Science grade 9 Exam review

Created by : Mia Mehta and Ava Menezes

Strand A- Scientific skills unit - Not really important
Scientific method 6 steps
1. Purpose: recognize a problem, reason for the experiment
2. Hypothesis: educated guess “if” and “then” statement
3. Apparates: Collection of materials and equipment used
4. Procedure: Outlines the steps of the experiment (include diagram)
5. Observations: observing, collecting and report your results (table/graph)
6. Discussion: Analysis of your results (questions) identify trends
7. Conclusion: Interpretation of the results ( Was hypothesis correct? Answer the original question. Discuss sources
of error)

Lab safety
a) Where is the fire extinguisher located: At the front of the class
b) Where is the fire blanket located and what fire can you use it for: A red box under fire extinguisher,
used for small fires
c) Where is the first aid kit: Under the teachers desk
d) Where is the eyewash station and how do you operate it: Found beside fire blanket and push green
paddle
e) Where is the nearest emergency shower: In the chemical mixing room
What should you do if:
a) A chemical splashes in your eye: Use the eyewash station
b) You get a glass cut: Use first aid kit
c) You break a piece of glassware:Clean up with broom and put it in broken glass container
d) You need to dispose of chemicals: Put in chemical waste bin
e) A piece of equipment breaks: Replace the equipment
f) You burn your finger: Flush under cold water
Symboles
HHPS- Hazardous household product symbols
It tells you about the type of danger. Provides info about at home projects

Picture Explanation

Explosive
● Container can explode if heated/punctured
● If explosion occurs flying pieces may cause injury

Poison
● Poisonous so can cause illness/death if swallowed/inhaled even in small amounts

Flammable
● Product/fumes may catch fire easily
● Must be kept away from all heat sources

Corrosive
● Product can cause burns to skin and eyes or contact or throat/stomach if swallowed
● These products may eat away at other materials
 WHMIS- Workplace hazardous materials information system
Found on dangerous materials used in all workplaces, including schools
Pictogram Explanation

Exploding bomb
● For explosive or reactivity hazards
● Materials capable of explosive reactions and may be self-reactive

Flame
● Flammable materials that can burn in air ignited
● May be self-reactive/self-heating
● Flame when exposed to water and become hot when exposed to air

Flame over circle

● Materials that can cause or increase the intensity of fire
● Can cause skin/eye burns

Gas cylinder
● Could explode due to pressure/heated or dropped

Corrosion
● Can eat through metals
● Can irritate skin and eyes

Skull and crossbones

● Can cause death with exposure to small amounts

Health hazard
● Can cause serious health effects

Exclamation mark
● May cause less serious health/damage to ozone layer

Biohazardous
● For organisms or toxins that can cause diseases in people/animals

Lab equipment

Picture Name and function Picture Name and function

Bunsen burner Test tube brush
● For testing chemicals in ● Used to clean test tubes
beakers

Beaker Ring clamp

● A container used to mix ● Holds beakers above
chemicals Bunsen burners

Goggles Test tube rack

● Protect eyes from ● To hold several test tubes
chemicals at once

Crucible Well plate

● For heating things at ● Rows of depressions to
high temperatures hold small amounts of
liquids

Wire gauze Rubber stopper

● Flat surface for beakers ● For sealing test tubes and
held above flames flasks

Scoopula Tweezers
● For scooping solid ● For holding/moving
chemicals small objects

Retort stand Florence flask

● Frame for elevating ● For storing and swirling
glassware while being liquids
heated
 Graduated cylinder Flint spark lighter
● Accurately measure ● For igniting a Bunsen
volume at eye level Burner flame

Test tube holder Evaporating Dish

● Used to hold a hot test ● For evaporating liquids
tube

Watch glass Beaker tongs

● Surface to evaporate ● Used to move hot
liquids or cover beakers beakers

Pipette Thermometer
● Transferring small ● Measure temperature
quantities of liquid

Funnel Mortar and pestle

● For filtering mixtures ● Grinding substances to
and pour liquids into powder
narrow openings

Stirring rod Clamp

● Used to stir chemicals ● Secure glassware to
retort stand

Erlenmeyer flask Test tube

● For storing and swirling ● Used to mix/hold small
liquids quantities of liquids

Strand B- Ecology
Biology terms:
Herbivore: A plant eater
Carnivore: A meat eater
Omnivore: Eats both meat and plants
Decomposer: Are bacterial systems that break down matter into simple molecules, which become apart of the soil
or water
Ecosystem: Is a unit of biosphere organisms interact with each other and the environment
Biotic: All living components: Plants, animals, fungi
Abiotic: All non-living components: Rock, soil, water, sun, weather
Biodiversity: The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.

Different spheres on earth

Atmosphere: Air
● Extends 600 km above the earth’s surface
● Several layers
● Oxygen: 21% of air
● Nitrogen (Protein) 78% of air
● Argon: 0.93%
● Carbon dioxide (mostly in plants) 0.4%
● Other: 0.3%

Lithosphere: Land
● Where life is found
● 2 layers known as rocky outer shell: The crust & Upper mantle
● Consists of “Plates” that are moving slowly on a viscous layer of maternal called asthenosphere

Hydrosphere: Water
● Hydrosphere is constantly moving meaning affects our weather
● All water on earth = 70% of earth’s surface is salt water (Oceans, rivers, lakes)
● 3% of freshwater in the world: Glaciers/Ice sheets 2.4% of freshwater and 0.6% of remaining fresh water are
lakes,rivers and groundwater

Biosphere: Where all living things exist

● Life is maintained here
● An ecosystem is a unit of the biosphere

Species and Bioamplification/Bioaccumulation

Invasive species: An invasive species is a species that has left its original environment and spread/expand to other
locations and has the potential to cause harm to the environment, the economy, or to human health.
● Invasive species become predators, competitors, parasites and diseases of our native and domesticated plants and
animals

Bioamplification/Biomagnification vs Bioaccumulation
.
Bioamplification refers to the increase of concentration as you move up the food chain.

Bioaccumulation occurs within an organism, where the concentration of a substance builds up faster than it is removed.

Symbiotic relationships

Mutualism: Both benefit (+ & +)

Commensalism : One benefits, the other has no effect (+ & 0 )
Parasitism: One benefits, the other is harmed (+ & -)
Parasite: Lives off another organism
Host: Provides food unintentionally for parasite

Predator: Animal that captures food

Prey: Organism that is eaten, leads to prey regulation
Competition: 2 different organisms of population that depends upon the same resource
Due to needing the same resources they become limiting factors
because there isn’t enough Food, Water, Shelter etc.
Carrying capacity: Max # of individuals of a species that can be
supported indefinitely by an ecosystem
Predator and Prey: There are always more prey than predators. Population of predators follows behind prey.

Runoff, carbon cycle and pesticides

Carbon cycle
Co2 in the atmosphere
1. Photosynthesis from plants
2. Cellular respiration (consumer eats plant)
3. death/decomposition/deforestation (animals dies)
4. Formation of fossil fuels
5. Combustion of fossil fuels
 Runoff on farms: When there is runoff on farms rain can absorb into the ground, enter bodies of water or evaporate.

Pesticides: Pesticides become resistant because the organisms the pesticides don't kill reproduce with stronger
genetics, so soon target pests overcome resistance Pesticide Resistance. Over time the chemicals can harm the
environment and other species

Food web vs Food chain

A Food chain starts with a producer and is then eaten by a consumer until the top carnivore is reached. A food web
is multiple food chains that shows species eating multiple food sources. In both there is a 15% energy transfer.

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Word and chemical equations

Reactants ⤵️Sunlight Products
Photosynthesis: Co 2+ H 2 o=C 6 H 12 O6+ O2
Carbon dioxide + water = glucose + oxygen

Cellular respiration: C 6 H 12 O6+ O2=Co2+ H 2 O+ energy

Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy

They are complementary because cellular respiration is what lets us use oxygen produced by plants during
photosynthesis to create energy to help us live. Cellular respiration needs oxygen while photosynthesis producers
oxygen.

Strand C- Chemistry

Chemistry Terms:
Compound: 2 or more atoms chemically joined together
Element: Made up of 1 atom (cannot be broken down)
Mixture:Two or more substances together
Molecule: 2 or more of the same atoms joined to itself
Diatomic molecule: 2 of the same atoms joined together sharing electrons using a covalent bond
Pure substance: One substance made up of 1 Type of particle
Chemical Family: vertical rows
Period: Hortional rows
Metal: (left side of the staircase) Lustrous, malleable, ductile, conducts heat and electricity
Metalloid: (every element touching the staircase but aluminum and polonium) properties of both Metal and Nonmetals
Non-metal: (Right side of staircase) Brittle, dull, doesn’t conduct heat or electricity
Heterogeneous mixture: 2 or more substances that you can see
Homogeneous mixture: 2 or more substances that you can’t see
Standard atomic notation: a method of representing the element, Symbol Atomic number (lower left) Atomic mass
rounded (upper left)
Ionic bond: Between a Metal ion giving up electrons to a Non-metal Ion
 Ion: is a charged atom, because number of protons and electrons aren't equal
Covalent bond: Bonds between 2 metal ions that share electrons in between 2 atoms instead of giving up electrons
Chemical properties: Describes how a substance reacts with another substance when forming a new substance
Physical properties: Characteristics which help describe and identify different kinds of matter
Density: The ratio of an object's mass to its volume
Isotope: a form of an element where it has the same number of protons and electrons but different number of Neutrons
Stable octet: Elements having all eight valence electrons
Molecular formula: Shows exact number of atoms in each element

Particle theory of matter

1)All matter is made of tiny particles
2)All particles of one substance are the same
3)The spaces between particles are larger than the particles themselves
4)Particles are always moving
5)There are forces that attract particles (closer the particles + stronger force of attraction)

Chemical families
1) Alkali Metals: Most reactive Metals (Group 1)
● Shiny/silvery
● React/oxide violently

2) Alkaline Earth Metals: Fairly reactive (Group 2)

● Appear mostly as compounds
● Mostly found in Earth

3) Halogens: Most reactive Nonmetals (Group 17)

● Appear mostly as molecules or compounds

4) Noble Gasses: Non-reactive (Group 18)

● Gasses at room temperature

Trends within the families

-Going down a column = more reactive because electrons are farther from nucleus making them weaker
-The period a element is in is the number of cells it has
-If you take an element's period and start at the beginning of its period and count across until you get to the element that
is its valence electrons

Pure and mixed substance

B-R, L-D models and Ions

Valence electrons: To determine the # of valence electrons is to count the amount of electrons on the outer shell

Ionic bonding: The number of Bonds an element will make is determined by

its charger ifs it charger is -2 then it will make 2 bonds
Lewis dot bonding Bohr-Rutherford bonding

Bohr-Rutherford Lewis-Dot Bohr-Rutherford ion

Chemical and physical change

Physical change: matter that changes ints form but not its
atoms

Chemical change: Bubbles, change of color, irreversible,

light/heat, solid appears.

Calculating the # of subatomic particles

Atomic number : Number of protons

Mass number: # of protons - # of newtrons
Number of neutrons: Atomic mass - atomic #
Number of electrons: # of protons
 Compounds

Compound formula:A formula that shows the ionic bond (you find an ionic charge for each then do the crossover
method) or you count how many of each element there is and put it down E.x 2 lithium one oxygen Li2O.*Note of both
element have same number you don't write anything and if
number is 1 don't write anything

Naming compounds: When naming ionic compounds you

take the metal first then the non metal second and change the
non metals ending with ide e.g lithium oxide

Counting atoms

Coefficient: the 5 number at the very start of the formula that

applies to each element
Subscript: little number after the element that gets multiplied
Subscript: little number after the bracket that get multiplied to each element

Strand D- Electricity

Electricity terms:
Conductor: Something that allows electrons to flow through it
Insulator: Something that doesn't allow electrons to flow through it
Ohm’s Law:1827- george ohm, voltage flowing through a conductor is
directly related to the current flowing through the conductor
Grounding: Provides a way for excess electrons to “ escape” an object
Current/ I: Measured in amps, electrons moving pass a point in a
circuit, speed of electrons movement
Voltage/ V: Measured in volts, Force or push of electrons, applied
energy on electrons
Resistance/R : Is the measure of how much a conductor/resistor fight
the flow of electrons through it
Efficiency: How much effort is takes to perform a task
Series circuit: A one path circuit
Parallel circuit: More than a one path circuit

Law of electrical charges

★ Oppositely charged objects attract
★ Similarly charged objects repel
★ Charged objects attract neutral objects

Static vs current electricity

The difference between static and current electricity is that static electricity stays and current electricity moves
Friction, Induction and conduction

3 ways of charging an electroscope: Friction, induction and conduction

*ONLY ELECTRONS MOVE*

Friction: both objects start off as neutral

-Then they get rubbed together (friction) and using electrostatic series object
closer to the top loses electrons becoming + while the other object closer to the
bottom of the chart gains electrons and becomes -
-End product is one object is positive and the other is negative

Conduction: One object starts off as neutral and they other is charger (they start off
touching)
-End product after contact whatever the charge was of the charged object that is now the
charger of the neutral object)
-e.g one is positive then the other is neutral then comes contact and the neutral
object gives its electrons to the positive so it can become positive and the
originally charged object stays positive

Induction: one object is neutral and one is charged

-NO CONTACT they come close to each-other
-As the charged objects get closer to neutral object the neutral objects electron
move whatever side they are attracted to
-e.g if charged object is positive and it come close to neutral object the
electrons will be attracted to the side closest to the positive object and
Charge separation will occur

Lightning
Lighting is a larger spark of discharging electrons

How does lightning work: The electrons in a cloud move towards the
bottom and attract to the protons on earth. Since protons can’t move to
the clouds the electrons go down to earth

A bad place: to be in a lighting storm is beside a tall tree because

when lighting hit the tree the electrons travel through the tree and into
the ground(grounding) so anyone beside that tree will be electrocuted

A good place: A good place is a home or someone indoors as it provides shelter

Circuits
*Electrons flow in direction of negative terminal of battery*

4 main parts of a circuit

1. Source of electrical energy; eg. battery
2. Connecting wires; eg. copper wire w/ plastic coating
 3. Control devices; eg. control flow switch, fuse, or circuit breaker
4. Electrical load; eg. light bulb

A short circuit: is a circuit that the electrons flow through a path that doesn’t go through a device it will take the
fastest path which is sometimes avoiding a lightbulb so there is an extreme amount of electrons flow back into the
power supply and without the fuse (stops power supply from excess electrons) would cause an explosion.
To prevent add a fuse or a device(Eg. Light bulb) to stop excess electrons
Removing light bulbs: When removing a lightbulb in a series circuit the circuit will no longer function as the circuit is
incomplete. In a parallel circuit the electrons will flow down a different path.

Components of a circuit

Name Picture Information about it

Battery Where electrons originate. Exists negative(small terminal)

and comes back in threw positive(long terminal)

Connecting wire Provides a path for electrons to flow freely

Ground connection Allow for excess electrons to safely reach the earth

Switch Open stops electrons from flowing

Closed allows electrons to flow

Fuse/circuit breaker Prevents circuit from carrying to much current

Light bulb Converts electrical energy into light

Resistor Converts electrical energy into various forms

Motor Convert electrical energy into mechanical energy

Voltmeter Measures voltage

Ammeter Measure current

Ohmmeter Measures resistance

Energy sources

Name How it is produced Advantages Disadvantages Renewable

or non
renewable

Nuclear - Materials are mined and taken - Does not pollute the air - Aquatic life is affected Non-
to a station - Can cause cancer Renewable
- Nuclear waste is stored for 10 - Must be mined
years - Expensive

Solar - Converts direct light energy into - No pollution - Expensive Renewable

a electrical source - Lasts a lot of years - Not a lot of electricity
- Operates at all times

Tidal - Tides rotate a turbine - No pollution - Only coastal areas Renewable

- When tides come in or out, it Only can operate 5-12 hours
can be effective energy when there is a tide

Hydro- - Using waterfalls/rivers it pushes - Does not pollute air or - Dams change the ecology Renewable
electric a large when connected to large water watershed
blades - Migration of fish disturbed
-Expensive
-Flood/over flow of water
Fossil - Coal, oil and natural gas - Produced large - Takes million of years to Non-
Fuels - Formed from plants, animals amounts of energy form Renewable
and microorganisms from a - Expensive
million years ago

Geothermal - Uses thermal energy from deep - Produces large - Expensive Renewable
in the Earth's crust amounts of energy - Causes increases in climate
- Liquid circulates through ground change
pipes which is then pumped to a - Greenhouse gasses
central water tower

Fuel cells - A fuel cell uses the chemical - High energy improves - Use of fossil fuels Renewable
energy of hydrogen or other fuels productivity - Hydrogen transportation
to cleanly and efficiently produce and storage
electricity

Wind - Wind turbines consist of large - Cheaper costs - Noisy Renewable

blades its wind blows it turns the - added or removed from - Dangerous to birds
blades connected to a generator the grid more easily
- Located closer to
buildings
-pollutions

Biomass - Form of any plant or animal, - Good recycling - Is not enough to supply Renewable
including wood, manure and electricity demand
decaying materials - Reducing land

On- Peak vs.

off-peak hours

Price per KWh

Off- Peak 🟢 7.4

Mid- Peak🟡 10.2

On - Peak 🔴 15.2

To reduce your bill try using electricity

during off-peak hours

How to calculate…
Cost to operate: power (in kwh) x time (in hrs) x cost of electricity (in money) = $....
Percent efficiency: E out/E in (bigger number) x 100 =% efficiency
Resistance : Voltage/current = … ohms of resistance
Voltage: resistance x current = … v of voltage
Current: Voltage/resistance = …. A of current

Always use grass= G- Given R-Required A- Analysis S- Solution S- Statement

Strand E- Space

Space terms:
Astronomical unit (AU): Measures large distances (* Know that earth is 1 Au from the sun)
Rotation: Spinning on an axis (*Know that earth is on 23.5 tilt and one earth rotation is 24 hrs)
Revolution: Moving around another object (know that earth's revolution is 365.25 days)
Nebula: Gas + dust particles in space - Hydrogen atom
Year: The time taken for the Earth to make one revolution around the sun
Day: A period of 24 hours - From one midnight to the next, corresponding to a rotation of the Earth on its axis
Meteor: A small body of matter from outer space that enters the earth's atmosphere becoming incandescent as
a result of friction and appearing as a streak of light
Comet: A Celestial object consisting of a nucleus of ice and dust and when near the sun a trail of gas and dust
particles point away from the sun
Meteorite: Is a space rock that is crashing through Earth's atmosphere and often looks like a shooting star

Solar and lunar eclipse

An eclipse: Perfect alignment with the sun, moon and earth
Lunar eclipse: Moon is in the Earth large shadow
Solar eclipse: Moon is casting a very small shadow

Lunar eclipse:
● Lasts 3-4 hours
● Safe to look at
● More frequently
● Full moon phase - dull red
● Many people can see it

Solar eclipse:
● Lasts 3-4 minutes
● Not safe to look at
● Rare occurrence
● New moon phase
● Few people can see it

A full shadow is known as the umbra and the partial shadow is known as the penumbra

Earth's motions and the seasons

Earth always has a tilt of 23.5 degrees
Earth is constantly rotating and revolving

Winter solstice - Northern hemisphere tilted away

from the sun (Dec 21)
Spring equinox - 12 hours of day and night (March 21)
Summer solstice: Northern hemisphere is tilted
towards the sun June 21)
Autumnal equinox - (Sep 23)
 Countries near the equator always have summer because it is always facing the sun

All about the planets

Order of the planets
1. Mercury (inner and terrestrial planet)
2. Venus (inner and terrestrial planet)
3. Earth (inner and terrestrial planet)
4. Mars (inner and terrestrial planet)
5. Jupiter (Outer and gas planet)
6. Saturn (Outer and gas planet)
7. Uranus (Outer and gas planet)
8. Neptune (Outer and gas planet)

Planets larger than earth are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

Planets closer to the sun travel very fast like Mercury which
travels around in 88 days while other planets can take more time

All about the sun

Energy in the sun is created by Nuclear fusion that takes place in the sun. Fusion occurs when protons of hydrogen
atoms violently collide in the sun’s core and fuse to create a helium atom

All about the stars

Nuclear reactions at the center (or core) of a star provides energy which makes it shine brightly. The exact lifetime
of a star depends very much on its size. Very massive stars use up their fuel quickly. This means they may only last
a few hundred thousand years. Smaller stars use up fuel more slowly so will shine for several billion years.

Eventually, the hydrogen which powers the nuclear reactions inside a star begins to run out. The star then enters the
final phases of its lifetime. All stars will expand, cool and change color to become a red giant. What happens next
depends on how massive the star is.

A smaller star, like the Sun, will gradually cool down and stop glowing. During these changes it will go through the
planetary nebula phase, and white dwarf phase. After many thousands of millions of years it will stop glowing and
become a black dwarf.

A massive star experiences a much more energetic and violent end. It explodes as a supernova. This scatters
materials from inside the star across space. This material can collect in nebulae and form the next generation of
stars. After the dust clears, a very dense neutron star is left behind. These spin rapidly and can give off streams of
radiation, known as pulsars.

If the star is especially massive, when it explodes it forms a black hole.

Temperature: red stars- 3000°C Yellow stars- 6000°C Blue stars - 20,000-35,000°C