1 ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS
(harge
Eleniantuy portles die to uhich toce cf ottocion s apulsin is
expuinced btutan paticda of mater, charge
e-l6x 0 Caulomb CHrge
ptolonte) Psstie Negotve electnce)
Prapurtes
) Quontzaticn. Total charge uills be an integial mutale a
elernentaty chatge, Q= ne
G# ke hages rtpal eaca ther, unlike kharaes attad each otat
wConseatan Total charq aways emains Conbtant
Caulamb's law of Electic Fance
(
T
ubee k=1-9x0 Nm/c
4 nE
F E,, Pemitbvty of
free space
9. Yu hove 2(qppar spher Aord &, eoda haang chaze cqal to
65 x07 C. the dstane batuesn the tuuo spheres is 50 cm
Coluoe-tha elechóstatic Fe bhu them.
IdI tha system of sphgkes ü put wto uater whad unl be
the new forca bw tha.lGien k 07
Lul I the chargea aue mods cdouble, the preias vale k
dsance is half, wht t the new electrcstatic faxe yutho
Ansuek qwthan
r2 .s)2
Liul E=k (29)(293) - l6k Q,9 t6 E-F
(2)
Ci1F
Wate - F - 15 X/0 187X 10
k 80
Relathie Pormenbility Dplechi Constot
For Qirvaccum Foy QMedium cther than Voco
Eaccun= Emedtum q93
4rE,
Evaccun =S= E k
Eamtdiun
Suppase the Spheres AQhd B in the abae Q, hae tidentical
Sizas, the thid sphare of some sic but wcharged e hsugt
in cortact nth tirst, then brought a.cntact uth secol
Ond fnaly emored tron both hat Úthe vew toce 4
9 wncharged
3V4
)+G)
Hunte, F= kQag 3E5.62x0
4
Electic iolcl.
Space aTund a chatae uwhare a poirt charge when placed
Xptienes aE force of athacton T Yepulsian.
Test choree
Saurce charge (shauld nat SI unit : NC
disturb oadic fidd
of ather choge
Elactic fld due to Pnt Chatee
F
Srre horgR Teyt chorge
Electn feld ot þointP,
Ele ctric hdc cue ta Continuay chargo dabibuton
Farte on q. ce
due to do
y Suparcsihion principle., total charge
SUch small chargeA
r2
Oloumg Chore cistributon
Tt is tha charge disthub tn sprrad ace
dv
G) SLrface chorge dansty
oIeCharge distributin Spread aer a
2-dimensinal sufoce S n Spouce
SI unit: CAm
ds
Gi) ine chargedensity
Tt kaharge dstibuti on along a Ohe-cingsn
CuleineL nn soace
2- da
de
Apositiely charga ol drp es preented from falling unde
groity by a appling a ertical electic flol d1eVM
I the ma d the drapa L6 x10 g nd the na 4e
Catned by the dro
E 102
ne n- g- l6x07
e 6 Xlo19
TuD pant charge A ond B f magnituda +&x (0*C and
&x0C respectiely are pläced ot a ditonce dd apat
[he eledric field ot the mddle 0antÔ ble the chage
S 6.4 xXI0" N/C .Fnd the disonc d blw Aand B
E,- Et E 2k9 - 6.4xI0 A
9x{0) (eAo(4)- s4x10
STuo pard Charges of t1wC and +4uo ore kapt 30 maport
How ta trom tthr +1 c charge an the ine 4ing
the tuo charges will'thy nat electri fald be zro
(Bo-)
1- 4
(30-2) 30-Z
7--30dm is negle cfed a E, ond E, unl hare the
Some sigh and cannt canc ut each sther
Tuo paint harges q, and a d magnitude l0° Cohd - I0c
heAp are placed o.lm apart olculafe the electric fkd at
paints A,B and C as shan in ig
E
Electaic Dipde
Apair cf equal and cppasite chargLS. dipole 20
Saparatd hy a small distance is calec ah electic dpele
The strength of the electic dipce measued by cieole
manant(P) p- Eithar y d vecto rgun fron
chauge (Je chage to e chuge
-Vectoy QuGntity.I direction is along dipde ois tan
. ST unit: Cm -a charge th to charge
’ Total chorge of n electic dpoes zero bit tha electi
field dueg to it is nst zero because the Charees
e
Saporgted by sam distnce,
Electic Fld at an Aial Paint of a disole
E rght
Resultont Elctic Fiad at pònt P
EE
tor
4nE.Cr-a)
2Pr where p- qx 22
(rea)
thort dpole, nsglechng c, Then,
2P
Electic Feld at an Egvofoial Pat ot dipole
The verticol compangrts E andtq
Cancel dut each atheruharea the hanz Ontak Es
Campanernt add up. So thg teultant olecri y
E4=E rta
-
SPp. dirxn
--2E COTe
-2
Torqve an a. dipole, in a unifam Fle chic Fed
Dipale Moment of Electric dipae.
Total furLe excrted on dipole,
dijpole, 2Sind
So, net trohlatay farce an a
dipale in wnfom Eletic hed s zero,
But the tuo equal and ogpdSite faces at d eert paint
cf the dupole, So they fom a cauple which exert a toque
Tarque Fstts XPerpencicular distancs
Sin
blp both t4he fayes
- qE X 2a Sin PE
whee p= Qx20
* Gnog = PE Sn90 PE Cin -p£ Sin0-0
ee to e n an Coctic Peld.
Sace and a aa zeta targLe cuhenhe dpole mamst
s
O ant prallel to the ild.
Elechic held Lines *
Tasy eie the pathe foymed by tacing the path tolloued by
posthue Charge cwheh teleaatd fecly
Pxapmes
GO They start adat pasihue chatgea ahd ehdnd at
o thsy Connc tum Close losps. negahve chorau
) The tang unt daun ot ohy peint on Q
the diecan of elecc feld at ahy pont. smacth cre seL
Gv) No tuo elecic Seld incs Can chss S egch
intesect hee wl be tuo diechons Ctongat)therat bcz thy
the iat
ot intesechon which nat
The ings foy fore ave aluaus passilale
ncma to the surface Lts
COnduto n which the charees are in qilibrim
Ga) The eletrik hcld ina contact lehath wtse
athactn blw unike Chaees whih Sha
an) The electc fiald Unes exDLnhd latehlly which shas
XRpulsio bu the ike charga.
MeaAuIe cl the strungth of ele ctri'k teld
loe tageh shas shang EE
For apot shauìs WeakEE
Panllel and egualy spaced shaS wnifum EE
G) The electic freld inai do nt
fass thagh a Condu
ocz the elechic Aeld in a chorRe conduda s ZLro.
Electrx hald Linea fY Leert chasad Cordudas
) Positie Point
harge
v)Tao eaual and Pasitive Porte chargas
Posiiely Chargd Plare Canductu
Q An Elechic Dicale congist cf 2 Gppasik charges 4 piagutuse
x0c separakd ky 2am The cpole paed in an
Leternal feld of 3xl0 NC What mak torqs does the
EE exerts on the dpole
7 PE- PE singo' ’3x0x 2x ID 3X I6 co21
Q - T e s staex that bath cue equal
(an a boty be Qhen a charge ot 222XI0-19 (. GTie
No. snce Q- ne n- e 2.2x|09/16xQ19 not an
ndidcual charec are aso doublelhot Tul heppin
fots bluw them
F-k han F k(29) E kgF Hence, E
(2r) Sane
QA positie pant chargeltq iis kept in the vgnty t
Whchared conducting plate Sketch the EfGineh
fom
hon he part chaee on to the surface afka the plot
Electrc Fx
Area =AS
-0 Ad - EAS
Electic Fux thragla a aih area hel insde an ekci
held s the neoswe f the total noof ole ctic fieb s
passing mamally traugh that aree
nomal dan to theaea plerncnt AS nk
ungle & urth the nitrm eleche freld then cog
Therefe A Namal Canpangnt of xSt face aea
E Caséx AS
.ST wt: Nn² c a Vm
(Volt nnafer)
Ecos9
. Scalor Quantity
GaNSS he arem.
It satex imes
thotthethe totol flLX thrcugh a closecd swtace
is 1/E, nef charees endased by the sufac
.Tt 6 aid fo a closed surface af any bape.
he fuX is zero f the net charge endased by an budy
iS zero
Gaussian Surfaca
Any hypatahicak deaed gurfatsencsing a charge &
Called
Valuate total tun thraugh the Surface ond elechric
5eld pracuced by cer tain ska syinmetn charge
confguratens
Applcotams of GauK Thearsn
(i) Electrc Feld due to an Ihhntely tong ooight
charged Wire,
3Ony utied srto < Cantibutes truard
totalBu
Gjirdinca
Goussion Sufoce
E dscos o -Ed csg0dces g0
E.ds
Elds Ex Area af Cunedautac
(harge endosed by the GaueSSian Swtace, q
G)Electnc Feld due to a untonly
nfauny chargad Tnfinit.
PlaneSheet
As the Wnes of foce are farallel t
ued surtace of the cylinder
the fux thraugh the cuted surtace Areak -t-’
(5 2ero. The fu thudh ths plain
end taces of the cylinder wil be
EAt EA =2EA
charge end ased by tha GSiiaD Rutfac &, g
Using GauSS Theoem,
2E
Es dependent of T cstance fron
E Regan I
4 2¬,
4
E- EtE= -f (o, +S,)
2E,
2E
Regan TIIe (G,-,)
2E
E- EtE, = 2¬.
i
+
E4 Keaian I :
Ez E E,+E, -0
Shest Sheel 2 ReglnTn :
E,=SiE, --g‘
2¬%
Region I1
E E E- Et E, =0
E- EtE 2 i - i
