Based on the information provided in the sources, here are some multiple-choice questions

covering the topics and subtopics discussed in the lectures:

GIS Fundamentals and Data Models

1.​ What are the two main data models dominating current GIS applications?​

○​ a) Spherical and Projected

○​ b) Raster and Vector
○​ c) Spaghetti and Topological
○​ d) Spatial and Descriptive
2.​ According to the sources, what is GIS primarily defined as?​

○​ a) A type of digital map

○​ b) A system of satellites for navigation
○​ c) A set of tools for drawing geographic features
○​ d) A system of computer software, hardware, data, and personnel to help
manipulate, analyze and present information tied to a spatial location
3.​ What does the "I" in GIS primarily represent?​

○​ a) Input
○​ b) Internet
○​ c) Integration
○​ d) Information
4.​ Geographical variation in the real world is infinitely complex. To capture this in a finite
and manageable quantity, what process is necessary?​

○​ a) Calculation
○​ b) Generalization or abstraction
○​ c) Measurement
○​ d) Symbolization
5.​ GIS data are often split into two components. What are they?​

○​ a) Map and Database

○​ b) Coordinate information (spatial) and Attribute information (non-spatial)
○​ c) Static and Dynamic
○​ d) Layers and Features
6.​ In a GIS, what is often referred to as tabular data and records characteristics of
geographic features?​

○​ a) Spatial data
○​ b) Coordinate information
○​ c) Descriptive data / Attribute data
○​ d) Vector data
 7.​ Which of the following is NOT listed as one of the four sets of capabilities provided by a
computer-based GIS system according to Aronoff (1989)?​

○​ a) Data Input
○​ b) Data Management
○​ c) Data Sharing
○​ d) Manipulation and Analysis
8.​ What is one of the key advantages of GIS listed in the sources?​

○​ a) It only works with satellite imagery.

○​ b) It is primarily used for creating static paper maps.
○​ c) It allows combining data from many sources.
○​ d) It is solely for visualization and cannot perform analysis.

Vector Data Model

9.​ What are the three basic feature or object types in the vector data model?​

○​ a) Pixels, Cells, Grids

○​ b) Raster, Vector, TIN
○​ c) Points, Lines (Arcs), Polygons
○​ d) Nodes, Vertices, Links
10.​In the vector data model, what is defined as a single x, y coordinate identifying a
geographic location and is the simplest type of spatial object?​

○​ a) Node
○​ b) Link
○​ c) Point
○​ d) Vertice
11.​In the context of vector lines, what is located at each end of the line, identifying the start
and end?​

○​ a) Vertice
○​ b) Link
○​ c) Node
○​ d) Arc
12.​What type of node is located at the intersection of three or more arcs and forms a
junction?​

○​ a) Pseudo Node
○​ b) Dangling Node
○​ c) True Node
○​ d) Intersecting Node
13.​A point that resides within a polygon to provide attribute information for that
polygon, but does not represent the geographic location of a distinct feature, is called
 a(n):​

○​ a) Point feature
○​ b) Node
○​ c) Vertice
○​ d) Label point
14.​Which vector data model is described as the most simple, a direct representation of a
graphical image, and has NO explicit topological information?​

○​ a) Topological Vector Model

○​ b) Network Model
○​ c) Spaghetti Model
○​ d) TIN Model
15.​What is a set of rules that model the relationships between neighboring points, lines, and
polygons and determines how they share geometry?​

○​ a) Spatial analysis
○​ b) Map projection
○​ c) Topology
○​ d) Classification
16.​Which vector data model explicitly records adjacency information into the data structure,
helping obtain solutions for common GIS analytical techniques?​

○​ a) Spaghetti Model
○​ b) Topological Vector Model
○​ c) Raster Model
○​ d) CAD Model
17.​In topological concepts, what refers to nodes linking arcs with start and end nodes?​

○​ a) Contiguity
○​ b) Area definition
○​ c) Adjacency
○​ d) Connectivity
18.​What type of topological error with polyline features occurs when a line ends beyond the
line it should connect to?​

○​ a) Undershoot
○​ b) Overshoot
○​ c) Dangling Node
○​ d) Pseudo Node
19.​What type of topological error with polygon features involves a gap existing between
polygon borders?​

○​ a) Undershoot
 ○​ b) Overlapping polygon borders
○​ c) Unclosed polygon
○​ d) Gaps between polygon borders

Raster Data Model

20.​Which GIS data model uses an array of grid values, cells, or pixels to represent
real-world objects?​

○​ a) Vector data model

○​ b) TIN data model
○​ c) Topological vector model
○​ d) Raster data model
21.​In the raster data model, how are spatial relationships typically handled?​

○​ a) They are explicitly stored in attribute tables.

○​ b) They are defined by nodes and arcs.
○​ c) They require complex topological rules to be implemented.
○​ d) They are implicit because the data model is a regular grid.
22.​Which of the following is listed as a disadvantage of the raster data model in the
sources?​

○​ a) Simple data structure

○​ b) Very efficient overlay operation
○​ c) Raster data is more affordable
○​ d) Topology relationship difficult to implement
23.​What is the primary reason raster data compression techniques were developed?​

○​ a) To improve graphic presentation quality

○​ b) To make overlay operations more efficient
○​ c) To make topology implementation easier
○​ d) To improve storage efficiency
24.​Which raster compression technique involves encoding adjacent row cells with the same
value as pairs of values indicating the number of cells and the value?​

○​ a) Block coding
○​ b) Quadtree encoding
○​ c) Wavelet compression
○​ d) Run-length encoding
25.​Which raster compression technique recursively subdivides a raster image into quarters
until each cell is classed?​

○​ a) Run-length encoding
○​ b) Block coding
○​ c) Chain coding
 ○​ d) Quadtree encoding

Spatial Analysis Functions

26.​What is the process of purposefully removing detail from an input data set, hoping to
reveal important patterns of spatial distribution?​

○​ a) Measurement
○​ b) Retrieval
○​ c) Overlay
○​ d) Classification
27.​In automatic classification using the Equal Interval technique, how is the interval size
for each category calculated?​

○​ a) By counting the number of features per category.

○​ b) By dividing the total number of features by the number of classes.
○​ c) By dividing the range of values (vmax - vmin) by the number of classes
(n).
○​ d) By visually inspecting the data distribution.
28.​Which automatic classification technique is also known as quantile classification and
divides classes so the total number of features in each class is approximately the
same?​

○​ a) User-controlled classification
○​ b) Equal Interval technique
○​ c) Automatic classification
○​ d) Equal Frequency technique
29.​Which GIS analytical function allows the calculation of distances, lengths, and areas of
spatial features?​

○​ a) Retrieval functions
○​ b) Overlay functions
○​ c) Measurement functions
○​ d) Neighborhood functions
30.​Optimal path finding techniques are used in GIS measurement functions to find:​

○​ a) The area size of a network.

○​ b) The shortest distance between any two points.
○​ c) A least-cost path between two nodes in a network.
○​ d) The total length of all lines in a network.
31.​What GIS analytical function involves combining spatial and attribute data from two or
more layers to create a new layer?​

○​ a) Classification function
○​ b) Measurement function
 ○​ c) Overlay function
○​ d) Retrieval function
32.​Which type of retrieval function answers questions like "What is at . . . ?" and involves
defining selection conditions by pointing at or drawing spatial objects on the screen?​

○​ a) Spatial selection by attribute conditions

○​ b) Spatial selection using topological relationships
○​ c) Combined attribute conditions
○​ d) Interactive spatial selection
33.​When performing spatial selection by attribute conditions, which types of operators can
be used to state selection conditions on features' attributes?​

○​ a) Arithmetic operators only

○​ b) Spatial operators only
○​ c) Topological operators only
○​ d) Relational operators and Logical operators

Maps, Coordinate Systems, and Symbolization

34.​What is defined as the art, science and technique of making maps?​

○​ a) GIS
○​ b) Georeferencing
○​ c) Spatial Analysis
○​ d) Cartography
35.​According to the sources, what are the two main types of output from a GIS?​

○​ a) Vector data and Raster data

○​ b) Tables and Charts
○​ c) Maps (Static) and Visualizations (Dynamic)
○​ d) Spatial data and Attribute data
36.​The process of map production requires several steps. Which of the following is NOT
listed as a required step in the sources?​

○​ a) Selection of features
○​ b) Classification of selected features
○​ c) Normalization of attributes
○​ d) Symbolization to represent features
37.​What element of map composition gives an indication of how much smaller than
reality a map is and is expressed as a ratio?​

○​ a) Legend
○​ b) Title
○​ c) Projection
○​ d) Scale
38.​A map with a scale expressed as 1:100,000 is described as a:​

○​ a) Large scale map, showing a small area with many details.

○​ b) Small scale map, showing a large area with many details.
○​ c) Small scale map, showing a larger area with fewer details.
○​ d) Large scale map, showing a larger area with many details.
39.​What element of map composition provides the explanation for all the symbols and/or
colors used throughout the map?​

○​ a) Title
○​ b) Map Key (Legend)
○​ c) Direction Indicator
○​ d) Neatline
40.​What are the mathematical equations used to project latitude and longitude
coordinates to plane coordinates, influencing the representation of area and distance
on a map?​

○​ a) Coordinate systems
○​ b) Topology rules
○​ c) Map projections
○​ d) Measurement scales
41.​A set of coordinates identifying the location of each object relatively to others or to an
origin is called a:​

○​ a) Map projection
○​ b) Georeferencing system
○​ c) Coordinate system
○​ d) Spatial reference
42.​Which type of coordinate system uses latitude and longitude to define locations on the
surface of a sphere or spheroid?​

○​ a) Projected coordinate system

○​ b) Cartesian coordinate system
○​ c) UTM coordinate system
○​ d) Geographic coordinate system
43.​A projected coordinate system is based on a map projection and provides a:​

○​ a) Three-dimensional spherical surface.

○​ b) Set of angles from the center of the earth.
○​ c) Two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate plane.
○​ d) Radial measurement system.
44.​Which type of map projection is described as resulting from projecting a spherical
surface onto a cylinder?​
 ○​ a) Conical projection
○​ b) Azimuthal projection
○​ c) Cylindrical projection
○​ d) Planar projection
45.​Which type of map projection is described as resulting from projecting a spherical
surface onto a cone and is good for continental representations?​

○​ a) Cylindrical projection
○​ b) Azimuthal projection
○​ c) Conical projection
○​ d) Transverse projection
46.​When symbolizing data, on which scale of measurement do numbers merely establish
identity (e.g., a phone number, or a road vs. a river)?​

○​ a) Ordinal
○​ b) Interval
○​ c) Ratio
○​ d) Nominal
47.​When symbolizing data, on which scale of measurement do numbers establish order
only (e.g., 1st, 2nd, 3rd place in a race, or small, medium, large cities)?​

○​ a) Nominal
○​ b) Interval
○​ c) Ratio
○​ d) Ordinal
48.​When symbolizing data, on which scale of measurement does the measurement have an
absolute zero and division makes sense (e.g., weight in kg, or time taken to finish a
race)?​

○​ a) Nominal
○​ b) Ordinal
○​ c) Interval
○​ d) Ratio

Okay, I can generate 100 multiple-choice questions based on the provided sources and our
conversation history, covering various aspects of GIS discussed. Each question will have one
correct answer with source citations.

Here are 100 multiple-choice questions:

1.​ According to the sources, what are the two basic types of map information in a GIS?​

○​ a) Raster and Vector

○​ b) Spatial and Descriptive
○​ c) Cartographic and Analytical
 ○​ d) Input and Output Source:
2.​ Which term refers to geographic features represented as points, lines, and polygons in a
GIS?​

○​ a) Descriptive Information
○​ b) Attribute Data
○​ c) Tabular Data
○​ d) Spatial Information Source:
3.​ What type of data records characteristics of geographic features, often presented in
tabular form?​

○​ a) Spatial Data
○​ b) Geometric Data
○​ c) Descriptive Data
○​ d) Coordinate Data Source:
4.​ In the vector data type, what is defined as a single x, y coordinate used to describe a
geographic feature?​

○​ a) Node
○​ b) Link
○​ c) Polygon
○​ d) Point Source:
5.​ According to the sources, which of the following is an ordered set of points with a node
at the beginning and end, used to represent a feature like a road?​

○​ a) Polygon
○​ b) Point
○​ c) Line (Arc, Link, Vector)
○​ d) Vertex Source:
6.​ What are the two points called that define the beginning and end of a line (arc)?​

○​ a) Vertices
○​ b) Links
○​ c) Nodes
○​ d) Endpoints Source:
7.​ In vector data, what feature type is defined by two or more links connected at the nodes
and contains a point inside to identify attributes?​

○​ a) Line Segment
○​ b) Boundary
○​ c) Area Feature
○​ d) Polygon Source:
8.​ What is the primary difference between a Point feature and a Label point in vector
data?​

○​ a) A Point feature is used for small areas, while a Label point is used for large
areas.
○​ b) A Point feature represents a geographic location, while a Label point
represents the direction of a feature.
○​ c) A Point feature represents the actual geographic location, while a Label
point resides within a polygon to provide attribute information for that
polygon.
○​ d) A Point feature uses XY coordinates, while a Label point uses only a single
coordinate. Source:
9.​ Which type of node is located at the intersection of three or more arcs and forms a
junction?​

○​ a) Pseudo Node
○​ b) Dangling Node
○​ c) Start Node
○​ d) True Node Source:
10.​Which type of node is located between two arcs linked together and might represent a
potential topological error if not intended?​

○​ a) True Node
○​ b) Dangling Node
○​ c) Junction Node
○​ d) Pseudo Node Source:
11.​Which type of node is located at the end of one arc and is not linked to another arc,
potentially indicating an undershoot error?​

○​ a) True Node
○​ b) Pseudo Node
○​ c) Junction Node
○​ d) Dangling Node Source:
12.​What is explicitly stated as not encoded in the Spaghetti Model of vector data?​

○​ a) The XY coordinate pairs for points

○​ b) The closed loop of XY coordinates for polygons
○​ c) The string of XY coordinates for lines
○​ d) The spatial relationships between features Source:
13.​What is the main advantage of the Spaghetti Model mentioned in the sources?​

○​ a) Efficient storage
○​ b) Explicit spatial relationships
○​ c) Good for advanced analysis
 ○​ d) Easy to implement and good for fast drawing Source:
14.​According to the sources, what is Topology?​

○​ a) A data compression technique for raster images.

○​ b) A method for digitizing paper maps.
○​ c) A mathematical procedure for explicitly defining spatial relationships.
○​ d) A way to display attribute data in tabular form. Source:
15.​The Topological Vector Model explicitly records which type of information to help obtain
solutions to common operations in advanced GIS analytical techniques?​

○​ a) Drawing color information

○​ b) Scale information
○​ c) File format information
○​ d) Adjacency information Source:
16.​In the Topological Vector Model, what is described as the basic logical entity?​

○​ a) Polygon
○​ b) Node
○​ c) Point
○​ d) Line segment (Arc, Link) Source:
17.​Which topological concept describes how nodes link arcs with start and end nodes,
defining how features are connected?​

○​ a) Contiguity
○​ b) Area Definition
○​ c) Adjacency
○​ d) Connectivity Source:
18.​Which topological concept describes how arcs have directions and are associated with
left and right polygons, indicating adjacency between areas?​

○​ a) Connectivity
○​ b) Area Definition
○​ c) Enclosure
○​ d) Contiguity Source:
19.​Which topological concept describes how arcs connect to surround an area, defining a
polygon?​

○​ a) Connectivity
○​ b) Contiguity
○​ c) Enclosure
○​ d) Area Definition Source:
20.​Which of the following is listed as a common topological error with polygon features?​

○​ a) Undershoot
 ○​ b) Overshoot
○​ c) Dangling Node
○​ d) Unclosed polygons Source:
21.​What type of topological error with polyline features occurs when a gap exists between
lines that should meet at a point (node)?​

○​ a) Overshoot
○​ b) Dangling Node
○​ c) Unclosed Polygon
○​ d) Undershoot Source:
22.​What type of topological error with polyline features occurs when a line ends beyond the
line it should connect to?​

○​ a) Undershoot
○​ b) Pseudo Node
○​ c) Unclosed Polygon
○​ d) Overshoot Source:
23.​What can be implemented in many GIS applications to prevent common topological
errors when digitizing vector features?​

○​ a) Data compression techniques

○​ b) Map projections
○​ c) Scale bars
○​ d) Topology rules Source:
24.​The Raster data model uses an array of grid values, or cells, also known as:​

○​ a) Features
○​ b) Nodes
○​ c) Vectors
○​ d) Pixels Source:
25.​In the Raster data model, what is true about spatial relationships?​

○​ a) They are explicitly stored like in the Topological Vector Model.

○​ b) They are defined using nodes and links.
○​ c) They are implicit because it is a regular grid.
○​ d) They are defined using polygons. Source:
26.​A major problem associated with the Raster data model, leading to the development of
compression techniques, is the sheer amount of:​

○​ a) Attribute data
○​ b) Topological information
○​ c) Raw data that must be stored
○​ d) Layers Source:
27.​Which raster data compression technique encodes adjacent row cells that have the
same value with a pair of values indicating the number of cells and the actual value?​

○​ a) Block Coding
○​ b) Chain Coding
○​ c) Quadtree Encoding
○​ d) Run-length Encoding Source:
28.​Which raster data compression technique recursively subdivides a raster image into
quarters until cells are homogeneous or classed?​

○​ a) Run-length Encoding
○​ b) Block Coding
○​ c) Chain Coding
○​ d) Quadtree Encoding Source:
29.​Which raster data compression technique defines the outer boundary using relative
positions from a start point and stores the sequence of directions?​

○​ a) Run-length Encoding
○​ b) Block Coding
○​ c) Quadtree Encoding
○​ d) Chain Coding Source:
30.​Which raster data compression technique assigns areas consisting of blocks to reduce
redundancy and is described as an extension of run-length encoding to two dimensions?​

○​ a) Run-length Encoding
○​ b) Chain Coding
○​ c) Quadtree Encoding
○​ d) Block Coding Source:
31.​In the context of GIS data models, what does the acronym TIN stand for?​

○​ a) Tabular Information Network

○​ b) Terrain Integration Nodes
○​ c) Temporal Identification Number
○​ d) Triangulated Irregular Network Source:
32.​What is the basic unit of the TIN data model, consisting of three lines connecting three
nodes?​

○​ a) Node
○​ b) Link
○​ c) Polygon
○​ d) Triangle Source:
33.​Analysis of spatial data is defined as computing new information that provides new
insight from:​
 ○​ a) Paper maps
○​ b) Remote sensing imagery
○​ c) The existing, stored data
○​ d) GPS coordinates Source:
34.​Which GIS analytical function allows for the calculation of distances, lengths, and areas
of spatial features?​

○​ a) Retrieval
○​ b) Classification
○​ c) Overlay
○​ d) Measurement Source:
35.​Which GIS analytical function allows for selective searches of data based on
geometric/spatial grounds or attribute data?​

○​ a) Classification
○​ b) Measurement
○​ c) Overlay
○​ d) Retrieval Source:
36.​What is the main purpose of Classification Functions in the analysis of spatial data?​

○​ a) To combine spatial data from multiple layers.

○​ b) To calculate geometric measurements like distance and area.
○​ c) To selectively search for features based on conditions.
○​ d) To purposefully remove detail from a dataset to reveal patterns by
assigning characteristic values. Source:
37.​What is the primary difference between Vector and Raster systems in terms of database
management and analysis strengths?​

○​ a) Raster is strong in database management, Vector is strong in analysis.

○​ b) Vector is strong in database management, Raster is strong in analysis.
○​ c) Both are equally strong in database management and analysis.
○​ d) Neither is strong in database management or analysis. Source:
38.​Which classification technique requires the user to indicate the classification parameters
and define the classification method?​

○​ a) Automatic Classification
○​ b) Equal Interval Technique
○​ c) Equal Frequency Technique
○​ d) User-controlled Classification Source:
39.​In automatic classification, what does the user typically specify?​

○​ a) The exact break points for each class.

○​ b) The classification parameter(s) and method.
○​ c) Only the number of classes in the output data set.
 ○​ d) The color scheme for the output map. Source:
40.​When using the Equal Interval technique for automatic classification, how is the size of
each category calculated?​

○​ a) By counting the number of features in each range.

○​ b) By dividing the range between the maximum and minimum values of the
classification parameter by the number of classes.
○​ c) By assigning class breaks based on attribute conditions.
○​ d) By determining the average value of the classification parameter. Source:
41.​Which automatic classification technique is also known as quantile classification?​

○​ a) Equal Interval Technique

○​ b) User-controlled Classification
○​ c) Attribute Selection
○​ d) Equal Frequency Technique Source:
42.​The Equal Frequency technique divides classes so that approximately the same number
of what is in each class?​

○​ a) Geographic Areas
○​ b) Attribute Values
○​ c) Pixels or Cells
○​ d) Features Source:
43.​Which measurement technique is used to find a least-cost path between two nodes in a
network?​

○​ a) Geometric Measurement
○​ b) Area Calculation
○​ c) Distance Measurement
○​ d) Optimal path finding Source:
44.​In optimal path finding, what can the cost function be defined as?​

○​ a) The number of nodes visited.

○​ b) The number of turns made.
○​ c) The total length of all lines of the path or take into account line
capacity/travel rate.
○​ d) The number of features along the path. Source:
45.​What does the Overlay function primarily do in GIS analysis?​

○​ a) Calculate geometric measurements of features.

○​ b) Select features based on attributes.
○​ c) Combine spatial and attribute data from two or more layers to create a
new layer.
○​ d) Classify data into different categories. Source:
46.​According to the sources, what is the purpose of a Map Projection?​

○​ a) To collect attribute data for geographic features.

○​ b) To define the scale of a map.
○​ c) To create a database management system.
○​ d) To represent the Earth's spherical surface (or a portion) on a flat surface.
Source:
47.​What are the two common types of coordinate systems used in GIS?​

○​ a) Cartesian and Planar

○​ b) Global/Spherical (Geographic) and Projected
○​ c) Local and Universal
○​ d) Datum and Geoid Source:
48.​A reference system that uses latitude and longitude to define locations on the surface of
a sphere or spheroid is called a:​

○​ a) Projected Coordinate System

○​ b) Cartesian Coordinate System
○​ c) Plane Coordinate System
○​ d) Geographic Coordinate System Source:
49.​A coordinate system based on a map projection, providing a two-dimensional Cartesian
coordinate plane, is called a:​

○​ a) Geographic Coordinate System

○​ b) Spherical Coordinate System
○​ c) Latitude-Longitude System
○​ d) Projected Coordinate System Source:
50.​According to the sources, a map projection cannot be done without some:​

○​ a) Scale variation
○​ b) Latitude lines
○​ c) Distortions
○​ d) Prime meridian Source:
51.​Which map projection property preserves shape and ensures the scale is the same in
any direction, with meridians and parallels intersecting at right angles?​

○​ a) Equivalent (Equal Area)

○​ b) Equidistant
○​ c) Compromise
○​ d) Conformal Source:
52.​Which map projection property preserves area, so that areas on the map have the same
proportional relationships to the areas on the Earth?​

○​ a) Conformal
 ○​ b) Equidistant
○​ c) Compromise
○​ d) Equivalent (Equal Area) Source:
53.​Which map projection property preserves distance?​

○​ a) Conformal
○​ b) Equivalent
○​ c) Compromise
○​ d) Equidistant Source:
54.​A map projection that results from projecting a spherical surface onto a cylinder is called
a:​

○​ a) Conic Projection
○​ b) Azimuthal Projection
○​ c) Planar Projection
○​ d) Cylindrical Projection Source:
55.​A map projection that results from projecting a spherical surface onto a cone is called a:​

○​ a) Cylindrical Projection
○​ b) Azimuthal Projection
○​ c) Planar Projection
○​ d) Conical Projection Source:
56.​A map projection that results from projecting a surface onto a spherical plane is called
an:​

○​ a) Cylindrical Projection
○​ b) Conic Projection
○​ c) Planar Projection
○​ d) Azimuthal Projection Source:
57.​Which scale of measurement is described as having numbers that merely establish
identity, such as a phone number or a racer's identification number?​

○​ a) Ordinal
○​ b) Interval
○​ c) Ratio
○​ d) Nominal Source:
58.​Which scale of measurement establishes order only, such as the finishing places in a
race (1st, 2nd, 3rd)?​

○​ a) Nominal
○​ b) Interval
○​ c) Ratio
○​ d) Ordinal Source:
59.​Which scale of measurement is described as having meaningful differences between
numbers, but the numbering scale does not start at 0, such as temperature in Celsius?​

○​ a) Nominal
○​ b) Ordinal
○​ c) Ratio
○​ d) Interval Source:
60.​Which scale of measurement is described as having an absolute zero point, where the
difference between numbers is significant, and division makes sense, such as weight in
kg?​

○​ a) Nominal
○​ b) Ordinal
○​ c) Interval
○​ d) Ratio Source:
61.​What is the art, science, and techniques of making maps called?​

○​ a) GIS Analysis
○​ b) Geodesy
○​ c) Cartography
○​ d) Remote Sensing Source:
62.​Which of the following is listed as a basic element of map composition?​

○​ a) Geographic Coordinate System

○​ b) Database Management System
○​ c) Map Scale
○​ d) Map Projection Type Source:
63.​How is map scale primarily expressed, according to the sources?​

○​ a) Verbal Scale, Numeric Scale, and Text Scale

○​ b) Large Scale, Small Scale, and Medium Scale
○​ c) Verbal Scale, Representative fraction (ratio scale), and Graphic scale
(bar)
○​ d) Latitude, Longitude, and Elevation Source:
64.​In map scale, what does a small scale (ratio is a small fraction, e.g., 1:1,000,000)
typically show?​

○​ a) Small areas with many details.

○​ b) Larger areas with fewer details.
○​ c) Areas with high accuracy.
○​ d) Areas with low accuracy. Source:
65.​In map scale, what does a large scale (ratio is a large fraction, e.g., 1:1,000) typically
show?​
 ○​ a) Larger areas with fewer details.
○​ b) Areas with low accuracy.
○​ c) Small areas with many details.
○​ d) Areas with high distortion. Source:
66.​What map element provides an explanation for all the symbols scattered throughout the
map image?​

○​ a) Map Title
○​ b) Map Scale
○​ c) North Arrow
○​ d) Map Key (Map Legend) Source:
67.​What map element indicates the cardinal directions (north, south, east, west)?​

○​ a) Scale Bar
○​ b) Legend
○​ c) Direction Indicator (Compass or Compass Rose)
○​ d) Grid Source:
68.​What map element frames the entire map composition and helps to indicate exactly
where the area of a map begins and ends?​

○​ a) Map Body
○​ b) Inset Map
○​ c) Locator Map
○​ d) Neatlines or Clipping Lines Source:
69.​What type of map element is added to place the body of the map within a larger
geographical context that may be more familiar to the reader?​

○​ a) Inset Map
○​ b) Overview Map
○​ c) Map Body
○​ d) Locator Map Source:
70.​What type of map element provides additional close-up, "zoomed-in" maps of small
sections within a larger map where data is densely clustered?​

○​ a) Locator Map
○​ b) Overview Map
○​ c) Map Body
○​ d) Inset Map Source:
71.​What two main types of output from a GIS are described in the source material?​

○​ a) Digital and Analog

○​ b) Raster and Vector
○​ c) Maps (Static) and Visualizations (Dynamic)
○​ d) Spatial and Tabular Source:
72.​According to Burrough (1986) as cited in the sources, a GIS is "A set of tools for
collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real
world for a particular set of purposes." What type of data is specifically mentioned here?​

○​ a) Attribute data
○​ b) Raster data
○​ c) Vector data
○​ d) Spatial data Source:
73.​Aronoff (1989) as cited in the sources, describes a computer-based system that provides
4 sets of capabilities to handle georeferenced data. Which of the following is NOT one of
those capabilities listed?​

○​ a) Data Input
○​ b) Data Management
○​ c) Manipulation and Analysis
○​ d) Data Validation Source:
74.​The sources state that GIS data is often split into two components: Coordinate
information and Attribute information. What does Attribute information describe?​

○​ a) Object geometry
○​ b) Other non-spatial properties associated with the feature
○​ c) Spatial location
○​ d) Data quality Source:
75.​How is attribute information often presented in a GIS, leading to it sometimes being
referred to as tabular data?​

○​ a) As a map overlay
○​ b) In a graphic scale
○​ c) As points, lines, or polygons
○​ d) In tabular form (rows and columns) Source:
76.​According to the sources, what is a "layer" in GIS?​

○​ a) A single geographic feature.

○​ b) A type of map projection.
○​ c) A collection of similar features such as customers, buildings, streets, or
rivers.
○​ d) A database management system. Source:
77.​GIS takes numbers and words from databases and spreadsheets and puts them on a
map. According to the sources, what does placing data on a map allow you to do that
isn't possible in a spreadsheet?​

○​ a) View, understand, question, and visualize data in ways simply not

possible in rows and columns.
○​ b) Perform complex statistical calculations.
 ○​ c) Store large amounts of data efficiently.
○​ d) Digitize features from paper maps. Source:
78.​What are the two types of GIS Data Models used for graphic representation of
geographic space mentioned?​

○​ a) Spatial and Attribute

○​ b) Point and Polygon
○​ c) Vector and Raster
○​ d) Spaghetti and Topological Source:
79.​Why is a well-prepared data model considered vital for a successful GIS analysis?​

○​ a) It makes data acquisition easier.

○​ b) It determines the symbology used on maps.
○​ c) It gives you an idea on how the computer stores the data and how the
data is analyzed.
○​ d) It reduces the need for attribute data. Source:
80.​According to the sources, which data model is generally more affordable in terms of data
acquisition?​

○​ a) Vector Data Model

○​ b) Topological Data Model
○​ c) Raster Data Model
○​ d) TIN Data Model Source:
81.​Which data model is described as having a simple data structure and being very efficient
for overlay operations?​

○​ a) Vector Data Model

○​ b) Topological Data Model
○​ c) Raster Data Model
○​ d) TIN Data Model Source:
82.​Which data model is described as being strong in database management (attributes
belonging to features) but weaker in some forms of analysis like layer-by-layer
comparison?​

○​ a) Raster Data Model

○​ b) Spaghetti Data Model
○​ c) Vector Data Model
○​ d) TIN Data Model Source:
83.​Which data model is described as being strong in analysis (easy to overlay layers pixel
by pixel) but weaker in database management (single value associated with each cell)?​

○​ a) Vector Data Model

○​ b) Topological Data Model
○​ c) Raster Data Model
 ○​ d) TIN Data Model Source:
84.​For discrete features such as customer locations, pole locations, or data summarized by
area like postal code areas, which data model is usually used?​

○​ a) Raster Model
○​ b) TIN Model
○​ c) Vector Model
○​ d) Both Raster and Vector equally Source:
85.​What system incorporates a special set of software tools to manage the non-spatial
tabular data in a GIS?​

○​ a) GIS Software
○​ b) Spatial Analysis Software
○​ c) Mapping Software
○​ d) Database Management System (DBMS) Source:
86.​What is the Global Positioning System (GPS)?​

○​ a) A type of GIS software.

○​ b) A method for digitizing maps.
○​ c) A worldwide radio-navigation system using satellites and ground
stations to calculate positions accurately.
○​ d) A type of map projection. Source:
87.​According to the sources, GPS can be used for accurate geo-reference of objects and
for direct mapping and surveying. It can also be used for image geo reference as what?​

○​ a) Satellite imagery
○​ b) Aerial photos
○​ c) Attribute data
○​ d) Ground control points Source:
88.​In the context of spatial analysis retrieval functions, what type of selection answers
questions like "What is at . . . ?" by pointing at or drawing spatial objects on the screen?​

○​ a) Spatial selection by attribute conditions

○​ b) Spatial selection using topological relationships
○​ c) Combining attribute conditions
○​ d) Interactive spatial selection Source:
89.​In the context of spatial analysis retrieval functions, what type of selection answers
questions like "where are the features with . . . ?" by stating conditions on the features'
attributes?​

○​ a) Interactive spatial selection

○​ b) Spatial selection using topological relationships
○​ c) Spatial selection by geometric grounds
○​ d) Spatial selection by attribute conditions Source:
90.​When using spatial selection by attribute conditions, what kind of operators can be
used?​

○​ a) Geometric operators (<, >, =)

○​ b) Topological operators (meet, overlap)
○​ c) Relational operators (<, >, =, <=, >=, <>) and Logical operators (and, or,
not)
○​ d) Compression operators Source:
91.​According to the sources, when using spatial selection based on topological
relationships, what can you select features based on?​

○​ a) Their color or size.

○​ b) Whether they are inside, intersect, are adjacent to, or are within a certain
distance of selection objects.
○​ c) Their attribute values only.
○​ d) The date they were created. Source:
92.​What is the name given to the eight possible spatial combinations of intersections
between the boundary and interior of two spatial regions A and B, discussed in the
context of topological relationships for spatial selection?​

○​ a) Topological Operators
○​ b) Relational Operators
○​ c) Spatial Joins
○​ d) Spatial Combinations Source:
93.​According to the sources, which GIS function combines spatial and attribute data from
two or more layers?​

○​ a) Measurement
○​ b) Retrieval
○​ c) Classification
○​ d) Overlay Source:
94.​Overlay analysis is defined to compare the characteristics of the same location in both
data layers and produce a result for each location in the output layer. What determines
the specific result to produce?​

○​ a) The data model (Vector or Raster).

○​ b) The map projection used.
○​ c) The user's requirements (e.g., calculation, logical function).
○​ d) The source of the data. Source:
95.​Examples of logical connectors mentioned for defining the specific result in an Overlay
function include:​

○​ a) Point, Line, Polygon

○​ b) Node, Arc, Vertex
 ○​ c) Intersection, Union, Difference, Complement
○​ d) Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio Source:
96.​The statement "A well prepared data model is vital for a successful GIS analysis" is
analyzed in one of the sources. What is a key reason cited for this statement?​

○​ a) Data models determine the hardware requirements for a GIS.

○​ b) Data models influence the types of questions that can be asked.
○​ c) Data models influence analytical capabilities and how data is stored and
analyzed.
○​ d) Data models simplify the process of data collection. Source:
97.​When symbolizing vector data, the choice of symbolization strategies depends on the
level of measurement of the data. For Nominal Data, information is grouped into
categories based on what?​

○​ a) Quantitative measure (rank)

○​ b) Absolute zero point
○​ c) Meaningful differences between numbers
○​ d) Qualitative considerations Source:
98.​When symbolizing vector data, for Ordinal Data, information is grouped by rank based
on what?​

○​ a) Qualitative considerations
○​ b) Absolute zero point
○​ c) Meaningful differences between numbers
○​ d) Some quantitative measure Source:
99.​When symbolizing vector data, for Ratio Data, information can be arranged along what
kind of scale?​

○​ a) Qualitative scale
○​ b) Ordinal scale
○​ c) Interval scale
○​ d) Quantitative scale Source:
100.​ What does DBMS stand for in the context of GIS, where it is used to manage
non-spatial tabular data?​

●​ a) Digital Mapping System

●​ b) Geographic Management Software
●​ c) Data Backup and Maintenance System
●​ d) Database Management System Source:

Here are 15 multiple-choice questions about neighborhood functions used in GIS spatial
analysis:
1.​ What is the primary purpose of a neighborhood function in GIS spatial analysis?​
a) To calculate global statistics for an entire layer​
b) To analyze a location based on the characteristics of the area around it​
c) To convert vector data to raster data​
d) To combine attribute data from different tables​

2.​ In the context of raster data analysis, what does a "neighborhood" typically refer
to?​
a) All cells within the same row​
b) A group of cells surrounding a central cell​
c) All cells with the same value​
d) A single cell at a specific coordinate​

3.​ Which of the following is a common operation performed by a raster

neighborhood function?​
a) Creating a buffer around a feature​
b) Calculating the shortest path between two points​
c) Determining the average value of surrounding cells​
d) Identifying intersecting polygons​

4.​ When performing a raster neighborhood analysis, what determines the size and
shape of the area being analyzed around each cell?​
a) The resolution of the raster data​
b) The defined neighborhood window or kernel​
c) The number of attributes associated with the cell​
d) The projection of the coordinate system​

5.​ Which type of neighborhood window is commonly used in raster analysis?​

a) Circular​
b) Rectangular (e.g., 3x3 or 5x5)​
c) Annular (doughnut shape)​
d) All of the above​

6.​ A raster neighborhood function that calculates the highest value in the
surrounding cells is performing what type of operation?​
a) Mean​
b) Sum​
c) Maximum​
d) Minimum​
7.​ In vector data analysis, how are neighborhood relationships often defined?​
a) By the values stored in a grid cell​
b) By the connectivity of nodes in a network​
c) By a specified distance or spatial relationship between features​
d) By the number of vertices in a polygon​

8.​ Which vector analysis tool is a common example of a neighborhood function,

analyzing areas within a defined distance around a feature?​
a) Clip​
b) Erase​
c) Buffer​
d) Intersect​

9.​ Analyzing features that are within a certain distance of a road segment is an
example of a neighborhood analysis in which data model?​
a) Raster​
b) Vector​
c) Both Raster and Vector​
d) Neither Raster nor Vector​

10.​Raster neighborhood functions are particularly useful for analyzing what type of
geographic phenomena?​
a) Discrete objects with sharp boundaries​
b) Features with complex topological relationships​
c) Continuous surfaces and localized patterns (e.g., terrain, pollution levels)​
d) Network connectivity and flow​

11.​What might a raster neighborhood 'Range' operation calculate?​

a) The total number of cells in the neighborhood​
b) The difference between the maximum and minimum values in the
neighborhood​
c) The average distance from the center cell to the edge of the neighborhood​
d) The count of unique values in the neighborhood​

12.​If you want to smooth out noisy data in a raster (e.g., a satellite image), which
raster neighborhood operation would be most appropriate?​
a) Maximum​
b) Minimum​
c) Mean (Average)​
 d) Majority (Most frequent value)​

13.​A vector neighborhood analysis might be used to answer which type of question?​
a) What is the slope at this specific point?​
b) Which houses are located within 500 meters of a proposed new park?​
c) What is the average temperature across the entire study area?​
d) What is the total area of all lakes in a region?​

14.​How does increasing the size of the neighborhood window in a raster analysis
affect the output?​
a) It increases the resolution of the output raster​
b) It generally leads to smoother results and averages out local variations over a
larger area​
c) It makes the output boundaries between different values sharper​
d) It reduces the overall storage space required for the output​

15.​While raster neighborhood functions operate on cell values, vector neighborhood

analysis typically operates on:​
a) The color symbology of features​
b) The spatial relationships and proximity between features​
c) The file size of the vector layer​
d) The number of layers in the map document​