Question 1.

You are given two planes in parametric form

( ) ( ) () ()
x1 1 2 4
Π1 : x 2 = −1 + λ 1 1 + λ 2 0
x3 −1 1 3

() ( ) ( ) ( )
x1 0 1 3
Π2 : x 2 = −3 + μ1 −1 + μ2 −2
x3 −4 −2 0

Where x 1, x 2 , x 3, λ 1 , λ2 , μ1 , μ 2 ∈ R . Let L be the line of intersection of Π1∧Π2

a. Find vectors n1 and n2 that are normals to Π1 and Π2 respectively and

explain how you can tell without performing any extra calculations that Π1
and Π2 must intersect in a line.

To find the vectors n1 and n2 that are normals to Π1 and Π2 we must find the
cross product of the two vectors parallel on each plane. This gives us the
vector perpendicular to the plane which is the normal.

The cross product formula is n = v 1 × v 2

| |
i j k
n1 = 2 1 1
4 0 3

Following the cross product formula ad −bc

n1 = i(1 ×3−1 × 0) - j ¿) + k (2 × 0−1 × 4 ¿

n1=i(3)−¿ j (6 - 4) + k (0−4)

Expanding and collecting like terms

n1=3i−¿ 2 j - 4k

Converting to vector form

( )
3
n1= −2
−4
 | |
i j k
n2 = 1 −1 −2
3 −2 0

n2 = i(−1 ×0−(−2)×−2) - j ¿) + k (1 ×−2−(−1)× 3 ¿

n2 =i(0−4)−¿ j (0 + 6) + k (−2+3)

n2 =−4 i−¿ 6 j + 1k

( )
−4
n2 = −6
1

In order for planes to intersect, they must not be parallel, since n1 is not a
scalar multiple of n2, these planes are not parallel, hence they intersect. Two
planes in 3D that are not parallel always intersect in a line.

b. Find cartesian equations for the planes Π1 and Π2

To convert from parametric to cartesian form we need to eliminate the

parameters λ 1 and λ 2 and find the relationship between x 1 , x 2 and x 3

First we split the parametric form by layer to form 3 equations for each
variable
x 1 = 1 + 2 λ 1 + 4 λ 2 Equation 1

x 2 = -1 + λ 1 Equation 2

x 3 = -1 + λ 1 + 3 λ 2 Equation 3

λ 1 = x 2 + 1 Rearranged Equation 2

Substituting Equation 2 into Equation 1 we get

x 1 = 1 + 2¿ ¿ + 1) + 4 λ 2

x1 = 1 + 2x2 + 2 + 4λ2

x1 = 3 + 2x2 + 4λ2

Rearranging for λ 2

x1−2 x 2−3
λ2 =
4
Substituting Equation 2 into Equation 3 we get
x 3 = -1 + x 2 + 1 + 3 λ 2

x3 = x2 + 3λ2

Rearranging for λ 2

x3 −x2
λ2 =
3

Eliminating λ 2 by equating the two expressions

x1−2 x 2−3 x −x
= 3 2
4 3
Simplifying Down

3( x 1 - 2 x 2 - 3) = 4( x 3 - x 2)

3x1 - 6x2 - 9 = 4x3 - 4 x2

Moving to cartesian form

3 x 1- 2 x 2 - 4 x 3 - 9 = 0

For Π2

x 1 = μ1 + 3 μ2 Equation 1

x 2 = -3 - μ1 - 2 μ2 Equation 2

x 3 = -4 - 2 μ1 Equation 3

Rearranging Equation 3 to make μ1 the subject

x3 + 4
μ1 = -
2
Substituting Equation 3 Into Equation 1
x3 + 4
x1 = - + 3 μ2
2
x3 + 4
3 μ2 = x 1 +
2
Rearranging for μ2

2 x 1 + x 3+ 4
μ2 =
6
Substituting Equation 3 and Equation 1 into Equation 2
−x 3+ 4 2 x 1 + x 3+ 4
x 2 = -3 - ( ) - 2( )
2 6
Expanding and Simplifying Down

6 x 2 = -18 + 3 x 3 + 12 - 4 x 1 - 2 x 3 - 8

Finally

-4 x 1 -6 x 2 + x 3 = 14

c. For the first method, assign one of x 1, x 2 or x 3 to be the parameter ω and

then yse the first two cartesian equations for planes Π1 and Π2 to express the
other two variables in terms of ω and hence write down a parametric vector
form of the line of intersection L

Let x 3 = ω and substitute into both planes

3 x 1- 2 x 2 - 4 x 3 - 9 = 0

-4 x 1 - 6 x 2 + x 3 = 14

After Substitution

3 x 1- 2 x 2 - 4ω - 9 = 0 Equation 1

-4 x 1 -6 x 2 + ω = 14 Equation 2

Multiply Equation 1 by 4 and Equation 2 by 3 to align the coefficients of x 1 to

eliminate

(12 x 1 - 8 x 2 - 16ω ) + (-12 x 1 - 18 x 2 + 3ω ) = 36 + 42

- 26 x 2 - 13ω - 78

ω
x 2 = -3 -
2

Substitute x 2 into Equation 1 to find x 1

ω
3 x 1 - 2(-3 - ) - 4ω = 9
2
x1 = 1 + ω

We now have our 3 equations

x1 = 1 + ω

ω
x 2 = -3 -
2
x3 = ω

Substituting in ω=0

( )
1
We get a point −3
0

()
1
−1
By examining the coefficients of ω we get a direction vector of
2
1

()
1

( )
1
−1
L = −3 + ω
2
0
1

d.

First we pull the equations out of Π2

By doing this we get

x 1 = μ1 + 3 μ 2

x 2 = -3 - μ1 - 2 μ2

x 3 = -4 - 2 μ1

Now plug this into the cartesian form of Π1

3( μ1 + 3 μ2) - 2(- 3 - μ1 -2 μ2) - 4(-4 -2 μ1) -9 = 0

Simplifying Down

13 μ1 +13 μ2 +13 = 0

μ1 + μ2 +1 = 0
μ1 = -1 - μ2

Plug μ1 into x 1, x 2 and x 3 of Π2

x 1 = -1 - μ2 +3 μ2

x 2 = -3 - (-1 - μ2 ¿ - 2 μ2

x 3 = -4 - 2(-1 - μ2 ¿

Simplifying
x 1 = -1 +2 μ2

x 2 = -2 - μ2

x 3 = - 2 +2 μ2

Lets create a new parameter for this line of intersection L μ2 = ψ

Arranging into parametric form we get

() ( ) ( )
x1 −1 2
ψ
L : x 2 = −2 + −1
x3 −2 2

e.

The parametric forms in parts c and d are different, however they still

()
1

()
2
ω −1 ψ
represent the same line, we can see how is a scalar multiple of −1
2
2
1
by 0.5

f. Find m = n1 × n2

To do this we take the cross product, note that the order matters

| |
i j k
m= 3 −2 −4
−4 −6 1

m = i (-2 ×1 - (-4 × -6)) - j (3 × 1 - (-4 × -4)) +k ¿3 × -6 - (-2 × -4))

m = -26i + 13 j - 26k
m=
( )
−26
13
−26

()
1
In part c and d we have lines of vectors
( )
and −1 respectively, m is
2
−1
2 2
1

parallel to these vectors as we can see a scale factor of - and -

1 1

respectively, this means that m is parallel to both lines

26 13

g. The cross product of two vectors which we did in part a gives a vector
that is perpendicular to both vectors. Taking the normal vectors of the two
planes and crossing them will result in a vector that lies in both planes, this
is due to the fact that each normal is perpendicular to each other in 3
dimensions. The line of intersection L is the only direction that lies in both
planes, taking the normal twice will result in the same direction vector,
perhaps not the same numbers (scalar multiples), but it will be the same
direction.

Question 3.

Show that the equation e−3 x +4cos(28 x ) = 0

has a unique solution for x ϵ 0 ,

[ ] π
28

To do this we are going to analyse the behaviour of the function by seeing

how many times it crosses 0 in the interval given, studying its key points
and monotonicity (how it increases and decreases). We are using the
Intermediate Value Theorem, this states that a continous function f(x) will
have a solution such that f(a) = 0 if on a closed interval [ j , g ] f(g) is positive
and f(j) is negative or vice versa.

We can see that this function is continous for all real x as e−3 x is an
exponential and 4cos(28 x ) is a trigonometric function

Lets let f(x) = e−3 x +4cos(28 x )

Lets evaluate the endpoints of the interval given

f(0) = 5, 5 > 0

f( ) = e−3 ( 28 ) +4(-1) since cos( π ) = -1

π π

28

f( ) = e−3 ( 28 ) -4
π π

28

f( ) = -3.286 (3 decimal places), -3.286 < 0

π
28

Since f(0) > 0 and f( ) < 0, the values have opposite signs, this means that
π

there is at least one solution such that f ( x ) = 0

28

The IVT shows at least one root but uniqueness requires f ( x ) to cross 0

exactly once within 0 , [ ]

π
28

Due to 4cos(28 x ) being oscillatory we analyse the behaviour of f ( x ) using

its first derivative

f '( x ) = -3e−3 x -112sin(28 x ¿

-3e−3 x < 0 x ϵ R

sin(28 x ¿ has a period of =

2π π
28 14

28 x ranges from 0 to π , so sin(28 x ¿ goes from sin(0) = 0 to sin( π ) = 0, this

means that the peak maximum is at sin( ), when 28 x = , x=
π π π
2 2 56

f '(0) = -3, -3 < 0

f '( ) ≈ -114.54 (<0)

π
56

f '( ) ≈ -2.14 (<0)

π
28

Since sin(28 x ¿ ≥ 0 in 0 , [ ] , -112sin(28 x ¿ ≤ 0 and -3e−3 x < 0, f '( x ) < 0 for

π
28

[ ] , therefore f(x) is decreasing in this interval

π
0,
28
Since f(0) > 0, f( ) < 0 and f '( x ) is continous and decreasing, it cannot
π
28

must 0 once in the interval 0 , [ ]

π
28

Question 4.

If you do not have a calculator, you may want to approximate (243.028) 5 by

3

243 5 . Use the Mean Value Theorem to estimate the error in making this
3

approximation

The Mean Value Theorem states that for a differentiable function on [ a , b ],

there exists some c x ϵ such that

f(b) - f(a) = f '(c) ×(b - a)

The difference between the two points can be found by subtracting the
smaller number from the larger number

a = 243, b = 243.028

243.028 - 243 = 0.028

We have now found b - a which is 0.028

f(243.028) - f(243) = f '(c)(0.028)

Where c is some value between 243 and 243.028

The error magnitude is

|f(243.028) - f(243)| = |f '(c)|(0.028)

Taking the derivative

For f( x ) = x 0.6 = x 5
3

f '( x ) =
−2
3 5
x
5

f '(243) = is the maximum since f '( x ) decreases

1
15

The maximum possible value of |f '(c)| is so

1
15
|f (243.028) - f (243)| ≤ (0.028)
1
15

|f (243.028) - f (243)| ≤
0.028
15

=
7
3750

The magnitude of the error is less than

7
3750