Materials s ene: UNEF Problem 1: A plane makes intercepts along, thr indices axes a band cas 3,2, 1. Pind the miller Solution: Interwepts 30201 Reciprocal Won oa Smallest integer 68 62 oll 23 6 Miller indices (236) Problem 2: Fisd the Miller indices of a plane that makes intercepts on the a, by € axes equal to 3 A. 4 A and 3 A respectively in a tetragonal crystal with c/a ratio of 1.5.(For tetragonal erystal a = bee anda=B=y) [GU 2010} Solution: For tetragonal crystal a=b#e Given cla > c=la Let asl therefore b = 1 and ¢ = 15 B43 Intercepts are Bo eS = i as Reciprocal Miller Indices (4. 3 6)Materials Selene INIT Problem 1: A plane makes intercepts along three axes a band ¢ 96 3.2.1, Find the miller Intercepts 302041 Recipnoeal wow om Smallest integer 63 62 on 23 6 Miller indices (236) risblem 2: the Miller indices ofa plane that makes intercepts on the a, b, ¢ axes equal to 3 4 Aand 3 A respectively in a tetragonal erystal with e/a ratio of 1.5.(For tetragonal erystal a= bee anda=B=y) [GU 2010] Solution: For tetragonal crystal a=b#e Given ca => cla Let ael therefore 6 = 1 and ¢ = 15 Intercepts are Reciprocal Miller Indices (4. 3 6)Problem 3: Determine the interplanar spacing when a beam of X-ray of wavelength1.54 A is directed towards the erystal at angle 20,3" to the atomic plane. Solution: Given, X= 154A and 0=20.3° Assuming the first order reflection. We know that as per Bragg’s law, 2dsinO=nd 2d sin 20.3° = 1x1.54 1.34 1s4 Fein 203 05365 22.4 Problem 4: A XRD pattern of a cubic crystal of lattice parameter a = 3.16 A is obtained with a ‘monochromatic X-ray beam of wavelength 1.54 A. The first four lines on this pattern were observed to have the following values Line 8 (in degrees ) 1 20.3 2 29.2 3 367 4 43.6 Determine the interplanar spacing and the Miller indices of the reflecting planes. Solution: Line | (in degrees)| 4. (ay a 7 203 2220 20279 =2 110 2 29.2 1379 4.0101 =4 200 - 3 36.7 1,288 6.015 =6 2 4 43.6 1.165 8.0104 =8 220n= 2 dy sind Assume n= 1 Wake? = 2 dy = 41240? = And he (110) See? Problem S: A diffraction pattem of a cubic crystal of lattice parameter a = 3.16 A is obtained swith a monochromatic X-rays of wavelength 1.54 A, The first line on this pattern was observed 20.3°. Determine the interplanar spacing and the indices of the reflecting to have plane. Solution: 0=20.3° Given, a=3.16A . AR1S4A We know from Bragg’s Law 2d sin@ = nd > WHHL? = 2 If we assume ]= 0, h?+k? = 2. This is possible only when h = 1, k=1 similarly, if h= 0 ork = 0 we get the value of as k= 1,1= 1 and Thus Miller indices of the reflecting planes are (110), (O11) or (101)Problem 63 Calculate the Bragg angle if (111) planes of a cube (a= 3.57 A) crystal are rays ( wavelength is 1.54 A) exposed t0 } Solution: Given, Miller indices of the (111 ) planes n=1,k=1and STA AE LS4A We know, According to Bragg’s law, 2diosinB=n2 22,06 sin @ = 1X1.54 sir ‘oblem 7: the distance between (111) planes in a face centered cubic crystal is 2A. Determine the lattice parameter and the atomic diameter. (For FCC + ) [GU 2011C} diy = 2A. Solution: Given, h=1,k= 1,1 (i) Lattice parameter:a= 2x3 =3.46 A Gi) Atomic diameter: For FCC structure, Therefore, Atomic diameter shim 8: A FCC crystal has an atomic radius 1.246 A. What are the - divi spacing? Solutio Given, r= 1.246 A For FCC Spacing with Miller indices (h k 1)problem 11; Calculate the Bragg angle if (111) planes of a cube (a=3.57 A ) crystal are exposed to X-rays ( wavelength is 1.54 A) Solution: Given, — Miller indices of the (111) planes, h= i, k= 11>; a> 3.57 Aand d= 1.54 A, Let 6 = Bragg’s angle for first order reflection We know that for a cubic erystal system, the interplanar distance And according to Braga’s law 2diy) sin = 2x2,06x sin @= 1*1.54 sin @ = 0.373 a=210°9 tion angle for Problem 12: For BCC iron, compute (i) the interplanar spacing and (ji) the diffrac the (211) set of planes, The lattice parameter for the iran is 0.2866 nm ( 2.866 A ). Also assume the monochromatic radiation having a wavelength of 0.1542 nm ( 1.542 A ) is used and order of reflection is 1. Solution: Given, ‘The lattice parameter for iron, a = 0.2866 nmWavelength of monochromatic radiation, 1542. nm Order of reflection, We know that Miller indices of the (211) plane, () Interplanar spacing: We know that interplanar spacing, = 0.1433 nm Gi) Diffraction angle: Let, 0 = Bragg’s angle of first order diffraction ‘We know that the condition for the maxima 2d sin =n Here d=doy and a=l 2dayy sin @ = 10.1542 sin 0 = 0.5380 @ = sin™{0,5380) = 32°54 Problem 13: From a powder eamera of diameter 114.6 mm, using an X-ray beam of wavelength 1.54 A, the following $ values in mm are obtained for a material 86, 100, 148, 180, 188,232, 272 Determine the structure and the lattice parameter of the material. [GU 2012¢ }in? sin?9 | 2 W123 WH | kd a 0.1346 1 1xa=3 3 f aw 0.1788 133 1,2 5*3=3,99 4 (200) 0.3620 27 2.7*3=8.1 8 (220) 0.5003 sn |aapaenis} i | GID | 36! | 05352] 3.97 | 3.97«3=11.92/ 12 | (222) | 0.7195 5.34 5.34x3=16.03| 16 | (409) 19 | G31) 0.8596 638 | 6.38x3=19.14 = 2d sin 8, Here, 9=68° [Lattice parameter shoul be calculated from the highest peak] > 1.54 =2dx0.93 = 4-083 _ Again, mo assed Since the ratio of integral nos. are 1:12: 16:19 ‘The structure is FCC. Corresponding to lattice parameter 3.62 A, the material is likely to be Copper.