Cell Structure and Function

Introduction Techniques in cell Biology Micrometry

•Cell (Structural and functional Unit+Building block) •Measurment of microscopic
•Theory of cellular Organization objects
•Done by two scales
All compose of one or more cells •One in eye piece (eye
piece graticule) or
Hereditary Material ocular micrometer
Microscopy Staining Centrifugation Tissue culture Chromatography Electrophoresis Spectrophotometry Microdissection
Metabolic Center •Necessary to understand cell •To increase contrast •Second is on stage
•Process of cell fractionation •Growth of tissue or •Separation process •Separate the charged •Measure optical density. •Use of microscope to aid
Resolution vs Magnification of cell using stains. Calibration should be done
New cell arise from •Homogenate the mixture by cell separated from •Mixture move over particles. •Mass directly proportional dissection.
•Resolution power of light •Non-toxic stain are called grinding organism on gel stationary phase. •Influence of electric to optical density Chromosomes microdissection
previous cells microscope =250nm vital strains e.g Neutral
•Put in centrifuge and spin (Agar & agarose) •Based on molecular •Speed of movement of •Used to do analysis of •use fine glass needle
•Resolution power of naked red, Methylene blue Steps:
•Inhibit at rapid speed mass and solubility particle depends upon amino acid Laser microdissection
eye=500X •Two strains can also 1. Select explant Paper chromatography charge and size of •use laser and microscope
and then increase
•Human naked eye can be used, second is called 2.Sterilization •Pigment separation
•Segregation according molecules. Laser capture microscope
differentiate b/w two points counter strain. 3.Explant culture medium •Mixture placed in paper
to density and size •use of laser and microscope
at least 1.0 mm apart •Strains can be temporary, 4.Add nutrient to cause cell to adhere to film
dipped in solvents
•Magnification: means Permanent. 5.Callus formation Column Chromatography
to increase the apparent size 5.Shoot –›Low auxin •Mobile phase flow over
of object as much as high Cytokinins metal tube.
10,000 times. 6.Root –› High auxin
•TEM can magnify 1,000,000 low cytokinins
times. 7. Potted up(Deflasked)
•SEM Counter Stains image.
has 3 dimensional
Two stains may be used in which the second is called counter stain.
Permanent Stains
Stains Final colour Suitable for
i. Aniline blue Blue Fungal hyphae & Spores
ii. Borax carmine Pink Nuclei, Obelia colony
iii. Eosin Pink / Red Cytoplasm / Cellulose
iv. Feulgen’s stain Red / Purple DNA (particularly during
cell division) i.e.
chromosomes
v. Leishman’s stain Red / Pink / Blue Blood cells
vi. Methylene blue Blue Nuclei
vii. Safranin Red / Purple Nuclei, lignin & plant
tissues
Temporary Stains
i. Aniline sulphate Yellow Lignin
ii. Iodine solution Blue-black Starch
iii. Schultz’s solution Yellow / Blue / Blue or Lignin, Cutin, Protein. /
(Chlor-zinc-iodine) Violet Starch / Cellulose
As revealed by the above table different cell organelles stain differently by different
stains, hence increase the resolution power of a microscope.
 Cell

Other structures Cytoplasmic organelles

Cell wall Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Golgi apparatus
(Dictyosome)
•Discovery: R.Hooke,1665 •Outer most boundary of cell •Part of living Content of cell •Network of channel between Nuclear •Plade (1955) •Discovered by Camillo Golgi (1898)
•Secreted by protoplasm •20-40% lipids + 60-80% protein. •90% water and Cell membrane •20nm •Stacks of flat sacs called cisternae
•Adjacent cells are connected •Gorter & Grendel 1925;Two layers of lipid •Soluble part (Cytosol) •Separated by Cisternae •Discovered by Plade •Unit is called Dictyosome
by M.Lamella (1µm) molecules only. •True & colloidal solution SER: •RNA+Protein •Two faces
Middle Lamella (1µm): •J.F.Danieele & Davon 1935;Lipid bilayer is •Sol(Non viscous) •Far from nucleus •At RER or in cytosol 1.Proximal (cis) or forming close to nucleus
•Cement together wall of covered with protein &Protein pores. •Gel (Viscous) •Lipid synthesis •Large & small subunit 2. Distal (trans) or maturing located toward
neighboring cells. •Robertson 1959;Unit membrane model. •Outer–›Gel like •Detoxification •Prokaryotes –› 50S+30S=70S cell membrane.
•Composition: Lignified Fluid mosaic model: •Home of organelles •Transport •Eukaryotes–› 60•S+40S=80S •Vesicle from RER fuse with cis face.
Primary wall: (1-3µm) •Given by Sanger and Nicholson,1972. •Storage of chemical •Communication •Mg++ is required for attachment Function:
•Optically active, Elastic •Sea of lipids, and proteins are floating. •Cyclosis (Streaming movement) RER: of subunit •Storage of Secretory product
•Composition: cellulose,Pectin Protein and their role: •Near to nucleus •Polysome (Ribosome+mRNA) •Polysaccharide synthesis then combine with
hemicellulose •Intrinsic protein–›Extend completely through •Protein synthesis protein and lipids to form Glycoprotein &
•Follwed by P.wall is S.wall. the double layer of lipids from one side to other. Glycolipids
Secondary Wall: •Extrinsic Protein–›Smaller, placed between •Free •RER •Add surface area to plasma membrane
•5-10µm, less rigid, crystalline, phospholipids molecules. e.g Haemoglobin e.g Hydrolytic Enzymes
•strongly optical active Role of Glycolipids and Glycoproteins:
•Composition: Cellulose,Mineral (Permeases)
salts(Ca++,Mg++,K+), •Functional diversity of membrane.
Non-cellulosic polysacchrides, •Permeases regulate Diffusion, Osmosis,
Hemicellulose. Active transport of ionic material.
Industrial use: •Harmone receptor sites(HRS), Nerve
•Rayan (Textile) impulse receiving, Recognize antigen,
•Nitrocelulose (Explosive) Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Surface marker.
•Cellophane (Permeable membrane) Role:
•Plastic •7nm Wide, Transport, excretion, Ionic
gradient, Maintain pH, Prevent escaping
of cell content
 Organelles

Lysosome Peroxisome Glyosxisome Cytoskeleton Centriole Cilia and Flagella Mitochondria Plastids
•Discovered By DeDuve (1949) • 0.5 µm • Catalase & glycolic acid •Discovered by Koltzoff •0.2 µm diameter (Near nucleus) •Both have same structure •In all eukaryotes •Membrane bounded pigmented
•Single membrane enzyme •Presence liver and kidney. oxidase •Confirmed by Cohn (1977) •0.3 to 0.5 µm long •Cilia are more short & flagella •Power house of cell bodies
bodies (Hydrolyses & Acid •Reduce effort of Hydrogen •Fatty acid–›carbohydrate •Network of skeleton •Hollow Paired cylinders are less and long •Discovered in mucles Chloroplast (4-6µm)
Phosphatases) peroxide. conversion •Main protein tubulin, actin, myosin, •Array of triplet of microtubules •Posses a central bundle of •Self replicating •Chlorophyll (absorb energy)
•Engulf foreign particle •In plants photorespiration. •Only in lipid rich plants tropomyosin and other proteins of •Form spindle (Microtubules microtubules called axonemes •Outer membrane–›Smooth •Have Mg++ in center, Haem
•Phagocytosis muscles. organizing center MTOCs), in which nine outer doublet •Inner membrane –›Cristae, have Fe++.
•Enzyme formed on RER and •Derived orgnelles are cilia, flagella, Cilia, Falgella, Cytokinesis microtubule surround a central which enclose matrix. •Stroma: Fluid surrounded
budded off from Golgi as basal bodies, centrioles. pair of singlet microtubules. •Own DNA and ribosomes thylakoid (DNA & Ribosome)
•Primary lysosome Microtublues: •Surrounded by plasma membrane •F1 particles in cristae •Thylakoid: Disc like
Function: •long, unbranched, slender, tubluin Functions: •Granum: Pile of thylakoid
•Autophagy (Self eating) protein •Center of aerobic respiration (50-100) connected by
•Degeneration of cell in Functions: •Extract energy from ATP intergranum.
development. •Assembly and disassembly spindle. Cillia+Flagella. •Energy Storage Chromoplast:
Storage disease: Microfilaments: •Other than green.
•Accumulation of sunstances •More thin, actin protein, linked to inner •Help in pollination, present
Glycogenosis: face of plasma membrane. DIFFERENCE PROKARYOTE EUKARYOTE in petals.
•Lipid accumulation in brain Function: Leucoplast:
•Mental retardation and death •Cyclosis and amoebide movement. 1) Cell Type They are composed of prokaryotic cells. They are composed of eukaryotic cells. •Tubular, triangular, Colorless,
Nucleus
Taysach: Intermediate filament: 2) Nucleus Nucleus is absent in them. They have well defined nucleus. Store food
•Glycogen accumulation in •Intermediate b/w Microtubules and
muscle and liver. microfilaments
3) DNA DNA is without any nuclear mem brane DNA or chromosomes is enclosed in
Functions: covering and is directly submerged in double nuclear membrane.
•Cell shape, Integration of cellular cytoplasm. Bacterial cell
components •Murein
4) Membrane- Membrane-bounded structures are Membrane-bounded structures are •Cell wall–›Prevent from osmotic
Introduction Components Bounded absent. e.g. mitochondria, ER are present. lysis
•Discovered by Robert Brown (1838) absent. •Lack chromosome
Structures •Small ribosomes (70S)
•10µm diameter, slightly darker,
spherical. 5) Ribosomes They have small sized 70S ribosomes They have large sized 80S ribosomes •Binary fission/Multiple fission
•Metabolic control & genetic (50S+30S) (60S+40S) •Conjugation
(Chromosome)
•Mononucleate, binucleate,
6) Cell Wall Their cell wall is composed of Cell wall of plants is generally
Multinucleate polysaccharide chain covalently bonded composed of cellulose.
with shorter chains of amino acids
forming peptidoglycan or murein.
Sacculus: a single huge molecule or
molecular complex, often representing
Nuclear Membrane Nucleolus Nucleoplasm Chromosomes the entire prokaryotic cell wall.
•Separate nucleus from cytoplasm •Darkly stained without •Colloidal mixture of organic •Thread like structure
•Double membrane membrane & inorganic salts •Chromosome 7) Cell Division They reproduce by binary fission. They reproduce by mitosis and meiosis.
1.Outer –›RER •Two Areas •Chromatin is suspended 1. Centromere 8) Histone DNA is not associated with histone. DNA & histone form nucleosome or
2.Inner –›Enclose nucleus 1. Peripheral–›Presence of •Storage of enzyme, Raw material 2. Chromatids Proteins chromatin.
•Have pores for exchange ribosomes for DNA & RNA synthesis. 3. Kinetochore
b/w cytoplsm & nucleus 2. Central fibril–›RNA & rDNA •Formed of DNA & protein 8) Example Bacteria and blue green algae e.g. Multicellular animals, plants, fungi
Genes present at locus and protista.
•Diploid
•Haloid