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Phys

The document covers fundamental concepts in physics, including kinematics, Newton's laws, work, energy, power, momentum, circular motion, gravitation, waves, oscillations, and thermodynamics. Key equations and principles such as displacement, velocity, acceleration, conservation of momentum, and the laws of thermodynamics are outlined. It emphasizes the relationships between motion, forces, energy, and heat transfer in various physical systems.

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3 views2 pages

Phys

The document covers fundamental concepts in physics, including kinematics, Newton's laws, work, energy, power, momentum, circular motion, gravitation, waves, oscillations, and thermodynamics. Key equations and principles such as displacement, velocity, acceleration, conservation of momentum, and the laws of thermodynamics are outlined. It emphasizes the relationships between motion, forces, energy, and heat transfer in various physical systems.

Uploaded by

askldhjasohjkd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Kinematics

Describes motion without considering forces.

Displacement (x): Change in position; vector quantity.

Velocity (v): Rate of change of displacement; vector. v = Δx / Δt

Acceleration (a): Rate of change of velocity; vector. a = Δv / Δt

Equations for constant acceleration:


v = v₀ + at
x = x₀ + v₀t + ½at²
v² = v₀² + 2a(x - x₀)

Newton’s Laws of Motion


1st Law (Inertia): An object stays at rest or in motion unless acted on by a net
external force.

2nd Law: Force equals mass times acceleration. F = ma

3rd Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Work, Energy, and Power


Work (W): Force applied over a distance. W = Fd cosθ

Kinetic Energy (KE): Energy of motion. KE = ½ mv²

Potential Energy (PE): Energy due to position (e.g., gravity). PE = mgh

Work-Energy Theorem: Work done equals change in kinetic energy.

Power (P): Rate of doing work. P = W / t

Momentum and Collisions


Momentum (p): Product of mass and velocity. p = mv

Impulse: Change in momentum; impulse = force × time. J = FΔt = Δp

Conservation of Momentum: Total momentum before equals total momentum after


collision (closed system).

Collisions: Elastic (kinetic energy conserved), Inelastic (kinetic energy not


conserved).

Circular Motion and Gravitation


Centripetal acceleration: a_c = v² / r (toward center).

Centripetal force: F_c = ma_c = mv² / r.

Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation: F = G (m₁ m₂) / r².

Orbital motion explained by balance of gravitational force and centripetal force.

Waves and Oscillations


Wave speed: v = fλ (frequency × wavelength).

Types: Mechanical (require medium), Electromagnetic (do not).

Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM): Restoring force proportional to displacement; F = -


kx.

Period (T) and frequency (f) relate as f = 1 / T.

Thermodynamics
Temperature measures average kinetic energy of particles.

1st Law: ΔU = Q - W (change in internal energy = heat added - work done by system).

Heat transfer methods: conduction, convection, radiation.

States of matter changes: melting, boiling, condensation, freezing.

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