇 𝐶 (320 − 300)
Δ𝑆reseservoir = =− = −0.0625𝐶
320 320
Δ𝑆Uniucesse = Δ𝑆 = Δ𝑆water + Δ𝑆reservoir
= 0.06454𝐶 − 0.0625𝐶
= 0.00204𝐶
Process-2: Δ𝑆water will be same as initial and final equilibrium states are sa
320
∴ Δ𝑆water = 𝐶 ln = 0.06454𝐶
300
10 10
Δ𝑆reservoir = −𝐶 +
310 320
= −𝐶 [0.03226 + 0.03125]
= −0.06351𝐶
Δ𝑆 = Δ𝑆water + Δ𝑆reservoir = 0.00103𝐶

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Process 3: Δ𝑆water = 0.06454𝐶
50 30
Δ𝑆reseruor = −𝐶 +𝐶
350 320
= −0.142857𝐶 + 0.09375𝐶
= −0.04911𝐶
Δ𝑆 = 0.06454𝐶 − 0.04911𝐶
= 0.01543𝐶
∴ Δ𝑆 > Δ𝑆 > Δ𝑆
Q38. A student sets up Young's double slit experiment with electrons of momentum 𝑝 incident
normally on the slits of width 𝑤 separated by distance 𝑑. In order to observe interference fringes
on a screen at a distance 𝐷 from the slits, which of the following conditions should be satisfied?
ℏ ℏ ℏ ℏ
(a) > (b) > (c) > (d) >
√

Topic: Thermodynamics
Sub topic : Laws of Thermodynamics
Ans. 38: (b)
Solution: x  
p  2 p sin( )
Δ𝑥Δ𝑝 ∼ ħ
𝜔 × 2𝑝sin 𝜃 ∼ ħ
𝑑/2
sin 𝜃 ∼ 𝜃 ∼
𝐷
𝑑
𝜔 × 2𝑝 ∼ħ
2𝐷
𝑑𝜔 ħ
∼
𝐷 𝑝
More accurately
𝑑𝜔 ħ
<
𝐷 𝑝

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Q39. Consider a particle in three different boxes of width 𝐿. The potential inside the boxes vary as
ℏ
shown in figures (i), (ii) and (iii) with 𝑉 ≪ . The corresponding ground-state energies of the

particle are 𝐸 , 𝐸 and 𝐸 , respectively. Then

(a) 𝐸 > 𝐸 > 𝐸 (b) 𝐸 > 𝐸 > 𝐸 (c) 𝐸 > 𝐸 > 𝐸 (d) 𝐸 > 𝐸 > 𝐸
Topic: Quantum mechanics
Sub topic : Perturbation theory
Ans. 39: (a)
Solution: The ground state wave function is given by

2 𝜋𝑥
𝜓= sin
𝐿 𝐿

Let us determine the correction in energy due to the potential in first box.
𝑣 0 < 𝑥 < 𝐿/3
𝐻 =
0 otherwise
The ground state energy correction in first order is
/
( ) 2 𝜋𝑥 2𝑣 𝐿 3 √3
𝐸 = ⟨𝜓 |𝐻 |𝜓 ⟩ = 𝑣 sin 𝑑𝑥 = 4−
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 24 𝜋 = 0.195𝑣

Similarly, let us determine the correction in energy due to potential in

𝑣 𝐿/3 < 𝑥 < 2𝐿/3
𝐻 =
0 otherwise
The ground state energy correction in first order is
/
( ) 2 𝜋𝑥
𝐸 = ⟨𝜓 |𝐻 |𝜓⟩ = 𝑣 sin 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 / 𝐿
2𝑣 𝐿 3√ 3 𝑣 3√3
= 2+ = 2+ = 0.609𝑣
𝐿 12 𝜋 6 𝜋
Similarly let us determine the correction in energy due to potential in third box

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𝑣 0 < 𝑥 < 𝐿/6
𝐻 𝑣 5𝐿/6 < 𝑥 < 𝐿
0 otherwise
The ground state energy correction in first order
/
( )
𝐸 = ⟨𝜓 |𝐻 |𝜓 ⟩ = 𝜓 ∗ (𝑥)𝐻 𝜓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥

+ 𝜓 ∗ (𝑥)𝐻 𝜓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
/
/ /
2𝑣 𝜋𝑥
=2 𝜓 ∗ (𝑥)𝐻 𝜓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 𝐿
4𝑣 𝐿 3√3 𝑣 3√ 3
= ⋅ 2− = 2− = −0.0575𝑣
𝐿 24 𝜋 6 𝜋
Thus the order of ground state energy in three boxes is given by
𝐸 >𝐸 >𝐸
Q40. In cylindrical coordinates (𝑠, 𝜑, 𝑧), which of the following is a Hermitian operator?

(a) (b) + (c) + (d) +

Topic: Quantum mechanics

Sub topic : Operator
Ans. 40: (c)
Solution: The operator A is called Hermitian if it satisfy the following relation.
⟨𝐴𝜙 ∣ 𝜑⟩ = ⟨𝜙(𝑠) ∣ 𝐴𝜑(𝑠)⟩
Option (c) is only following the above condition
Let us choose operator given is option (c).
1 ∂ 1
𝐴= +
𝑖 ∂𝑠 2𝑠
1 ∂ 1
⟨𝐴𝜙 ∣ 𝜑⟩ = − + 𝜙 ∗ (𝑠)𝜑(𝑠)𝑑𝑠
𝑖 ∂𝑠 2𝑠
1 ∂ ∗ 1
=− 𝜙 (𝑠)𝜑(𝑠)𝑠𝑑𝑠 + 𝜙 ∗ (𝑠)𝜑(𝑠)𝑠𝑑𝑠
𝑖 ∂𝑠 2𝑠
1 𝑑𝜑 1
= − [𝜙 ∗ (𝑠)𝜑(𝑠)𝑠] 𝜙 ∗ (𝑠) (𝑠)𝑠𝑑𝑠 − 𝜙 ∗ (𝑠)𝜑(𝑠)𝑑𝑠 + 𝜙 ∗ (𝑠)𝜑(𝑠)𝑑𝑠
𝑖 𝑑𝑠 2
1 𝑑𝜑 1
=− − 𝜙 ∗ (𝑠) (𝑠)𝑠𝑑𝑠 − 𝜙 ∗ (𝑠)𝜑(𝑠)𝑠𝑑𝑠
𝑖 𝑑𝑠 2𝑠
1 ∂ 1
= 𝜙 ∗ (𝑠) + 𝜑(𝑠)𝑠𝑑𝑠 = ⟨𝜙(𝑠) ∣ 𝐴𝜑(𝑠)⟩
𝑖 ∂𝑠 2𝑠
Thus, operator 𝐴 is Hermitian.

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Q41. A particle of mass 1 kg is released from a height of 1 m above the ground. When it reaches the
ground, what is the value of Hamilton's action for this motion in J𝑠 ? ( 𝑔 is the acceleration due
to gravity; take gravitation potential to be zero on the ground)
Topic: Classical Mechanics
Sub topic : Lagrangian Formalism
Ans. 41: (d)
Solution:
At point 𝐵
1
𝐿 = 𝑚𝑧˙ − 𝑚𝑔𝑧
2
𝑢 = 0 → 𝑧˙ = 0 + 𝑔𝑡 = 𝑔𝑡
1
(1 − 𝑧) = 0 + 𝑔𝑡
2
1
𝑧 = 1 − 𝑔𝑡
2
Time taken to reach the point 𝐶

1 2
0 = 1 − 𝑔𝑇 ⇒ 𝑇 =
2 𝑔

The action 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠, 𝐴 = ∫ 𝐿𝑑𝑡

/
1 1
= 𝑚𝑔 𝑡 − 𝑚𝑔 1 − 𝑔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2 2
/
= [𝑚𝑔 𝑡 − 𝑚𝑔]𝑑𝑡

/
= × 1 × 𝑔 𝑡 − 1 × 𝑔𝑡

= 2𝑔 − 2𝑔 = − 2𝑔

Q42. If (𝑥˙𝑦˙ + 𝛼𝑥𝑦) is a constant of motion of a two-dimensional isotropic harmonic oscillator with
Lagrangian
𝑚(𝑥˙ + 𝑦˙ ) 𝑘(𝑥 + 𝑦 )
𝐿= −
2 2
then 𝛼 is

(a) + (b) − (c) − (d) 0

Topic: Classical Mechanics

Sub topic : Lagrangian Formalism

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Ans. 42: (a)
Solution: The quantity A 𝐴 is constant of motion if
[𝐴, 𝐻] = 0
𝑚 𝑘
𝐿= (𝑥˙ + 𝑦˙ ) − (𝑥 + 𝑦 )
2 2
𝑝 𝑝 𝑘
𝐻= + + (𝑥 + 𝑦 )
2𝑚 2𝑚 2
∂𝐻 𝑝
𝑥˙ = =
∂𝑝 𝑚
𝑝 = 𝑚𝑥˙; 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑦˙
𝑝 𝑝
𝐴 = 𝑥˙𝑦˙ + 𝛼𝑥𝑦 = + 𝛼𝑥𝑦
𝑚
[𝐴, 𝐻] = 0
∂𝐴 ∂𝐻 ∂𝐴 ∂𝐻 ∂𝐴 ∂𝐻 ∂𝐴 ∂𝐻
− + − =0
∂𝑥 ∂𝑝 ∂𝑝 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑝 ∂𝑝 ∂𝑦
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
(𝛼𝑦) − (𝑘𝑥) + (𝛼𝑥) − (𝑘𝑦) = 0
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝛼 𝑘
𝑦𝑝 + 𝑥𝑝 − 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦𝑝 = 0
𝑚 𝑚
𝛼 𝑘 𝑘
𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦𝑝 − =0⇒𝛼=+
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
Q43. In a two-dimensional square lattice, frequency 𝜔 of phonons in the long wavelength limit changes
linearly with the wave vector 𝑘. Then the density of states of phonons is proportional to

(a) 𝜔 (b) 𝜔 (c) √𝜔 (d)

√

Topic: Classical Mechanics

Sub topic : Lagrangian Formalism
Ans. 43: (a)
d
1
Solution: We know that the density of states can be written as follows D ( E ) E s

For phonon s  1 and in two dimensional d  2

D ( E ) E 2 1  E 

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Q44. At 𝑇 = 0 K, which of the following diagram represents the occupation probability 𝑃(𝐸) of energy
states of electrons in a BCS type superconductor?

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Topic: Solid state Physics

Sub topic: Superconductivity
Ans. 44: (a)
Solution: There exist a band gap at fermi level at T=0 K for BCS superconductor.
Q45. For a one-dimensional harmonic oscillator, the creation operator (𝑎 ) acting on the 𝑛th state
|𝜓 ⟩, where 𝑛 = 0,1,2, …, gives 𝑎 |𝜓 ⟩ = √𝑛 + 1|𝜓 ⟩. The matrix representation of the

ℏ
position operator 𝑥 = (𝑎 + 𝑎 ) for the first three rows and columns is

1 0 0 0 1 0
ℏ ℏ
(a) 0 √2 0 (b) 1 0 1
0 0 √3 0 1 0

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0 1 0 1 0 √3
ℏ ℏ
(c) 1 0 √2 (d) 0 0 0
0 √2 0 √3 0 1
Topic: Quantum Mechanics
Sub topic : Harmonic oscillator
Ans. 45: (c)
Solution: The position operator is can be written as follows


x
2m
 a  at  , with a n  n n  1 , a n  1  n  1 n  1
The expectation value of position operator can be written as follows

ħ
x mn
= 𝑚 (𝑎 + 𝑎) 𝑛
2𝑚𝜔

ħ
= √𝑛 + 1𝛿 , + √𝑛𝛿 ,
2𝑚𝜔

For 𝑚 = 𝑛, i.e., all diagonal elements in the matrix must be zero.

For 𝑚 = 0, 𝑛 = 1 the value of ⟨𝑥⟩ is

ħ ħ
⟨𝑥⟩ = √2𝛿 , + √1𝛿 , =
2𝑚𝜔 2𝑚𝜔

For 𝑚 = 1, 𝑛 = 0, the value of ⟨𝑥⟩ is

ħ ħ
⟨𝑥⟩ = √0 + 1𝛿 , + √0𝛿 , =
2𝑚𝜔 2𝑚𝜔

For 𝑚 = 0, 𝑛 = 2, the value of ⟨𝑥⟩ is

ħ
⟨𝑥⟩ , = √0 + 2𝛿 , + √2𝛿 , =0
2𝑚𝜔

For 𝑚 = 1, 𝑛 = 2, the value of ⟨𝑥⟩ is

ħ ħ
⟨𝑥⟩ = √2 + 1𝛿 , + √2𝛿 , = √2
2𝑚𝜔 2𝑚𝜔

For 𝑚 = 2, 𝑛 = 1, the value of ⟨𝑥⟩ is

ħ ħ
⟨𝑥⟩ = √1 + 1𝛿 + √1𝛿 , = √2
2𝑚𝜔 2𝑚𝜔

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For 𝑚 = 2, 𝑛 = 0, the value of ⟨𝑥⟩ is

ħ
⟨𝑥⟩ = √1 + 0𝛿 , + √0𝛿 , =0
2𝑚𝜔

The matrix representation of position vector is

⟨0|𝑥|0⟩ ⟨0|𝑥|1⟩ ⟨0|𝑥|2⟩
⟨𝑥⟩ = ⟨1|𝑥|0⟩ ⟨1|𝑥|1⟩ ⟨1|𝑥|2⟩
⟨2|𝑥|0⟩ ⟨2|𝑥|1⟩ ⟨2|𝑥|2⟩
0 1 0
ħ
⟨𝑥⟩ = 1 0 √2
2𝑚𝜔
0 √2 0
and general from is
0 1 0 0 0
⎡ ⎤
1 0 √2 0 0
ħ ⎢ ⎥
⟨𝑥⟩ = 0 √2 0 √3 0⎥
2𝑚𝜔 ⎢
⎢0 0 √3 0 √ 4⎥
⎣0 0 0 √4 0⎦
Q46. A piston of mass 𝑚 is fitted to an airtight horizontal cylindrical jar. The cylinder and piston have
identical unit area of cross-section. The gas inside the jar has volume 𝑉 and is held at pressure
𝑃 = 𝑃atmosphere . The piston is pushed inside the jar very slowly over a small distance. On releasing,
the piston performs an undamped simple harmonic motion of low frequency. Assuming that the
gas is ideal and no heat is exchanged with the atmosphere, the frequency of the small oscillations
is proportional to

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Ans. 46: (b)

Solution: Let initial pressure is 𝑃 = 𝑃
Initial volume is 𝑉
When pressure changes slightly by Δ𝑃, i.e piston is pushed in side, the volume is reduced by Δ𝑉
Further given that no heat exchange is there
𝑃𝑉 = (𝑃 + Δ𝑃)(𝑉 − Δ𝑉)
Δ𝑃 Δ𝑉
=𝑃 1+ 𝑉 1−
𝑃 𝑉
Δ𝑃 Δ𝑉
= 𝑃𝑉 1 + 1−𝛾 +⋯
𝑃 𝑉
Δ𝑃 Δ𝑉 Δ𝑃Δ𝑉
= 𝑃𝑉 1 + −𝛾 −𝛾 … … . (1)
𝑃 𝑉 𝑃𝑉
As △ 𝑃&Δ𝑉 are using small, Δ𝑃Δ𝑉 can be neglected.

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Δ𝑃 Δ𝑉
∴ 1= 1+ −𝛾
𝑃 𝑉
Δ𝑉
Δ𝑃 = 𝛾𝑃 … … . . (2)
𝑉
Applied external force 𝐹, that caused a displacement 𝑥 (a volume change c given by
Applied external force 𝐹, that caused a displacement 𝑥 (a volume change of gas by Δ𝑉 = 𝐴𝑥) is
given by
Δ𝑉 −𝛾𝐴 𝑃
𝐹 = −𝐴Δ𝑃 = −𝛾𝐴𝑃 = 𝑥
𝑉 𝑉
Acceleration produced in piston is

𝑎= =− 𝑥, 𝑎 ∝ 𝑥

Therefore 𝜔 = , 𝜔∝

Topic: Thermodynamics
Sub topic : Thermodynamic process
Q47. A paramagnetic salt of mass 𝑚 is held at temperature 𝑇 in a magnetic field 𝐻. If 𝑆 is the entropy
of the salt and 𝑀 is its magnetization, then 𝑑𝐺 = −𝑆𝑑𝑇 − 𝑀𝑑𝐻, where 𝐺 is the Gibbs free
energy. If the magnetic field is changed adiabatically by Δ𝐻 → 0 and the corresponding
infinitesimal changes in entropy and temperature are ΔS and Δ𝑇, then which of the following
statements are correct

(a) Δ𝑆 = − Δ𝑇 (b) Δ𝑆 = 0

(c) Δ𝑇 = − Δ𝐻 (d) Δ𝑇 = 0

Topic: Thermodynamics
Sub topic : Maxwell Relations
Ans. 47: (b), (c)
Solution: The magnetic interaction energy = −𝑀. 𝑑𝐻 … . . (1)
𝑑𝑈 = 𝑇𝑑𝑆 − 𝑀 ⋅ 𝑑𝐻 … . . (2)
𝑑𝐺 = 𝑆𝑑𝑇 − 𝑀 ⋅ 𝑑𝐻 … … (3)
∂𝐺 ∂𝐺
𝑆=− ,𝑀 = −
∂𝑇 ∂𝐻
∵ 𝐺 is a perfect differential,
∂ ∂𝐺 ∂ ∂𝐺
=
∂𝑇 ∂𝐻 ∂𝐻 ∂𝑇

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∂𝑀 ∂𝑆
= … … . (4)
∂𝐻 ∂𝐻
∂𝑇 ∂𝑇 ∂𝑆
Now =−
∂𝐻 ∂𝑆 ∂𝐻
∂𝑀
∂𝑇 ∂𝑀 −
∂𝑇
=− = … . (5)
∂𝑆 ∂𝑇 ∂𝑆
∂𝑇
∴ (5) implies
∂𝑀
∂𝑇
Δ𝑇 = − Δ𝐻 … … (6)
∂𝑆
∂𝑇
This is indeed the process of adiabatic unitization.
Where negative Δ𝐻 implies negative Δ𝑇&Δ𝑆 = 0.
Q48. A particle of mass 𝑚 is moving inside a hollow spherical shell of radius 𝑎 so that the potential is
0 for 𝑟 < 𝑎
𝑉(𝑟) =
∞ for 𝑟 ≥ 𝑎
The ground state energy and wavefunction of the particle are 𝐸 and 𝑅(𝑟), respectively. Then
which of the following options are correct?
ℏ ℏ
(a) 𝐸 = (b) − 𝑟 = 𝐸 𝑅 (𝑟 < 𝑎)
ℏ
(c) − = 𝐸 𝑅 (𝑟 < 𝑎) (d) 𝑅(𝑟) = sin (𝑟 < 𝑎)

Topic: Quantum mechanics

Sub topic : Particle in a box
Ans. 48: (a), (b), (d)
Solution: The Schrödinger equation for a particle moving in radial potential is given by 𝐻𝜑 = 𝐸𝜑 ⇒
ħ
𝑟 +𝑉 𝑅(𝑟) = 𝐸 𝑅(𝑟)
ℓ(ℓ )
where 𝑉 =𝑉+ ħ = 0 as 𝑉 = 0, ℓ = 0.

Thus Schrödinger equation to

−ħ 1 ∂ 𝑑𝑅
𝑟 = 𝐸 𝑅(𝑟)
2𝑚 𝑟 ∂𝑟 𝑑𝑟
1 𝑑 𝑑𝑅 2𝑚
or 𝑟 + 𝐸𝑅(𝑟) = 0
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 ħ
( )
Defining 𝑅(𝑟) = and substituting in above equation, we get

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𝑑 𝑈(𝑟) 2𝑚𝐸
+ 𝑘 𝑅(𝑟) = 0, 𝑟 = 𝑟<𝑎
𝑑𝑟 ħ
The solution of above equation is
U(𝑟) = 𝐴sin 𝑘𝑟 + 𝐵cos 𝑘𝑟
Applying Boundary condition
𝑈(𝑟 = 0) = 0; 𝑈(𝑟 = 𝑎) = 0
𝑈(𝑟 = 0) = 𝐴sin 0 + 𝐵cos 0 = 0 ⇒ 𝐵 = 0
Thus the wave function is given by
𝑈(𝑟) = 𝐴sin 𝑘𝑟
Applying Boundary condition 𝑈(𝑟 = 𝑎) = 0
𝑛𝜋
𝑈(𝑟 = 𝑎) = 𝐴sin 𝑘𝑎 = 0 ⇒ 𝑘𝑎 = 𝑛𝜋 ⇒ 𝑘
𝑎
ħ
or ħ
= ⇒𝐸=

and the Radial wave function is given by

𝑈(𝑟) 𝐴 𝜋𝑛𝑟
𝑅(𝑟) = = sin
𝑟 𝑟 𝑎
For ground state the energy and wave function of the particle are
𝜋 ħ 1 𝜋𝑟
𝐸= ; 𝑅(𝑟) = sin .
2𝑚𝑎 𝑟 𝑎
Q49. A particle of unit mass moves in a potential 𝑉(𝑟) = −𝑉 𝑒 . If the angular momentum of the

particle is 𝐿 = 0.5 𝑉 , then which of the following statements are true?

(a) There are two equilibrium points along the radial coordinate
(b) There is one stable equilibrium point at 𝑟 and one unstable equilibrium point at 𝑟 > 𝑟
(c) There are two stable equilibrium points along the radial coordinate
(d) There is only one equilibrium point along the radial coordinate
Ans. 49: (a), (b)

Solution: 𝑉 = −𝑉 𝑒

𝑙 = 0.5 𝑉 , 𝑚 = 1
𝑉
𝑉 = −𝑉 𝑒
𝜃𝑟
Here 𝑟 < 𝑟
These equilibrium points are corresponding to circular orbits of radius
𝑟 and 𝑟 respectively.

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Q50. In a diatomic molecule of mass 𝑀, electronic, rotational and vibrational energy scales are of
magnitude 𝐸 , 𝐸 and 𝐸 , respectively. The spring constant for the vibrational energy is
determined by 𝐸 . If the electron mass is 𝑚 then
/
(a) 𝐸 ∼ 𝐸 (b) 𝐸 ∼ 𝐸 (c) 𝐸 ∼ 𝐸 (d) 𝐸 ∼ 𝐸

Topic: Molecular Physics

Sub topic : Rotational, vibrational, electronic spectroscopy
Ans. 50: (a), (c)
2 k
Solution: ER  2
j ( j  1); Ev  (v  1/ 2)
2Mr M
me
ER  Ee To make same dimension
M

me
Ev  Ee To make same dimension
M
Topic: Molecular Physics
Sub topic : Rotational, vibrational, electronic spectroscopy
Q51. Electronic specific heat of a solid at temperature 𝑇 is 𝐶 = 𝛾𝑇, where 𝛾 is a constant related to
the thermal effective mass 𝑚 of the electrons. Then which of the following statements are
correct?
(a) 𝛾 ∝ 𝑚
(b) 𝑚eff is greater than free electron mass for all solids
(c) Temperature dependence of 𝐶 depends on the dimensionality of the solid
(d) The linear temperature dependence of 𝐶 is observed at 𝑇 ≪ Debye temperature
Topic: Solid state Physics
Sub topic : Heat capacity
Ans. 51: (a), (d)
Solution: Lattice heat capacity depends on dimensionality of solid. But, electronic specific heat does not
depends on dimensionality. The effective mass is not always greater than the free electron mass
for all solids.

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Q52. In a Hall effect experiment on an intrinsic semiconductor, which of the following statements are
correct?
(a) Hall voltage is always zero
(b) Hall voltage is negative if the effective mass of holes is larger than those of electrons
(c) Hall coefficient can be used to estimate the carrier concentration in the semiconductor
(d) Hall voltage depends on the mobility of the carriers
Topic: Solid state Physics
Sub topic : Hall effect
Ans. 52: (d)
Solution: Hall coefficient for intrinsic semiconductor generally negative. Because, electron mobility is
higher than the hole mobility.
Q53. A parallel plate capacitor with spacing 𝑑 and area of cross-section 𝐴 is connected to a source of
voltage 𝑉. If the plates are pulled apart quasistatically to a spacing of 2𝑑, then which of the
following statements are correct?

(a) The force between the plates at spacing 2𝑑 is

(b) The work done in moving the plates is
(c) The energy transferred to the voltage source is
(d) The energy of the capacitor reduces by
Topic: Electromagnetic theory
Sub topic : Electrostatic energy
Ans. 53: (a), (c), (d)
∈ ∈
Solution: (a) 𝐹 = 𝑄 𝐸 = = = × =
∈ ∈ ∈

∈ ∈
(b) 𝑊 = ∫ 𝐹⃗ ⋅ 𝑑𝚤⃗ = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 =

(c) Energy transferred to source must be equal to energy decrease of the capacitor.
∈ ∈
(d) Initial energy = , final energy = change = 𝑉 − 𝑉 =−

Q54. A system with time independent Hamiltonian 𝐻(𝑞, 𝑝) has two constants of motion 𝑓(𝑞, 𝑝) and
𝑔(𝑞, 𝑝). Then which of the following Poisson brackets are always zero?
(a) {𝐻, 𝑓 + 𝑔} (b) {𝐻, {𝑓, 𝑔} (c) {𝐻 + 𝑓, 𝑔} (d) {𝐻, 𝐻 + 𝑓𝑔}
Topic: Classical mechanics
Sub topic : Poisson bracket
Ans. 54: (a), (b), (d)

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Solution: {𝐻, 𝑓} = 0, {𝐻, 𝑔} = 0
(a) {𝐻, 𝑓 + 𝑔} = {𝐻, 𝑓} + {𝐻, 𝑔} = 0
(b) {𝐻, {𝑓, 𝑔}} = −{𝑓, {𝑔, 𝐻}} − {𝑔, {𝐻, 𝑓}} = −{𝑓, 0} − {𝑔, 0} = 0
(c) {𝐻 + 𝑓, 𝑔} = {𝐻, 𝑔} + {𝑓, 𝑔} = {𝑓, 𝑔}
(d) {𝐻, 𝐻 + 𝑓𝑔} = {𝐻, 𝐻} + {𝐻, 𝑓𝑔} = {𝐻, 𝑓}𝑔 + 𝑓{𝐻, 𝑔} = 0
Q55. In the action-angle variables (𝐼 , 𝐼 , 𝜃 , 𝜃 ), consider the Hamiltonian 𝐻 = 4𝐼 𝐼 and 0 ≤ 𝜃 , 𝜃 <

2𝜋. Let = . Which of the following are possible plots of the trajectories with different initial

conditions in 𝜃 − 𝜃 plane?

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Topic: Classical mechanics

Sub topic : Hamiltonian Equation of motion
Ans. 55: (b), (c)
Solution: 𝐻 = 4𝐼 𝐼
Equation of motion

𝜃˙ = = 4𝐼 , 𝜃˙ = = 4𝐼
/
= = 2, =
/

Slope of 𝜃 − 𝜃 curve =

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Q56. A particle of mass 𝑚 in the 𝑥 − 𝑦 plane is confined in an infinite two-dimensional well with
vertices at (0, 𝜃), (0, 𝐿), (𝐿, 𝐿), (𝐿, 𝜃). The eigenfunctions of this particle are 𝜓 , =

sin sin . If perturbation of the form 𝑉 = 𝐶𝑥𝑦, where 𝐶 is a real constant, is

applied, then which of the following statements are correct for the first excited state?
ℏ
(a) The unperturbed energy is
ℏ
(b) The unperturbed energy is

(c) First order energy shift due to the applied perturbation is zero
(d) The shift (𝛿) in energy due to the applied perturbation is determined by an equation of the
𝑎−𝛿 𝑏
form = 0, where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are real, non-zero constants
𝑏 𝑎−𝛿
Topic: Quantum mechanics
Sub topic : Particle in a box
Ans. 56: (b), (d)

Solution: We have, 𝜓 , = sin sin

ħ
and its corresponding energies are, 𝐸 , = 𝑛 +𝑛

For ground state 𝑛 = 𝑛 = 1, the ground state energy is given by

𝜋 ħ 𝜋 ħ
𝐸 = (1 + 1 ) =2
2𝑚𝐿 2𝑚𝐿
The first order correction in ground state energy is
( )
𝐸 = ⟨𝜓 (𝑥, 𝑦)|𝐻 |𝜓 (𝑥, 𝑦)⟩
22 𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑦
= 𝐶 𝑥sin 𝑑𝑥 𝑦sin 𝑑𝑦
𝐿𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
2 𝐿 𝐿 𝐶𝐿
= 𝐿= as the energy state energy is odd function.
𝐿 4 4 4
The first excited state has energy,
(2,1)
𝑛 ,𝑛 =
(1,2)
𝜋 ħ 𝜋 ħ
𝐸 =𝐸 = (2 + 1 ) =5
2𝑚𝑎 2𝑚𝑎
The wave function of the particles are
5𝜋 ħ 2 𝜋𝑥 2𝜋𝑦
𝑛 = 1, 𝑛 = 2, 𝐸 = ; 𝜓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = sin sin
2𝑚𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
5𝜋 ħ 2 2𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑦
𝑛 = 2, 𝑛 = 1, 𝐸 = ; 𝜓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = sin sin
2𝑚𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
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The perturbed matrix for this Hamiltonian is given by
⟨1,2|𝐻 |1,2⟩ ⟨1,2|𝐻 |2,1⟩
𝐻 =
⟨2,1|𝐻 |1,2⟩ ⟨2,1|𝐻 |2,1⟩
22 𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑦
= 𝐶 𝑥sin 𝑑𝑥 𝑦sin 𝑑𝑦
𝐿𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
2 𝐿 𝐿 𝐶𝐿
= 𝐿= as the energy state energy is odd function.
𝐿 4 4 4
The first excited state has energy,
(2,1)
𝑛 ,𝑛 =
(1,2)
𝜋 ħ 𝜋 ħ
𝐸 =𝐸 = (2 + 1 ) =5
2𝑚𝑎 2𝑚𝑎
The wave function of the particles are
5𝜋 ħ 2 𝜋𝑥 2𝜋𝑦
𝑛 = 1, 𝑛 = 2, 𝐸 = ; 𝜓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = sin sin
2𝑚𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
5𝜋 ħ 2 2𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑦
𝑛 = 2, 𝑛 = 1, 𝐸 = ; 𝜓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = sin sin
2𝑚𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
The perturbed matrix for this Hamiltonian is given by
⟨1,2|𝐻 |1,2⟩ ⟨1,2|𝐻 |2,1⟩
𝐻 =
⟨2,1|𝐻 |1,2⟩ ⟨2,1|𝐻 |2,1⟩
𝑎 𝑏
=
𝑏 𝑎
The values of inner product are
4 𝜋𝑥 2𝜋𝑦 𝐶𝐿
⟨1,2|𝐻 |1,2⟩ = 𝐶 𝑥sin 𝑑𝑥 𝑦sin 𝑑𝑦 =
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 4
4 2𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑦 𝐶𝐿
⟨1,1|𝐻 |2,1⟩ = 𝐶 𝑥sin 𝑑𝑥 𝑦sin 𝑑𝑦 =
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 4
4 2𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑦 2𝜋𝑦 25𝑏𝐶𝐿
⟨2,1|𝐻 |1,2⟩ = 𝐶 𝑥sin sin 𝑑𝑥 𝑦sin sin 𝑑𝐿 =
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 81𝜋
4 𝜋𝑥 2𝜋𝑥 2𝜋𝑦 𝜋𝑦 25𝑏𝐶𝐿
⟨2|𝐻 |2,1⟩ = 𝐶 𝑥sin sin 𝑑𝑥 9sin sin 𝑑𝑦 =
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 81𝜋
Thus the eigen value of perturbed matrix is determined ground secular equation.
𝑎−𝛿 𝑏
|𝐻 − 𝛿𝐼| = =0
𝑏 𝑎−𝛿

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Q57. A junction is formed between a metal on the left and an 𝑛-type semiconductor on the right.
Before forming the junction, the Fermi level 𝐸 of the metal lies below that of the semiconductor.
Then which of the following schematics are correct for the bands and the 𝐼 − 𝑉 characteristics of
the junction?
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Topic: Electronics
Sub topic: Semiconductor Physics
Ans. 57: (a), (c)
Solution: For a metal and an n-type semiconductor rectifying Schottky contact is formed when work
function of metal is greater than the work function of semiconductor.

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Q58. A plane polarized electromagnetic wave propagating in 𝑦 − 𝑧 plane is incident at the interface
of two media at Brewster's angle. Taking 𝑧 = 0 as the boundary between the two media, the
electric field of the reflected wave is given by

√3 1
𝐸⃗ = 𝐴 cos 𝑘 𝑦 − 𝑧 − 𝜔𝑡 𝑥ˆ
2 2
then which among the following statements are correct?
(a) The angle of refraction is

(b) Ratio of permittivity of the medium of refraction (𝜖 ) with respect to the medium on
incidence (𝜖 ), =3

(c) The incident wave can have components of its electric field in 𝑦 − 𝑧 plane
(d) The angle of reflection is

Topic: Electromagnetic theory

Sub topic: Polarization
Ans. 58: (a), (b), (c)
Solution:

√3 𝑘
𝑘⃗ = 𝑘 𝑦ˆ − 𝑧ˆ
2 2
𝑘 √3𝑘 /2
tan 𝜃 = = = √3
𝑘 2𝑘
𝜋 𝜋
tan = tan ⇒𝜃 =
3 3
𝜋
𝜃 +𝜃 + =𝜋
2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝜃 + + =𝜋⇒𝜃 =𝜋− − =+
3 2 2 3 6
𝑛 𝜖 𝜖 𝜖
tan 𝜃 = = = √3 ⇒ = √3 ⇒ = 3
𝑛 𝜖 𝜖 𝜖

Q59. The minimum number of two-input NAND gates required to implement the following Boolean
expression is__________
𝑌 = [𝐴𝐵‾ (𝐶 + 𝐵𝐷) + 𝐴‾𝐵‾]𝐶
Topic: Electronics
Sub topic: Digital (Logic gate)
Ans. 59: 3 to 3
Solution:

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𝑌 = 𝐴𝐵‾ (𝐶 + 𝐵𝐷)𝐶 + 𝐴‾𝐵‾ 𝐶 + 𝐴𝐵‾ 𝐵𝐷𝐶 + 𝐴‾𝐵‾ 𝐶
= 𝐴𝐵‾ 𝐶 + 𝐴‾𝐵‾ 𝐶 = (𝐴 + 𝐴‾)𝐵‾ 𝐶 = 𝐵‾
Q60. In a nucleus, the interaction 𝑉 𝑙⃗ ⋅ 𝑠⃗ is responsible for creating spin-orbit doublets. The energy
ℏ
difference between 𝑝 / and 𝑝 / states in units of 𝑉 is____ (Round off to the nearest integer)

Topic: Nuclear Physics

Sub topic: Shell model
Ans. 60: 3 to 3

Solution: We know, 𝚥⃗ = 𝑙⃗ + 𝑠⃗ ⇒ 𝑗 + 𝑠 + 2(𝑙⃗ ⋅ 𝑠⃗) ∴ 𝑙⃗ ⋅ 𝑠⃗ = (𝑗 − 𝑙 − 𝑠 )

ħ
Thus, 𝐻 |𝜓⟩ = 𝐸|𝜓⟩ = 𝑉 [𝑗(𝑗 + 1) − 𝑙(𝑙 + 1) − 𝑠(𝑠 + 1)]

For 𝑝 / : s = 1/2; 𝑙 = 1; j = 1/2

ħ 3 3 ħ
𝐸 =𝑉 × −2− =𝑉 × −2 = −𝑉 ħ
2 4 4 2
For 𝑝 / : s = 1/2; 𝑙 = 1; j = /

ħ 15 3 ħ 4 ħ
𝐸 =𝑉 × −2− = 𝑉 × =𝑉
2 4 4 2 4 2
ħ
Thus, the energy difference Δ𝐸 = 𝐸 − 𝐸 = 𝑉

Q61. Two identical particles of rest mass 𝑚 approach each other with equal and opposite velocity
𝑣 = 0.5𝑐, where 𝑐 is the speed of light. The total energy of one particle as measured in the rest
frame of the other is 𝐸 = 𝛼𝑚 𝑐 . The value of 𝛼 is_______ (Round off to two decimal places)
Topic: Classical Mechanics
Sub topic : Relativity
Ans. 61: 1.65 to 1.70
Solution:
𝑣 = 0.5c

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𝑣 = −0.5𝑐
𝑣 −𝑣 0.5𝑐 − (−0.5𝑐)
𝑣 = 𝑣 𝑣 =
1− (0.5𝑐)(−0.5𝑐)
𝑐 1−
𝑐
𝑐 4𝑐
𝑣 = =
1 + 0.25 5
𝑚 𝑐 𝑚 𝑐
𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐 = =
𝑣 16
1− 1−
𝑐 25
5
𝐸 = 𝑚 𝑐 = 𝛼𝑚 𝑐
3
5
𝛼 = = 1.67
3
Q62. In an X-Ray diffraction experiment on a solid with FCC structure, five diffraction peaks
corresponding to (111), (200), (220), (311) and (222) planes are observed using 1.54Å X-rays.
On using 3Å X-rays on the same solid, the number of observed peaks will be__________
Topic: Solid state Physics
Sub topic : X-Ray diffraction
Ans. 62: 1 to 1
Solution: Bragg's Law
𝜆 𝜆
2𝑑 sin 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜆 ⇒ sin 𝜃 = = ℎ +𝑘 +𝑙
2𝑑 2𝑎
Corresponding to maximum value of sin 𝜃(= 1), the expression of √ℎ + 𝑘 + 𝑙 has maximum
values for the sin 𝜃. From this condition we can find out the value of lattice parameter (𝑎) from
the peak corresponding to (222) plane. So
1.54
1= 2 + 2 + 2 ⇒ 𝑎 = 2.66Å
2𝑎
For 𝜆 = 3Å, Bragg's Law
𝜆 3
Sin 𝜃 = ℎ +𝑘 +𝑙 = ℎ +𝑘 +𝑙
2𝑎 2 × 2.66
For Peak (111) Sin 𝜃 = √1 + 1 + 1 = √3 = 0.976
× . × .

Peak (200) Sin 𝜃 = √2 + 0 + 0 = √4 = 1.27

× . × .

Peak (220) Sin 𝜃 = √2 + 2 + 0 = √8 = 1.657

× . × .

Peak (310) Sin 𝜃 = √3 + 1 + 0 = √10 = 1.85

× . × .

Peak (222) Sin 𝜃 = √2 + 2 + 2 = √12 = 2.029

× . × .

The maximum value of sin 𝜃 will be 1 . So for wavelength 𝜆 = 3Å only (111) peak observed.
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Q63. For 1 mole of Nitrogen gas, the ratio of entropy change of the gas in processes (I) and (II)

mentioned below is (Round off to one decimal place)

(I) The gas is held at 1 atm and is cooled from 300 K to 77 K.
(II) The gas is liquified at 77 K.
(Take 𝐶 = 7.0calmol K , Latent heat 𝐿 = 1293.6calmol )
Topic: Thermal Physics
Sub topic : Entropy
Ans. 63: 0.5 to 0.7

Solution: Δ𝑆 = ∫ =∫ = 𝐶 ln = 7 ln = −9.519839 CalK

𝑑𝜃 𝐿 1293.6
Δ𝑆 = = = = −16.8CalK
𝑇 𝑇 77
.
= = 0.5666 ≈ 0.6
.

Q64. Frequency bandwidth Δ𝑣 of a gas laser of frequency 𝑣 Hz is

2𝑣 𝛼
Δ𝑣 =
𝑐 𝐴
where 𝛼 = 3.44 × 10 m s at room temperature and 𝐴 is the atomic mass of the lasing atom.
For He − Ne laser (wavelength = 633 nm ), Δ𝑣 = 𝑛 × 10 Hz. The value of 𝑛 is (Round off
to one decimal place)
Topic: Laser Physics
Sub topic : Basic laser
Ans. 64: 1.2 to 1.4
Solution: Frequency bandwidth Δ𝜈 of a He-Ne laser is given by,

2𝑣 𝛼 2 𝛼 2 3.44 × 10
Δ𝑣 = = =
𝑐 𝐴 𝜆 𝐴 633 × 10 20
2 × 414.73
= × 10 ∼ 1.3 × 10 Hz
633
The lasing atom is Ne for which atomic mass is 20amu.

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Q65. A current of 1 A is flowing through a very long solenoid made of winding density 3000 turns /m.
As shown in the figure, a parallel plate capacitor, with plates
oriented parallel to the solenoid axis and carrying surface
charge density 6𝜖 Cm , is placed at the middle of the
solenoid. The momentum density of the electromagnetic field
at the midpoint 𝑋 of the capacitor is 𝑛 × 10 N s m . The
value of 𝑛 is (Round off to the nearest integer)
(speed of light 𝑐 = 3 × 10 m s )
Topic: Electromagnetic theory
Sub topic : Maxwell equation
Ans. 65: 2 to 2
turns
Solution: 𝑛 = , 𝐼 = 1𝐴, 𝐵inside = 𝜇 𝑛 𝐼

Electric field inside capacitor 𝐸 =

𝑆 1 1 1 𝜎
𝑃 = = × 𝐸𝐵 = × ×𝜇 𝑛 𝐼
𝑐 𝑐 𝜇 𝑐 𝜇 𝜖
𝜎 𝜎∈ 2000
𝑃 = 𝑛𝐼= × 3000 × 𝐴 = = 2 × 10 Nsm ⇒𝑛=2
𝑐 ∈ (3 × 10 ) ×∈ 10

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