Department of Physics

University of Kerala

M.Sc PROGRAMME IN PHYSICS

SYLLABUS
(Under credit and Semester system w.e.f. 2017 Admissions)

1
 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
UNIVERSITY OF KERALA
M.Sc. PROGRAM IN PHYSICS
(Specialization: Applied Electronics)
(Under Credit and Semester System with effect from 2017 admissions)

Program Objectives:

• To provide well defined study of theoretical and experimental physics to impart

in depth understanding in fundamental aspects of all core areas of Physics
• To equip the student to pursue research and development in any areas of
theoretical, experimental computational physics.
• To impart special training in different areas of electronics
• To bridge the gap between text book knowledge and practical problems through
well designed laboratory sessions.
• To introduce the student to the scientific research methodology, literature
survey, technical writing, assimilation and dissemination of results, etc. though a
project work.

Program Structure
Semester Course Code Credits Subject
No
PHY-C- 411 4 Mathematical Physics - I
PHY-C412 4 Classical Mechanics
I PHY-C-413 4 Electrodynamics
PHY-C- 414 4 Electronic Devices and Circuits
PHY-C-415 4 Lab: Basic Electronics

PHY-C-421 4 Mathematical Physics – II

II PHY-C- 422 4 Quantum Mechanics – I
PHY-C-423 4 Thermal and Statistical Physics
PHY-C- 424 4 Atomic and Molecular Physics
PHY-C- 425 4 Lab: Advanced Physics

PHY-C- 431 4 Quantum Mechanics – II

PHY-C-432 4 Solid State Physics
III PHY-C- 433 4 Nuclear and Particle Physics
PHY-E- 434 4 Computational Methods
PHY-E-435 4 Digital Electronics and
Microprocessors

PHY-E-441 4 Communication Electronics and

Instrumentation
IV PHY-E- 442 3 Solid State Electronic Devices
PHY-E-443 4 Lab: Advanced Electronics
PHY-D-444 6 Project
Extra Departmental Elective Courses
I PHY-X-411 2 Foundations of Astronomy

2
Semester I

Course Code: PHY-C-411

Course Title: MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS I
Credits: 4

Aim: To equip the students for using basic mathematical methods for solving complex
physical problems.

Objectives: To provide basic understanding of vector space and matrices, curvilinear co-
ordinates various techniques for solving differential equations and the Fourier and Laplace
Transforms for different applications.

Course Content

MODULE I
Vector Spaces and Matrices: Postulates – linear independence-subspace- ordered
dimensions- Euclidian vector space- reciprocal basis- Hilbert space- linear equations- Eigen
value problem- orthogonal matrices – Hermitian matrices and Unitary matrices –
Diagonalization of matrices – Eigen vector and Eigen values – normal modes of vibration –
singular matrices- inverse of matrix

MODULE II
Curvilinear Coordinates: Orthogonal curvilinear coordinates- Differential vector operator-
Gradient, divergence, curl and Laplacian in Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical polar
coordinates.
Partial Differential Equations: Linear second order partial differential equations – Solutions
of partial differential equations- separation of variables- solution of wave equations.

MODULE III
Gamma, (Γ), Beta (β ) and Delta (δ) functions: Gamma functions – Gauss λ functions,
values of Γ1/2 – β functions- connection between β and Γ functions- Error function – Dirac
delta function – representation of δ function – properties.

MODULE IV
Legendre differential equations: Series solution – Rodrigues formula for Pn(x)- Generating
function for Pn(x) – Orthogonality of Legendre polynomials – Orthogonality of associate
Legendre polynomial.
Bessel’s equation: Series solution- Bessel function of second kind – Generating function for
Jn(x) – Bessel’s integral representation – Recurrence formula for Jn(x) – Orthogonality of
Jn(x) – Spherical Bessel function.

MODULE V
Hermite differential equation: Series solution – Rodrigues formula for Hermite polynomial
Hn(x) – recurrence relation for Hermite polynomial- Generating function – Orthogonality of
Hermite equation.
Laguerre’s differential equation: Series solution – generating function - Lnm(x)- Rodrigues
formula- Associate Laguerre’s function of integral order.

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MODULE VI
Fourier series and Integrals: Periodic series and integrals – Periodic functions – Fourier
series – Euler Fourier series- Convergence of Fourier series and Dirchlet’s condition, half
range Fourier series – change of interval – identity- integration and differentiation of Fourier
series – Fourier integrals and Transforms – Application of the solution in one dimension –
alternative form of Fourier sine and cosine series.
Laplace Transform:Definition – Existence – derivatives- elementary functions – periodic
function – functions defined by integrals.

References

• Arfken & Webber (2005). Mathematical Methods for Physicists, Academic Press,
6thed.
• Ghatak, A. K. et al. (2012). Mathematical Physics: differential equations and
transform theory, Macmillan & Co. Ltd., 1sted.
• Pipes L.A. & Harvill L.R. (1982). Applied Mathematics for Engineers and Physicists,
McGraw-Hill Book Company, 3rd ed.
• Rajput, B. S. (2001). Mathematical Physics, Pragati Prakashan, 15thed.

Additional References

• GNU Scientific Library – Reference Manual: Special

Functionshttps://www.gnu.org/software/gsl/manual/html.../Special-Functions.html
• https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/when-to-use-laplace-fourier-series-
transforms.192535/
• Laplace and Fourier
Transformswww.cambridge.org/us/features/chau/webnotes/chap2laplace.pdf
• MIT 18.06 Linear Algebra Spring 2005 - VideoLectures.NETvideolectures.net › ... ›
MIT Open Courseware
• NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functionsdlmf.nist.gov/

4
Semester I

Course Code: PHY-C-412

Course Title: CLASSICAL MECHANICS
Credits: 4

Aim: To equip the students for analysing mechanical problems beyond the Newtonian
formulation.

Objectives: To introduce analytical methods of mechanics based on generalised coordinates

momenta and solve the practical problems using these concepts.

Course Content

MODULE I
Review of Newtonian Formulation: Space, Time, Reference frames – inertial, non-inertial,
Galilean transformation, System of particles, Conservation laws, Limitations of Newtonian
formulation.
Lagrangian Formulation of Mechanics: Generalize coordinates – constraints, virtual
displacement, principle of virtual work, d’Alemberts principle, Lagrange’s equation of
motion, simple applications of Lagrange’s equation, Generalized momenta, Cyclic
coordinates, Routhe’s procedure, Symmetric properties and conservation laws, Hamilton’s
principle, Lagrange’s equations from Hamilton’s principle, Non-conservative systems-
Rayleigh dissipation function, Non-holonomous system – Lagrange’s method of
undetermined multipliers.

MODULE II
Hamiltonian Dynamics: Description of motion in phase space, Hamiltonian of a dynamical
system, Hamilton’s equations, Integrals of Hamilton’s equations, Canonical transformations,
Generating function, Poisson bracket, phase space and Liouville’s theorem.

MODULE III
Hamilton- Jacobi formulation: Hamilton-Jacobi equation- Harmonic oscillator as an
example- separation of variables in Hamilton-Jacobi equation – Action-angle variable- Kepler
problem.

MODULE IV
Two-body Central Force Problem: Two body problem and reduced mass, general
properties of central force motion, effective potentials and classification of orbits, inverse
square law of force – Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, Newton’s laws of gravity from
Kepler’s Laws, Stability of circular orbits, Hyperbolic orbits and Rutherford’s scattering.

MODULE V
Linear Oscillations: Potential energy and equilibrium , Stability expression of potential
energy function in a power series, Oscillations of a system with one degree of freedom,
Normal coordinates, Coupled harmonic oscillator, Linear symmetric triatomic molecule,
General ides of transition from discrete to continuous system, The wave equation.

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MODULE VI
Motion of Rigid Bodies: The independent coordinates of a rigid body, Euler’s angles,
rotational kinetic energy and angular momentum, Euler’s equation of motion, motion of a
torque free symmetric top, motion of heavy symmetric top with one point fixed.

References

• Aruldhas, G. (2012). Classical Mechanics, Prentice - Hall of India, 1sted.

• Bhatia, V.B. (1997). Classical Mechanics with introduction to non-linear oscillations
and chaos, Narosa Publishing House, 1sted.
• Goldstein, Herbert, et al. (2012). Classical Mechanics, Pearson Education, 3rded.
• Rana, N.C. &Joag, P.S (2011). Classical Mechanics, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing
Co., 1sted.
• Vimal Kumar Jain (2009), Classical Mechanics, Ane Books Pvt. Ltd.

Additional References

• David Tong- Cambridge Lectures on Classical

Mechanicshttp://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/tong/dynamics.htm
• Special topics in Classical Mechanics- NPTEL IIT
Madrashttp://www.onlinevideolecture.com/physics/nptel-iit-madras/special-topics-in-
classical-mechanics/?course_id=780

6
Semester I

Course Code: PHY-C-413

Course Title: ELECTRODYNAMICS
Credits: 4

Aim: To introduce the concepts of non-relativistic and relativistic electrodynamics.

Objectives: To provide basic understanding of the concepts of electricity magnetism

electromagnetic waves. To analyse the theory of guided waves and radiation systems.To
introduce the elements of relativistic electrodynamics.

Course Content

MODULE I
Electrostatics: Electrostatic boundary value problems-Formal solution with Green’s
function-method of images-Point charge near an infinite conducting plane-Point charge near a
grounded conducting sphere- Point charge near charged insulated conducting sphere-
Conducting sphere in a uniform electric field-Laplace’s equation in spherical coordinates-
Multipole expansion-Electrostatic multipole moments-energy of charge distribution in in an
external field-electrostatics of macroscopic media-electric polarization and displacement,
dielectric constant-Boundary condition at dielectric interface.

MODULE II
Magnetostatics and Dynamics: BiotSavart’s law and it’s differential statement-Ampere’s
theorem-Magnetic vector potential- Magnetic charge- Faraday’s law-Energy in magnetic
field-Displacement current-Maxwell’s equations-Scalar and vector potentials-Wave equation
in terms of scalar and vector potentials-Gauge transformation -Gauge invariance-Coulomb
Gauge-Lorentz Gauge- Boundary condition on fields at interfaces-Conservation of
electromagnetic energy-Poynting theorem-Poynting vector.

MODULE III
Electromagnetic waves: Waves in vacuum-Monochromatic plane waves-Plane
electromagnetic waves in non-conducting medium- linear and circular polarization-reflection
and transmission at dielectric interface-Polarization by reflection- Total internal reflection-
Electromagnetic waves in conductors-skin depth-Reflection at a conducting surface.

MODULE IV
Wave guides and Radiation systems: Rectangular and circular waveguides-TE and TM
modes-Cavity resonators-Q factor-Concepts on transmission lines-transmission line
parameters- Transmission line equations; Simple radiating systems: Green function for wave
equation-fields and radiation of a localized oscillating source-Electric dipole field and
radiation- Magnetic dipole and radiation-Retarded potentials.

MODULE V
Special theory of relativity: Postulates of relativity-Lorentz transformation-Four vector –
Addition of velocities-Four velocity- Relativistic energy and momentum- Matrix
representation of Lorentz transformation-Dynamics of relativistic particles; Motion of
charged particle in uniform electric and magnetic field.

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MODULE VI
Relativistic Electrodynamics: Magnetism as a relativistic problem-Transformation of the
fields-Electric field of a uniformly moving point charge-Electromagnetic field tensor-
Electrodynamics in tensor notation-Potential formulation of electrodynamics

References

• Cheng, D. K.(2015). Field and wave Electromagnetics, Pearson Education, 2nded.

• Griffiths, D. J. (2012). Introduction to Electrodynamics, Prentice-Hall of India, 3rded.
• Jackson, J. D. (2011). Classical Electrodynamics, Wiley Eastern Ltd., 3rded.
• Sadiku, M. N. O. &Kulkarni, S. V. (2015). Principles of Electromagnetics, Oxford
University Press, 6thed.

Additional References

• Basic Plasma Physicshttp://www.plasmas.org/plasma-physics.htm

• Classical Electrodynamicshttp://www.thp.uni-koeln.de/alexal/pdf/electrodynamics.pdf
• Special Relativity and
Electrodynamicshttp://theoreticalminimum.com/courses/special-relativity-and-
electrodynamics/2012/spring

8
Semester I

Course Code: PHY-C-414

Course Title: ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS
Credits: 4

Aim: To equip the students for designing basic electronic circuits.

Objectives: To teach the working BJT, FET, Op amp, Monolithic timers, Optoelectronic and
microwave devices.

Course Content

MODULE I
Frequency response of amplifiers: Review of frequency response of CR circuits – Cut off
frequencies – band width – Bode plots – single pole and two pole transfer functions –
Dominant pole – gain round off- Frequency response of BJT amplifiers- Series capacitance
and low frequency response – Shunt capacitance and high frequency response- high frequency
characteristics of transistors.

MODULE II
Field Effect Transistor: Biasing of FET, small signal model, analysis of common souse and
common drain amplifiers, high frequency response – FET and VVR and its applications,
CMOS logic and logic packages
Power Amplifiers: Types of power amplifiers, series fed class A amplifier- series fed
transformer coupled Class B – Push-Pull circuits- harmonic distortion in amplifiers- Class C
and D amplifiers- Design considerations.

MODULE III
Operational Amplifier Circuits: Differential amplifier, Ideal op-amp – inverting, non-
inverting, voltage follower, differential configuration, real op-amp- inverting configuration,
non-inverting configuration, op-amp parameters, effect of Offset, frequency response, op-amp
applications, Buffer amplifier, Mathematical operations- summing, differentiator, integrator,
log amplifier, antilog amplifier, active filters – low pass, high pass, band pass, band reject
filters, analogue computations, comparators – zero crossing detector, Schmitt trigger, wave
form generators- phase shift oscillator, twin-T oscillator, astable multi vibrator, mono-stable
multi vibrator, bi-stable multi vibrator, triangular wave generator, sample and hold circuit,
voltage regulators.

MODULE IV
Monolithic timers and their applications: RS flip flop, basic timing concept, 555 functional
diagrams and pin configuration, astablemultivibrator, mono-stable multi vibrator, free running
ramp.

MODULE V
Microwave and Optoelectronic Devices: Tunnel diode, Transfer electron device (Gunn
diode) – optical fibre as a wave guide- mode theory of circular wave guides- wave guide
equation – modes in step index fiber – graded index fiber – single mode fiber – mode
characteristic and cut off frequencies.

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MODULE VI
Optical sources – LEDs, Device configuration and efficiency – LED structures – Hetero-
junction LED, surface emitting LED, edge emitting LED, Junction Laser,- Operating
principle – Hetero-junction Laser. Photodetectors, photoconductors, Pin photo diode,
heterojunction diodes, avalanche photodiodes, basic idea of photo transistors

References

• Boylestad, R. L &Nashelsky, L. (2009). Electronic devices and circuit theory, Dorling

Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd., 10thed.
• Gayakwad, R.A. (2016). Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits, Pearson Education,
4thed.
• Keiser, Gerd (2000). Optical Fiber Communications, McGraw-Hill book Co, Inc,
3rded.
• Millman, J. &Halkias, C. C. (2000) Integrated Electronics: analog and digital circuits
and systems, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., 1sted.
• Pallab Bhattacharya (2000). Semiconductor Optoelectronic Devices, Prentice-Hall of
India Pvt. Ltd., 1sted.
• Ryder, J. D. (2000). Electronic fundamentals and applications, Prentice-Hall of India
Pvt. Ltd., 5thed.
• Senior, John M. (1994). Optical Fiber Communications: principles and practice,
Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., 2nded.

Additional References

• Introduction to the Amplifieran Amplifier Tutorial. http://www electronics-

tutorials.ws/amplifier/amp_1.htmlWhat is op-amp?
http://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/op-amp-basics
• Opto electronics devices - Slide Share
www.slideshare.net/SiddharthPanda1/opto-electronics-devices

10
Semester I

Course Code: PHY-C-415

Course Title: Lab: BASIC ELECTRONICS
Credits: 4

Aim: To equip the students to design, construct and analyse basic electronic circuits using
diodes transistors and ICs.

Objectives: To familiarize the methods of designing practical electronic circuits as per the
requirements using basic electronic devices.

List of Experiments

1. Full wave rectifier with Filter circuits

2. Clipper, clamper and voltage doubler
3. Zener voltage regulator
4. RC coupled common emitter transistor amplifier
5. Negative feedback amplifier
6. RC phase shift oscillator
7. Emitter follower
8. Astablemultivibrator using transistor
9. Inverting amplifier
10. Non inverting amplifier
11. Adder and scaler
12. Buffer amplifier
13. Astablemultivibrator using 555
14. Differentiator and integrator

References

• Navas, K. A. (2009). Electronics Lab Manual Vol.2, Rajath Publishers, 4thed

• Navas, K. A. (2013). Electronics Lab Manual Vol.1, Rajath Publishers, 5thed.
• Zbar, Paul B, et al. (1994), Basic Electronics: a text – lab manual, Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Co.7thed.

11
Semester II

Course Code: PHY-C-421

Course Title: MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS II
Credits: 4

Aim: To equip the students with advanced mathematical tools to solve physical problems.

Objectives: To provide basic understanding of Complex variables, Tensors, Group Theory,

and Probability.

Course Content

MODULE I
Complex Variables: Functions of a complex variable-derivatives-Cauchy-Riemann
equations- Cauchy-Riemann equations in polar form-harmonic functions-trigonometric
hyperbolic and logarithmic functions- line integrals of complex functions- Cauchy-Gourasat
theorem- Cauchy’s integral formula- derivatives of analytic functions- Taylor series- Laurent
series- singular points of an analytical function- poles –removable singularity- essential
singularity- point at infinity- residues- calculation of residues- the residue theorem –
evaluation of residues- evaluation of definite integrals – miscellaneous definite integrals.

MODULE II
Tensor Analysis: Transformation of co-ordinates in linear space- summation convention-
contra-variant and covariant tensors- properties of Kronecker delta- addition, multiplication
and contraction of tensors – metric tensor- conjugate metric tensor – associated tensor- tensor
calculus- Christoffel’s symbols – Christoffel’s symbols in rectangular, cylindrical and
spherical polar coordinates- covariant differentiation – tensor form of gradient, divergence,
curl and Laplacian.

MODULE III
Green’s Function: Green’ function in one dimension – motion of a particle in a resistive
medium- motion of a damped harmonic oscillator – Green’s function in three dimensions –
solution of Poisson’s equation.

MODULE IV
Group Theory: Definition of a group – elementary properties of group-multiplication
table-permutation groups-groups of transformations-conjugate elements and classes- sub
groups – cyclic groups-cosets- and classes – cyclic group – direct product of groups –
distinct groups of a given order-homomorphism and isomorphism.

MODULE V
Representation of Theory of Groups - Representation of finite groups – invariant
subspace – properties of representations’ – reducibility of a representation – irreducible
representations – orthogonally theorem – characters of representations – orthogonally of
characters – reduction ofreducible representations – the groups C2v and C3v as examples
– continuous groups – Lie groups – SO(2) and SO(3) groups – generators of SO(2) –
special unitary groups – SU(2) and SU(3) groups and their representations.

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MODULE VI
Probability - Laws of probability – discrete probability distributions – theory of
combinations and permutations – Stirling approximation for the factorial – continuous
distributions – moments and standard deviations – Binomial distribution – Poisson
distribution – normal distribution – distribution of a sum of normal variates – applications to
experimental measurements.

References

• Arfken & Webber (2005). Mathematical Methods for Physicists, Academic Press,
6thed.
• Churchill, R. V. & Brown, J. W. (1996). Complex Variables and Applications,
McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc., 6thed.
• Joshi, A. W. (2000). Matrices and Tensors in Physics, New Age International
Publishers (P) Ltd.,3rd ed.
• Joshi, A.W. (2015). Elements of group theory for physicists, New Age International
Publishers (P) Ltd., 4thed.
• Pipes L.A. &Harvill L.R. (1982). Applied Mathematics for Engineers and Physicists,
McGraw-Hill Book Company, 3rd ed.
• Spiegel, M. R. (1981). Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Vector Analysis
and an Introduction to Tensor Analysis, Schaum Publishing Co., 1sted.
• Tung,Wu-Ki (2014). Group Theory in Physics, World Scientific, 1sted.

Additional References

• Complex Algebra - University of Miami

www.physics.miami.edu/~nearing/mathmetho1.ds/complex_algebra.pdf
• TENSOR ANALYSIS - Princeton University
https://web.math.princeton.edu/~nelson/books/ta.pdf

13
Semester II

Course Code: PHY-C-422

Course Title: QUANTUM MECHANICS I
Credits: 4

Aim: To equip the student to think, formulate, analyse and interpret single particle
nonrelativistic quantum mechanical problems.

Objective: To teach the fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics, introduce the

methodology to formulate and solve quantum mechanical problems enabling a better
understanding of atomic and molecular systems.

MODULE I
Origin of Quantum Physics: In adequacy of Classical Physics: Particle aspect of radiation-
Black body radiation- Max Planck’s quantum hypothesis, Photoelectric effect- Einstein’s
explanation, Compton Effect, Pair production, Quantum theory of specific heat of solids.
[Experimental results and qualitative discussion only, Derivations not required]. Frank-Hertz
experiment- existence of atomic energy levels, Bohr’s atom model, Wilson-Sommerfeld
quantum conditions – Elliptical orbits of hydrogen atom, Particle in a box, Rigid rotator,
Linear harmonic oscillator- Bohr’s Correspondence principle, Limits of applicability of
classical theory, Inadequacy of old quantum theory- Practical and Conceptual difficulties.
Wave aspect of Particles: De Broglie’s hypothesis of matter waves, The Davisson-Germer
experiment, G. P. Thomson’s experiment, Matter waves for macroscopic objects. Particle
versus Waves – Classical view of particles and waves, Quantum view of particles and waves,
Wave-particle duality: Complementarity principle, Principle of linear superposition,
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, Position-momentum uncertainty, Uncertainty relation for
other variables, Explanation of single slit diffraction experiment, double slit diffraction
experiment and interference experiment (Michelson interferometer) using corpuscular picture
and uncertainty principle.

MODULE II
Wave Mechanical Concepts:Time dependent Schrödinger equation – Development of time
dependent Schrödinger equation, Physical significance of the wave function, ψ- Probability
interpretation, orthogonal, normalized and orthonormal functions, Probability current density,
Limitations on ψ, Expectation value of dynamical quantities, Ehrenfest’s theorem. The
general solution of time depended Schrödinger equation for a free particle (one dimensional),
Free particle propagator, Wave packet, Time dependent evolution of a wave packet, Group
velocity and Phase velocity, Time independent Schrödinger equation, Stationary states.

MODULE III
Wave Mechanics - Operator Method in Quantum Mechanics: Definition of an operator,
Operator algebra, Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions, Properties of Eigenfunctions, Vector
representation of Orthogonality relation, Expansion theorem, Vectors in a complex n-
dimensional space, Hilbert space, Different types of operator- linear operator, Hermitian
operator, Adjoint or Hermitian conjugate of an operator, Parity operator, Projection operator,
Identity operator, Inverse operator, Unitary operator, Properties of Hermitian operator,
Schwartz inequality, Quantum Mechanical operators and observables, - Fundamental
postulates of wave mechanics – Schrödinger equation and Probability interpretation for an N-
particle system, The Superposition principle, Exact proof and statement of uncertainty

14
principle, Classical Poisson Bracket, Quantum Poisson Bracket and equation of motion,
Commutation rules for components of angular momentum.
Fourier techniques and momentum Representation: Momentum Eigenfunctions and their
significance, The Kronecker delta and Dirac’s delta functions, Coordinate and momentum
representations, Schrödinger wave equation in momentum representation, Significance of
momentum wave functions, Box normalization, Momentum wave function for a free particle.

MODULE IV
One-Dimensional Energy Eigenvalue Problems: (Exactly solvable) – Properties of one
dimensional motion- Discrete spectrum (Bound state), Continuous spectrum (Unbound state),
Mixed spectrum, Symmetry potentials and parity, Free particle: continuous state, The
potential step, Boundary condition at the surface of an infinite potential, Square well potential
with rigid walls, Square well potential with finite walls, Square potential barrier, Alpha
emission, Bloch waves in a periodic potential, Attractive square well potential, Kronig-
Penney square well periodic potential, Linear harmonic oscillator- Schrödinger method and
Operator method.

MODULE V
Three Dimensional Energy Eigenvalue Problems: (Exactly solvable)Particle moving in a
spherically symmetric potential, System of two interacting particles – Rigid rotator, Hydrogen
atom, The free particle.

MODULE VI
Heisenberg Method – Matrix formulation of Quantum Mechanics: Matrix algebra,
Special matrices, Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices, Linear vector spaces, , Hilbert
space, Linear operators: Linear transformations, Matrix representation of wavefunction,
Matrix representation of operators, Properties of matrix elements, Normalization and
Orthogonality of wavefunctions in matrix form, Average value of a dynamical variable in
matrix form, Product of two linear transformations, Dual space – Dirac’s Bra and Ket
notations, Change of basis, Unitary and similarity transformations, Schrödinger equation and
the Eigenvalue problems in Matrix method, Quantum dynamics- Schrödinger picture,
Heisenberg picture, Interaction picture, One dimensional linear harmonic oscillator solution
using matrix mechanics.
Symmetry and Conservation Laws: Symmetry transformations, Translation in Space:
Conservation of linear momentum, Translation in time: Conservation of energy, Rotation in
Space: Conservation of angular momentum, Space inversion: Parity conservation, Time
reversal.

References

• Ajoy Ghatak and Lokanatha S (2007) Quantum Mechanics Theory and Applications,
Macmillan India Ltd, 5thed.
• Aruldhas G (2011) Quantum Mechanics, Prentice - Hall of India, 2nded
• Mathews P M and Venkatesan K, (1976), A text Book of Quantum Mechanics, Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd.
• Schiff Leonard I (2010) Quantum Mechanics, McGraw-Hill Book Company, India 3rded
• Zettili Nourdine (2009) Quantum Mechanics, John Wiley and Sons Ltd Publishing.

15
Additional References

• AjoyGhatak (1996) Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, Mcmillan India Ltd.

• Greiner W (1994) Quantum Mechanics- An Introduction, Springer 3rded.
• Merzbacher E (1997) Quantum Mechanics, John Wiley.

• onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/prop.2190390304/pdf- . On Solutions of
Quantum Eigenvalue Problems
• Quantum Physics I | Physics | MI OpenCourseWareocw.mit.edu › Courses ›
PhysicsLecturewww.phy.iitb.ac.in/~dkg/qmech/Lecture5.pdfhyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mod6.html
• Thankappan V K (1985) Quantum Mechanics, Wiley Eastern Ltd.
• Waghmare Y R (1997) Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics, Wheeler Publishing.

16
Semester II

Course Code: PHY-C-423

Course Title: THERMAL AND STATISTICAL PHYSICS
Credits: 4

Aim: To teach fundamentals of statistical physics and make the students to understand the
various statistical methods involved in explaining thermodynamics.

Objectives: To build a comprehensive understanding of microscopic description of systems

and bridge these ideas to macroscopic description.

Course Content

MODULE I
Thermal Physics: Laws of thermodynamics- thermodynamic functions of an ideal gas –
thermodynamic potentials- Maxwell’s relations – Entropy of ideal gas- T.dS equations –
Entropy and disorder – Heat capacity of equations.

MODULE II
Classical Statistics: Phase space- density of distribution in phase space – Liouville’s
theorem- statistical equilibrium – micro-canonical ensemble – Maxwell Boltzmann
distribution law- Evaluation of Maxwell Boltzmann constants- Maxwell’s law of distribution
of velocities – mean values – principles of equipartition of energy- grand canonical ensemble.

MODULE III
Quantum Statistics: Indistingushibility of similar particles – probability of Eigenstates-Bose
Einstein statistics, Fermi-Dirac Statistics-Maxwell Boltzmann statistics – comparison of three
statistics – Number of Eigen states in an energy range – Eigen states and the Maxwell-
Boltzmann equation.

MODULE IV
Applications of Bose-Einstein Statistics: Bose-Einstein system- gas-degeneration-Bose-
Einstein statistics and radiation-Bose-Einstein condensation.
Applications of Fermi-Dirac Statistics: Fermi-Dirac system– Extreme gas degeneration-
electron gas in metals– thermionic emission of electrons from metals.

MODULE V
Statistical Thermodynamics: Entropy and probability-Entropy and number of Eigen states-
thermodynamic functions of a monatomic gas – partition function – entropy and free energy-
energy and heat capacity- effect of zero energy level – separation of partition function-
translational partition function-translational thermodynamic functions-rotational partition
function-nuclear spin effects-vibrational partition function.

17
MODULE VI
Phase transitions: Phase diagram of a simple substance- Clausius – Clapeyron’s equation-
phase diagram of Helium – Classification of phase transitions- superconducting phase
transition.

References

• Pathria,R.K. (1999). Statistical Mechanics, Butterworth-Heinemann Books, 2nded.

• Pippard, A.B. (1966). Elements of classical thermodynamics for advanced students of
physics, Cambridge University Press, 1sted.
• Zemansky, M.W. (1997). Heat and Thermodynamics, McGraw-Hill International
Book Co.,7th ed.

Additional References

• Blackbody Radiation - Hyper Physicshyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mod6.html

• Handout 6. Thermodynamics - Stanford
Universitymicro.stanford.edu/~caiwei/me334/Chap6_Thermodynamics_v04.pdf
• Phase Changes - HyperPhysicshyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/phase.html
• Probability theory - hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/math/probas.html
• Statistical Mechanics | Chemistry | MIT OpenCourseWareocw.mit.edu › Courses ›
Chemistry

18
Semester II

Couse Code: PHY-C-424

Course Title: ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS
Credits: 4

Aim: To deliver ideas of matter- electromagnetic radiation interactions and thereby unravel
atomic and molecular structures.

Objectives: To build a comprehensive understanding of matter - EM radiation interactions

and study their effects with strong theoretical basis.

Course Content

MODULE I
Electronic structure of Atoms: Quantum state of an electron system in an atom, electronic
wave functions– The shape of atomic orbitals- Hydrogen atom spectrum- Electronic angular
momentum- orbital angular momentum- electron spin angular momentum- total electronic
angular momentum- the fine structure of hydrogen atom.Stern-Gerlach experiment- Spin-
orbit coupling- relativistic correction.

MODULE II
Electronic Spectra of Atoms: Spectroscopic terms– selection rules– exchange symmetry of
wave functions- Pauli’s exclusion principle. Many electron atoms- Building principle- the
spectra of Li and hydrogen like elements, The L-S and j-j coupling schemes- total angular
momentum – term symbols- The spectra of heliumZeeman effect – The magnetic moment of
atom, Launde’s g factor- The normal Zeeman effect- Emitted frequencies in anomalous
Zeeman transitions- Nuclear spin and Hyperfine structure.

MODULE III
Rotation of Molecules: The rotation of molecules – Rotational spectra of diatomic molecules
– Rigid Rotator- The intensities of spectral lines – The effect of isotopic substitution – The
non-rigid rotator, The spectra of non-rigid rotator – rotational spectra of linear and symmetric
top molecules- experimental techniques of MW spectroscopy- structure determination.

MODULE IV
Vibration of Molecules
Origin of infrared transitions- Experimental techniques of IR spectroscopy- the simple
harmonic oscillator- the anharmonic oscillator- the diatomic vibration- rotation of diatomic
molecules-selection rules- the vibration rotation spectrum of carbon monoxide- the interaction
of rotations and vibration- the vibrations of the polyatomic molecules – the influence of
rotation on the spectra of poly atomic molecules
Raman Spectroscopy
Classical theory of Raman effect- experimental techniques-Pure rotational Raman spectra-
vibrational Raman spectra – Rule of mutual exclusion- Raman spectrometer, Structure
determination from Raman and infrared spectroscopy- Basic ideas of surface enhanced
Raman spectroscopy- Non-linear Raman spectroscopy- theory – hyper Raman effect.

MODULE V

19
Electronic Spectra of Diatomic molecules: The Born-Oppenheimer approximation-
vibrational coarse structure- Frank Condon principle- Dissociation and pre-dissociation-
rotational fine structure of electronic vibration transitions- Fortrat diagram-Electronic
structure of diatomic molecules- Electronic angular momentum – Molecular hydrogen
spectrum.

NMR spectroscopy: Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra- basic principle- experimental

techniques – idea of chemical shift and spin orbit coupling – applications.

MODULE VI
ESR spectroscopy: Electronspin resonance spectra – basic principle-experimental techniques
– idea of hyperfine structure- hydrogen applications.
Mossbauer spectroscopy: Principle- Applications – Structural methods- Quadrupole effects
– The effect of magnetic fields.

References

• Aruldhas.G (2006) Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy. PHI India 1st edition.
• Colin N Banwell and Elaine M Mac Coah (2001)Fundamentals of Molecular
Spectroscopy, 4th Edition Tata McGraw Hill New Delhi, 4th Edition.
• H E White (1934) Introduction to Atomic SpectroscopyMcGraw-Hill Inc. 1st Edition.

Additional References

• Electron spin - HyperPhysicshyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/spin.html

• Fourier transform
spectroscopyhttps://www.princeton.edu/.../docs/Fourier_transform_spectrosco
py.htm
• Raman Scattering - HyperPhysicshyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/atmos/raman.html.Mod-05 Lec-35 Introduction to Nuclear
Magnetic ...freevideolectures.com/Course/3029/Modern-Instrumental-
Methods.../35On Solutions of Quantum Eigenvalue Problems: A
...onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/prop.2190390304/pdf

20
Semester II

Course Code: PHY-C-425

Course Title: Lab: ADVANCED PHYSICS
Credits: 4

Aim: To equip the students to understand and realise fundamental as well as applied
experimental techniques in Physics.

Objectives: To enhance fundamental and applied knowledge of the students through

advanced Physics experiments.

List of Experiments
(Any 12 experiments from the list)
!
1. Determination of ! of Silicon.
2. Calibration of Scale Using He-Ne Laser.
3. Determination of Young’s Modulus by Cornus Method.
4. Determination of Planck’s constant (Photoelectric effect).
5. Measurement of Magnetic Susceptibility of a Solution by Quincke’s Method.
6. Frank Hertz Experiment.
7. XRD Data Analysis I, II, III
8. Determination of Band Gap.
9. Faradays Rotation Apparatus.
10. Constant Deviation Spectrometer.- Arc Spectrum of Copper
11. Constant Deviation Spectrometer.- Arc Spectrum of Iron
12. Constant Deviation Spectrometer.- Arc Spectrum of Brass
13. Constant Deviation Spectrometer.- Absorption spectrum
14. Constant Deviation Spectrometer.- Hydrogen spectrum
15. Millikan’s Oil Drop Experiment.
16. Particle Size Analyzer (Using Diode Laser).
17. Zeeman Effect
18. Michelson’s Interferometer
19. e/m by Thomson method
20. UV-Visible spectrometer-Verification of BEER-Lambert’s law
21. UV-Visible spectrometer- Band gap
22. Photo luminescent Spectrum

21
Semester III

Course Code: PHY-C-431

Course Title: QUANTUM MECHANICS II
Credits: 4

Aim: To equip the student to analyse and solve advanced problems in quantum mechanics by
learning approximate techniques, handling many body problems, etc and to understand the
preliminary ideas of relativistic quantum mechanics.

Objectives: To teach the different approximate methods of solving Schoredinger equations,

handling many particle systems, etc., and to introduce relativistic quantum mechanics so that
realistic problems could be analyzed and solved by the student.

Course Content

MODULE I
Theory of Angular momentum: The angular momentum operators– fundamental
commutation relations of angular momentum. Eigen values and Eigen functions of L2 and LZ.
Spin – general angular momentum – Eigen values and Eigen vectors of J2 and JZ, matrices for
J+, J-, JX and JY. Spin – (1/2) systems – Pauli’s spin matrices, - Eigen vectors and Eigen values
of spin – (1/2) systems. Addition of angular momenta , Eigen value of the total angular
momenta – Clebsh - Gordan coefficients – recursion relations – construction procedure –
some particular coefficients for cases (j1: ½, and j2: ½, only).

MODULE II
Time-Independent Perturbation Theory: Basic concepts, Non-degenerate case- first order
and second order perturbations, Anharmonic oscillator – first order correction, Effect of
electric field on the ground state of hydrogen. Variation Method – The principle of variation
method- Rayleigh-Ritz method, Variational method for excited states- harmonic oscillator
problem, ground state of Helium. WKB Approximation – The WKB method, Connection
formula, validity of WKB method, Barrier penetration, Alpha emission.

MODULE III
Time–Dependent Perturbation Theory: Time – dependent perturbation theory – Harmonic
perturbation – transition probability. Transition to continuum states – Transition probability
per unit time – Fermi’s golden rule. Interaction with classical radiation field – absorption and
stimulated emission – electric dipole approximation, Einstein’s A and B coefficients,
selection rule for emission and absorption of light radiation, sudden and adiabatic
approximation.

MODULE IV
Collision Theory: Elastic scattering– differential and total scattering cross-sections, the
scattering amplitude. Method of partial waves – expansion of a plane wave in terms of partial
waves – scattering by a central potential – phase shift – Optical theorem, scattering by a hard
sphere, low energy scattering – s-wave scattering by a square well: Ramsauer-Townsend
effect, scattering of neutrons by protons, resonance scattering – Briet-Wigner formula. Zero
energy scattering – scattering length. Green’s function technique of solving inhomogeneous
differential equation – First Born approximation, validity of Born approximation.

22
Applications: Scattering amplitude in the case of spherically symmetric potential, Screened
Coulomb potential leading to Rutherford scattering formula.

MODULE V
Identical particles: Indistinguishability and exchange symmetry – Fermion and Boson
assemblies. Symmetric and anti-symmetric wave functions – construction from
unsymmetrized functions, The exclusion principle – Slater determinant. Spin angular
momentum – spin matrices and Eigen functions – spin functions for two electrons, The
Helium atom, spin functions for three electrons, the He atom. Central field approximation –
Hartree-Fock equation – direct term and exchange term.

MODULE VI
Relativistic wave equations: Klein-Jordan equations – interpretation and its failure, Dirac’s
relativistic equation – free-particle equation, Position probability density, expectation values,
matrices for α and β, free-particle solutions and energy spectrum – existence of states with
negative energy, spin of the Dirac particle, Significance of negative energy states.

References

• Ajoy Ghatak and Lokanatha S (2007) Quantum Mechanics Theory and Applications,
Macmillan India Ltd, 5thed.
• Aruldhas G (2011) Quantum Mechanics, Prentice - Hall of India, 2nded
• Mathews P M and Venkatesan K, (1976), A text Book of Quantum Mechanics, Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd.
• Schiff Leonard I(2010) Quantum Mechanics, McGraw-Hill Book Company, India
3rded
• ZettiliNourdine (2009) Quantum Mechanics, John Wiley and Sons Ltd Publishing.

Additional References

• AjoyGhatak (1996) Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, Mcmillan India Ltd.

• Greiner W (1994) Quantum Mechanics- An Introduction, Springer 3rded.
• http://electron6.phys.utk.edu/qm1/Modules.htm
• http://physics.about.com/od/quantumphysics/p/quantumphysics.htm
• http://www.livescience.com/33816-quantum-mechanics-explanation.html
• http://www.physics.umd.edu/perg/qm/qmcourse/NewModel/qmtuts.htm
• Merzbacher E (1997) Quantum Mechanics, John Wiley.
• Thankappan V K (1985) Quantum Mechanics, Wiley Eastern Ltd.
• Waghmare Y R (1997) Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics, Wheeler Publishing.

23
Semester III

Course Code: PHY-C-432

Course Title: SOLID STATE PHYSICS
Credits: 4

Aim: To provide the student with an in-depth knowledge of crystals structure and introduce
them to world of electrical and magnetic properties of solids.

Objectives: To teach elements of crystallography, bonding, lattice vibrations, semiconductors

dielectric, magnetic and superconducting properties of solids.

Course Content

MODULE I
Crystal Physics: Periodicity in crystals - unit cell- Wigner Seitz cell - point group - space
group - Number of lattice points per unit cell - symmetry elements - Bravais lattice in two
dimensions- Bravais lattice in three dimensions- Miller indices-interplanar spacing- density of
atoms in a crystal plane-structures of Diamond, ZnS, NaCl and CsCl. Bonding in solids -
Cohesive energy-ionic bonding - evaluation of Madelung constant for NaCl - covalent
bonding - Metallic bonding - Hydrogen bonding - Van der Waals bonding. Diffraction of X-
rays by crystals - reciprocal lattice- structure determination by powder method, Laue method
and rotating crystal method.

MODULE II
Lattice vibrations: Vibrations of Monatomic and diatomic linear lattices-acoustical and
optical phonons - phonon momentum - lattice specific heat of Einstein and Debye model
Free electron theory:Electron motion in one dimensional potential well- three dimensional
potential well - Density of energy states - Fermi Dirac distribution - electronic specific heat -
electrical conductivity and Ohm's law - thermal conductivity - Brillouin zone in two and three
dimensions - Fermi surface.

MODULE III
Band theory of solids: Nearly free electron model - origin of energy gap - Bloch theorem-
Kronig-Penney model effective mass of an electron - reduced zone - Tight binding
approximation.

MODULE IV
Semiconductors:- Intrinsic semiconductors - carrier concentration in intrinsic semiconductor
- Fermi level - electrical conductivity of semiconductors - Band gap - Extrinsic semiconductor
- carrier concentration - variation of carrier concentration with temperature - conductivity of
extrinsic semiconductor earner transport n semiconductors -Hall effect - Applications of Hall
effect.

MODULE V
Dielectric Properties: Various polarization processes - Clausius - Mosottireleation -
Dielectric loss - Applications of dielectric materials Ferro electricity - Pyroelectric material
and their applications - Ferroelectric domain – Antiferroelectricity and Ferrielectricity.

24
MODULE VI
Magnetic properties:Classification of magnetic materials - Langevin's theory of
diamagnetism - Quantum theory of paramagnetism - paramagnetism of free electrons -
Ferromagnetism - Weiss molecular field theory - curie-Weiss law-spin waves - magnons -
Dispersion relation for magnons - magnon specific heat – Blockwall - Ferromagnetic domains
– Anti-ferromagnetism - two sub-lattice model - Ferromagnetism. Applications of different
magnetic material
Superconductivity: Meissner effect - Type I and Type II superconductors - Thermal
properties - Isotopeeffect- London equations - London penetration depth - coherence length
BCS theory flux quantisation - Josephson effect - Applications of Superconductors.

References

• Azaroff, L.V. (2012). Introduction to Solids, TATA McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.,

1sted.
• Blakemore, J. S. (1985). Solid State Physics, CBS Publishers & Distributors, 2nd ed.
• Dekker, A. J. (2012). Solid State Physics, Macmillan Co., 1sted.
• Kittel, Charles (2016). Introduction to Solid State Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 8thed.
• Lynton, E. A. (1971). Superconductivity, Chapman & Hall Ltd., 3rded.
• Omar, M. A. (2013). Elementary Solid State Physics: principles and applications,
Pearson Education.1sted.
• Wahab, M. A. (2013). Solid State Physics: structure and properties of materials,
Narosa Publishing House, 2nded.

Additional References

• http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html
• http://web.mit.edu/redingtn/www/netadv/solidstate.html
• http://www.physics.udel.edu/~bnikolic/teaching/phys624/lectures.html

25
Semester III

Course Code: PHY-C-433

Course Title: NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS
Credits: 4

Aim: To impart fundamentals of nuclear structure, decay and particle physics.

Objectives: To teach theoretical ideas of nuclear interactions, models, decay process and
particle physics.

Course Content

MODULE I
Nuclear Interactions: Characteristics of inter-nucleon potential: charge independence,
charge symmetry. Spin dependence, saturation, short range, attractive and exchange nature-
the deuteron-tensor forces- Meson theory of nuclear force-Low energy n-p scattering and
effective range theory.

MODULE II
Nuclear Reactions: Energetic of nuclear reactions - Weisskopf diagram for reaction
mechanisms
Partial wave method of calculating cross section - Reciprocity theorem-Compound nucleus
hypothesis - Scattering matrix - Breit-Weigner one-level formula - Resonance scattering-
Energy production in stars.

MODULE III
Nuclear Models and Nuclear Decay: Doublet method of mass spectroscopy- Hofstadter
experiment - Bethe-Weizscaker formula for nuclear binding energy - Segre chart - Bohr &
Wheeler theory of nuclear fission -Shell model-Magic numbers, Spin-orbit coupling,
Magnetic moments and Schmidt lines –Collective model of Bohr and Mottelson.

MODULE IV
Nuclear Decay: Fermi’s theory of β-decay - Kurie plot - Selection rules the 60Co experiment
-Helicity of neutrino - Multipole transitions in nuclei - Angular momentum and parity
selection rules - Internal conversion - Nuclear isomerism.

MODULE V
Particle Physics: Sub-nuclear particles - Intrinsic properties and conservation laws -
Symmetries;
unitary symmetry SU(2) and SU(3) groups - Gell- Mann Okubo mass formula -
Mesons and baryons in quark model

MODULE VI
Quantum chromodynamics: -Fundamental interactions electromagnetic weak and strong
couplings - Quark jets in e+ - e- annihilation - CP violation in Ko decay-Unification of weak
and electromagnetic interactions - Neutral currents. Standard model

26
References

• Blin-Stoyle, R. J. (1992). Nuclear and Particle Physics, Chapman & Hall Ltd., 1sted.
• Burcham, W .E. &Jobes, A. (1998). Nuclear and Particle Physics, Addison-Wesley
Publishing Co. Inc., 1st ed.
• Fermi, E. (1951). Nuclear Physics, Universities of Chicago Press, 1sted.
• Ghoshal, S. N. (2016). Nuclear Physics, S Chand & Co. Ltd., 2nded.
• Halzen, Francis & Martin, A.D. (1984). Quarks and Leptons: an introductory course in
modern particle physics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1sted.
• Henley, E. M. & Garcia, A. (2007). Subatomic Physics, World Scientific, 3rded.
• Ho-Kim, Quang& Pham, Xuan-Yem (1998). Elementary Particles and Their
Interactions: concepts and phenomena, Springer-Verlag, 1sted.
• Hughes, I.S. (1991). Elementary Particles, Cambridge University Press, 3rded.
• Kachhava, C.M. (1997). Nuclear Physics and Applications, Raj Publications, 1sted.
• Sharma, R .C. (1986). Nuclear Physics, K Nath& Company, 3rded.

Additional References

• http://www.analchem.ugent.be/radiochemie/funct_beeldvorming/Let's_Play_PET_stat
ic/laxmi.nuc.ucla.edu_8000/lpp/nuclearphysics/imagerecon.html
• http://www.antonine-
education.co.uk/Pages/Physics_5/Nuclear_Physics/NUC_01/Nuclear_1.htm
• http://www2.lbl.gov/abc/Basic.html

27
Semester III

Course Code: PHY-E-434

Course Title: COMPUTATIONAL METHODS
Credits: 4

Aim: To equip the students to use numerical techniques for solving physical problems.

Objectives: To teach numerical methods for solving different equations also to compare the
efficiency of different methods

Course Content

MODULE I
Non Linear Algebraic and Transcendent Equations: Introduction-Bisection method
(Method of equal interval)- Iteration method (The method of successive approximation)-
Convergence criterion- acceleration of convergence-Aitken’s (delta)2 process-The method of
false position-Newton-Raphson method-Generalised Newton's method-Lin Bairstow method
Solution of systems of Non-linear equations - The method of Iteration –Newton Raphson
Method.

MODULE II
Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors of Matrices: Determinant of a Matrix - The eigen value
problem- Power method to find the largest and smallest eigen values- House Holder's method-
Eigen values of a symmetric tri-diagonal matrix - The QR method- Singular values of
decomposition.

MODULE III
Interpolation: Introduction - Finite differences-Forward -Backward and Central Differences-
Symbolic relations and separation of symbols- Differences of a polynomial-Newton's
formula for Interpolation-Central Difference Interpolation Formulae-Gauss's Central
difference fonnulae-Stirling's formula- Bessel's formula -Everette's formula- Interpolation of
unevenly spaced points- Lagrange s Interpolation formula- Divided differences and Newton's
General interpolation formula- Interpolation with Cubic splines.

MODULE IV
Curve Fitting: Least square curve fitting procedure- Fitting a straight line- Non-linear curve
fitting- Curve fitting by sum of exponentials- Weighted least square approximation- Linear
and non-linear - Methods of least squares for continuous functions.

MODULE V
Numerical Differentiation and Integration: Derivation of numerical differentiation formula
from Newton's difference formulae - Cubic spline method Numerical Integration
Trapezoidal rule- Simpson's 1/3 rule- Simpson 378 rule- Use of cubic splines- Newton - Cotes
Integration formula- Numerical calculation of Fourier Integrals - Trapezoidal rule- Filon's
formula. Monte Carlo Method Description of method- Applications- Numerical Integration-
Monte Carlo Summation

28
MODULE VI
Numerical Solutions of ordinary Differential Equations: Introduction - Solution by
Taylor's series- Picaid's method of successive approximations- Euler's method- Modified
Euler s method- Runge- Kutta method.

References

• Arumugam, S, et al. (2009). Numerical Methods, Scitech Publications (India) Pvt.

Ltd., 2nded.
• Sastry, S. S. (2017). Introductory Methods of Numerical Analysis, Prentice-Hall of
India Pvt. Ltd., 5thed.

Additional References

• http://archives.math.utk.edu/visual.calculus/
• http://mathfaculty.fullerton.edu/mathews/numerical.html
• http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcI/CalcI.aspx
• MIT open courseware: http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mathematics/18-03sc-differential-
equations-fall-2011/Syllabus/

29
Semester III

Course Code: PHY-E-435

Course Title: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROPROCESSORS
Credits: 4

Aim: To introduce principles and applications of digital electronics, microprocessors and

signal processing.

Objectives: To teach elements of digital circuits, microprocessors and signal processing.

Course Content

MODULE I
Basic Digital Electronics: Logic Gates- Boolean algebra- Decoder/Demultiplexer -
Multiplexer-Encoder-Seven segment Decoder-Flip flops-RS, Clocked RS, D, T, JK, MSJK
FF-Shift Registers-Counters-Synchronous and Asynchronous Counters-Cascade Counters.

MODULE II
Advanced Digital Electronics: Semiconductor Memories-RAM,ROM,PROM,EPROM-
Digital to Analog Convertors-Ladder and Weighted Resistor type-Analog to digital
converters-Counter type, Successive Approximation type, Dual slope convertors. Application
of DAC and ADC converters.

MODULE III
Microprocessors: Microprocessor architecture and its operations- s-logic devices for
interfacing- the 8085 microprocessor-Instruction and Data format - instruction classification-
8085 Instruction set-8085 assembly language.

MODULE IV
Programming 8085: illustrative programs-looping, counting and indexing-time delays-Stack
and subroutines.Interfacing I/O ad memory devices: Memory interfacing-I/O interfacing-Data
transfer schemes-programmed data transfer-asynchronous data transfer-synchronous data
transfer-Interrupts.

MODULE V
Interfacing devices: the programmable peripheral interface: 8255A-Programming and
applications-Programmable Interrupt Controller: 8259A-features and Programming-the 8237
DMA Controller-the USART 8251.

MODULE VI
Digital Signal processing: Signals and Systems-Classification of Signals-Discrete Time
signals and systems-Z transform -Fourier series and Fourier Transform-Convolution and
Correlation-Discrete Fourier Transform of DT signals-Fast Fourier Transform-Digital
Filtering in Time Domain-FIR Filter-HR filter.

30
References

• Badri Ram (2012). Fundamentals of Microprocessors and Microcomputers,

DhanpatRai& Sons, 7th ed.
• Gaonkar, R.S. (2016). Microprocessor Architecture, Programming, and Applications
with the 8085, Penram International Publishing, 6thed.
• Jain, R.P. (2011). Modern Digital Electronics, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.,
4thed.
• Leach, D.P. &Malvino, A.P. (1997). Digital Principles and Applications, TATA
McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., 5thed.
• Mathur, Aditya P. (1989). Introduction to Microprocessors, Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing Co. Ltd.,3rd ed.
• Millman, J. &Halkias, C. (2000) Integrated Electronics: analog and digital circuits and
systems, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., 1sted.
• NagoorKani, A. (2017) Digital Signal Processing, McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.,
2nded
• Proakis, J.G. & Manolakis, D.G. (2000). Digital Signal Processing: principles,
algorithms and application, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., 3rded.
• Wang, Bu-Chin (2008). Digital Signal Processing Techniques and Applications in
radar image processing, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1sted.

Additional References

• http://computer.howstuffworks.com/microprocessor.htm
• http://logix4u.net/tutorials/20-dsp-tutorial
• http://www.cs.ucf.edu/~ahossam/teaching/microp/
• http://www.eastaughs.fsnet.co.uk/cpu/
• http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/digital-signal-
processing/dsp-basics-tutorial.php

31
Semester IV

Course Code: PHY-E-441

Course Title: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION
Credits: 4

Aim: To introduce the concepts of electronic communication systems and elements of

instrumentation.

Objectives: To teach basics of communications systems such as

Course Content

MODULE I
Basic Communication: Need for modulation-Principle, generation and demodulation of
SSB, VSB & FM - Frequency & time division multiplexing - Binary ASK. FSK, PSK
modulation schemes - Information & channel capacity - Sampling theory - Quantizing of
analog signals -PAM - PCM - Errors and codes.

MODULE II
Cellular Communications: Evolution of a cellular phone, concepts, frequency re use, Cell
splitting, sectoring, segmentation and dualization, cellular phone systems analogue, and
digital cellular phones CDMAand GSM networks.

MODULE III
Satellite Communications: Satellite orbit and orbital parameters - Geo stationary Sc. geo-
synchronous satellites- Antenna look angles- Frequency allocation - Satellite system link
models: up-link, \ transponder and down-link - Multiple accessing methods: frequency
division, time- division and code-division multiple access.

MODULE: IV
Radar: Basic radar system - Radar range equation - Factors influencing maximum range:
effects of noise, Target properties- Moving Target Indication (MTI) radar - Antenna Scanning
– Antenna tracking - Display methods: A scope, Plan Position Indicator.

MODULE V
Measurement and Errors: Definitions, Accuracy and Precision, Significant figures. Types
of errors, Statistical error analysis, Probability of errors, Limiting errors, Standards of
Measurement.
Oscilloscope: block diagram, Cathode ray tube circuits. Vertical deflection system, Resistive
divider attenuator, Compensated attenuator, Delay line - Function of the Delay line. Different
kinds of Delay line - Lumped parameter Delay line. Distributed parameter Delay line,
Multiple trace, Horizontal deflection system, Dual time base, Oscilloscope probes and
Transducers, Oscilloscope techniques.

MODULE VI
Signal Generation: Sine wave generator, Inductor - Capacitor tuned oscillators, Frequency
synthesized signal generators, Frequency divider generator, Pulse and Square wave
generators, Pulse characteristics, Astablemultivibrator, Function generator, Audio frequency
signal generation

32
References

• Gagliardi, R.M. (2002). Satellite Communication, CBS Pub.& Distributors, 1sted.

• Haykin, Simon (1994). Communication Systems, Wiley Eastern Limited, 3rded.
• Helfrick, A.D. & Cooper, W.D. (2014). Modern Electronic Instrumentation and
Measurement Techniques, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., 1sted.
• Kennedy, G. & Davis,B. (2012). Electronic Communication Systems, Tata McGraw
Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., 5thed.
• Prensky, Sol D. (1971). Electronic Instrumentation, Prentice - Hall of India, Pvt. Ltd.,
2nded.
• Rangan, C S, et al. (1997). Instrumentation: devices and systems, Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing Co. Ltd., 2nded.
• Roddy, D. & Coolen, J. (2011). Electronic Communication, Prentice - Hall of India,
Pvt. ltd., 4thed.
• Sam Shanmugam, K. (1994). Digital and Analog Communication Systems, John
Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd., 1sted.
• Tomasi, Wayne (2014). Electronic Communications Systems: fundamentals through
advanced, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd., 5thed.

Additional References

• Document Part Number: GE000044

• Installation, Operation & Maintenance (IOM) Course Document Name:
INST_IOMx_SATDATACOMOnline_060109.pdf
• IOM Course Satellite and Data Communications Basics
• Satellite Communications and Data Communications Basics-
• Signal Generator | Tektronixin.tek.com/signal-generator
• The analysis, design and implementation of uplink/downlink antennas for AMSAT AO-
40- a thesis in department of electrical and computer engineering – Concordia
university, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Cathode-Ray
Oscilloscopeboson.physics.sc.edu/~hoskins/Demos/CathodeRay.html

33
Semester IV

Course Code: PHY-E-442

Course Titles: SOLID STATE ELECTRONIC DEVICES
Credits: 3

Aim: To equip the students with basic ideas of solid-state electronics devices and its
fabrication technology.

Objectives: To teach the physical process describing semiconductor theory and principles of
transistor operations.

Course Content

MODULE I
Crystal growth of Semiconductors: Bulk Crystal Growth, Growth from melt, Zone refining
and Floating Zone Growth, Epitaxial Growth, Liquid Phase Epitaxy, Vapour Phase epitaxy
and molecular Beam Epitaxy.
Energy Bands and Diffusion of Carriers: Energy bands, direct and indirect semiconductors,
Variations of energy bands with alloy composition, Charge Carriers in semiconductors,
electrons and holes in quantum wells, conductivity and mobility effect of temperature and
doping on mobility, diffusion process, diffusion and drift of carriers in built in fields, steady
state carrier injection and diffusion length.

MODULE II
Junctions: Fabrication of p-n junctions, grown junctions, Alloyed Junctions, Diffused
Junction, Ion implantation, space charge at a junction, capacitance of p-n junction, hetero
junctions.
Transistors: Charge transport in Bipolar junction transistor, Fabrication of BJT, switching of
BJT, Hetero-junction BJT, Field effect transistors, Pinch-off and saturation, Current Voltage
Characteristics, MOSFET.

MODULE III
Integrated Circuits: Advantages of integration, types of integration circuits, Monolithic and
hybrid circuits, masking selective doping, fine line lithography, monolithic device elements,
bipolar transistors, merged transistors, MOS Transistors, integration of other elements, charge
transfer devices, basics of CCD, very large scale integration.

References

• Ben G. Streetman and Banerjee S. K., (2010) Solid State Electronic Devices, Pearson,
6/e,
• Morgan, D.V. &Howes, M.J. (1972). Solid State Electronic Devices, Wykeham
Publications, 1sted.

34
Semester IV

Course Code: PHY-C-443

Course Title: Lab: ADVANCED ELECTRONICS
Credits: 4

Aim: To equip the students to design, construct and analyse advanced electronic circuits
using ICs.

Objectives: To familiarize the methods of designing practical electronic circuits as per the
requirements using advanced electronic devices.

List Of Experiments

1. Monostablemultivibrator using 555 timer.

2. Voltage controlled Oscillator using 555 timer
3. Astablemultivibrator using IC 741
4. RC phase shift oscillator using IC 741
5. Wein Bridge Oscillator using IC 741
6. Triangular wave generator using IC 741
7. First order low pass Butterworth filter using IC 741
8. First order high pass Butterworth filter using IC 741
9. First order band pass Butterworth filter using IC 741
10. Second order low pass Butterworth filter using IC 741
11. Second order high pass Butterworth filter using IC 741
12. Execution of Programmes using Microprocessor- 8085

References

• Navas, K. A. (2013). Electronics Lab Manual Vol.1, Rajath Publishers, 5thed.

• Navas, K. A. (2009). Electronics Lab Manual Vol.2, Rajath Publishers, 4thed
• Gaonkar, R.S. (2016). Microprocessor Architecture, Programming, and Applications with
the 8085, Penram International Publishing, 6thed.

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Semester IV

Course Code: PHY-D-444

Course Title: PROJECT
Credits: 6

Aim: To cultivate and nurture proper research aptitude in the student and thereby equipping
the young researcher with the ability to identify, define, formulate, execute, analyse and
conclude a real world scientific problem of relevance within a stipulated time limit.

Objectives: The project will introduce the student to the scientific research methodology,
literature survey, technical writing, assimilation and dissemination of results, etc. The project
will also enable them to familiarize with the tools of a researcher such as sophisticated
instrumental techniques or computational methods.

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 Extra Departmental Elective Courses

Semester: I

Course Code: PHY-X-411

Course Title: FOUNDATIONS OF ASTRONOMY
Credits: 2

Aim: To introduce the students to basics of Astronomy.

Objectives: To teach basic ideas as of earth-sun-moon system, observational techniques,

solar system, our galaxy, stellar evolution and origin of life.

MODULE I
Exploring the Sky - Astronomy- Our position and time, relevance of astronomy. The sky-
stars, sky and its motion, cycles of the sun, astronomical influences on the climate of earth.
Cycles of the moon- the changeable moon, Lunar eclipse, solar eclipse, predicting eclipses.
Origin of modern astronomy – Roots of astronomy, Copernician revolution, Planetary
motion, Galileao’s contribution, Modern Astronaomy. Gravity- Laws of motion due to
Galileo and Newton, Orbital motion and tides, Einstein and relativity Light and Telescopes-
Radiation- Information from space, Optical telescopes, special instruments, Radiotelescopes,
Astronomy from space.

MODULE II
The Stars- Atoms and star light – Atoms, The interaction of light and matter, Stellar
spectrum. The Sun – Solar atmosphere, nuclear fusion, solar activity. The family of stars,
The interstellar medium, The formation and structure of stars, Stellar evolution, The death of
stars, Newtron stars and black holes. The Universe – Milky way galaxy –Discovery ,
Structure , Spiral arms and star formation, the nucleus, Origin and history. Galaxies – The
family of galaxies, measuring the properties of galaxies, evolution of galaxies. Active
Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes. Modern Cosmology – Big bang theory, Cosmic
microwave background radiation.

MODULE III
The Solar System – The origin of solar system, Survey of solar system, Planet building.
Earth – The standard of comparative planetology. Airless worlds – Moon and Mercury
Venus and Mars, Moons of Mars. Outer planets - Jupiter and Saturn – Jupiter’s family of
moons, Saturn, Saturn’s moons. Uranus, Neptune and Outer planets – Uranus, Neptune, The
dwarf planets. Meteorites, Astroids and Comets., Impact of Asteroid and Comets.Life-
Astrobilogy – Life on other worlds, The nature of life, life in the universe, intelligent life in
the universe

References

• Abhayankar K D (2001), Astrophysics, University Press

• Michael A Seeds and Dana E Backman (2011), Foundations of Astronomy, Cengage
learning, 11th International Students Edition.

Additional References

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• Introduction to Cosmology- J. V. Narlikar (1993), Cambridge University Press.
• Space Physics and Space Astronomy – Michael D Pappagiannis (1972), Gordon and
Breach Science Publishers Ltd.

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