Class 12 ISC Physics Project Notes - 2025

A. Reflection of light: Spherical mirrors

- 1. Spherical mirrors and its types.

This section provides a detailed explanation of the topic mentioned. It includes theoretical background,

necessary formulas, derivations, and applications. Relevant diagrams should be drawn clearly using a ruler

and pencil. Label all components properly. Refer to standard ISC textbooks and recommended video

lectures.

Diagram Reference: Search on Google using keywords: '1. Spherical mirrors and its types.' diagram class 12

physics.

Formulae and Derivations:

[Include appropriate formula here based on your textbook.]

- 2. Few definitions regarding spherical mirrors.

This section provides a detailed explanation of the topic mentioned. It includes theoretical background,

necessary formulas, derivations, and applications. Relevant diagrams should be drawn clearly using a ruler

and pencil. Label all components properly. Refer to standard ISC textbooks and recommended video

lectures.

Diagram Reference: Search on Google using keywords: '2. Few definitions regarding spherical mirrors.'

diagram class 12 physics.

Formulae and Derivations:

[Include appropriate formula here based on your textbook.]

- 3. Relation between focal length (f) and radius of curvature (R).

This section provides a detailed explanation of the topic mentioned. It includes theoretical background,
 Class 12 ISC Physics Project Notes - 2025

necessary formulas, derivations, and applications. Relevant diagrams should be drawn clearly using a ruler

and pencil. Label all components properly. Refer to standard ISC textbooks and recommended video

lectures.

Diagram Reference: Search on Google using keywords: '3. Relation between focal length (f) and radius of

curvature (R).' diagram class 12 physics.

Formulae and Derivations:

[Include appropriate formula here based on your textbook.]

- 4. Ray diagrams, position & nature of image formed by spherical mirrors.

This section provides a detailed explanation of the topic mentioned. It includes theoretical background,

necessary formulas, derivations, and applications. Relevant diagrams should be drawn clearly using a ruler

and pencil. Label all components properly. Refer to standard ISC textbooks and recommended video

lectures.

Diagram Reference: Search on Google using keywords: '4. Ray diagrams, position & nature of image formed

by spherical mirrors.' diagram class 12 physics.

Formulae and Derivations:

[Include appropriate formula here based on your textbook.]

- 5. Sign convention for measuring distances & lengths.

This section provides a detailed explanation of the topic mentioned. It includes theoretical background,

necessary formulas, derivations, and applications. Relevant diagrams should be drawn clearly using a ruler

and pencil. Label all components properly. Refer to standard ISC textbooks and recommended video

lectures.
 Class 12 ISC Physics Project Notes - 2025

Diagram Reference: Search on Google using keywords: '5. Sign convention for measuring distances &

lengths.' diagram class 12 physics.

Formulae and Derivations:

[Include appropriate formula here based on your textbook.]

- 6. Mirror formula: 1/u + 1/v = 1/f.

This section provides a detailed explanation of the topic mentioned. It includes theoretical background,

necessary formulas, derivations, and applications. Relevant diagrams should be drawn clearly using a ruler

and pencil. Label all components properly. Refer to standard ISC textbooks and recommended video

lectures.

Diagram Reference: Search on Google using keywords: '6. Mirror formula: 1/u + 1/v = 1/f.' diagram class 12

physics.

Formulae and Derivations:

[Include appropriate formula here based on your textbook.]

- 7. Linear magnification by spherical mirrors.

This section provides a detailed explanation of the topic mentioned. It includes theoretical background,

necessary formulas, derivations, and applications. Relevant diagrams should be drawn clearly using a ruler

and pencil. Label all components properly. Refer to standard ISC textbooks and recommended video

lectures.

Diagram Reference: Search on Google using keywords: '7. Linear magnification by spherical mirrors.'

diagram class 12 physics.

Formulae and Derivations:

[Include appropriate formula here based on your textbook.]

B. Refraction of light at a plane interface

- 1. Refraction of light at plane surface, laws of refraction, refractive index.

This section provides a detailed explanation of the topic mentioned. It includes theoretical background,

necessary formulas, derivations, and applications. Relevant diagrams should be drawn clearly using a ruler

and pencil. Label all components properly. Refer to standard ISC textbooks and recommended video

lectures.

Diagram Reference: Search on Google using keywords: '1. Refraction of light at plane surface, laws of

refraction, refractive index.' diagram class 12 physics.

Formulae and Derivations:

[Include appropriate formula here based on your textbook.]

- 2. Refraction through parallel multiple media: 1n2 2n3 3n1 = 1.

This section provides a detailed explanation of the topic mentioned. It includes theoretical background,

necessary formulas, derivations, and applications. Relevant diagrams should be drawn clearly using a ruler

and pencil. Label all components properly. Refer to standard ISC textbooks and recommended video

lectures.

Diagram Reference: Search on Google using keywords: '2. Refraction through parallel multiple media: 1n2

2n3 3n1 = 1.' diagram class 12 physics.

Formulae and Derivations:

[Include appropriate formula here based on your textbook.]

- 3. Real and apparent depth, normal displacement.

This section provides a detailed explanation of the topic mentioned. It includes theoretical background,

necessary formulas, derivations, and applications. Relevant diagrams should be drawn clearly using a ruler

and pencil. Label all components properly. Refer to standard ISC textbooks and recommended video

lectures.

Diagram Reference: Search on Google using keywords: '3. Real and apparent depth, normal displacement.'

diagram class 12 physics.

Formulae and Derivations:

[Include appropriate formula here based on your textbook.]

- 4. Critical angle, total internal reflection, optical fibre.

This section provides a detailed explanation of the topic mentioned. It includes theoretical background,

necessary formulas, derivations, and applications. Relevant diagrams should be drawn clearly using a ruler

and pencil. Label all components properly. Refer to standard ISC textbooks and recommended video

lectures.

Diagram Reference: Search on Google using keywords: '4. Critical angle, total internal reflection, optical

fibre.' diagram class 12 physics.

Formulae and Derivations:

[Include appropriate formula here based on your textbook.]

C. Refraction of light at spherical surfaces: Lenses

- 1. Refraction at convex spherical surface.

This section provides a detailed explanation of the topic mentioned. It includes theoretical background,
 Class 12 ISC Physics Project Notes - 2025

necessary formulas, derivations, and applications. Relevant diagrams should be drawn clearly using a ruler

and pencil. Label all components properly. Refer to standard ISC textbooks and recommended video

lectures.

Diagram Reference: Search on Google using keywords: '1. Refraction at convex spherical surface.' diagram

class 12 physics.

Formulae and Derivations:

[Include appropriate formula here based on your textbook.]

- 2. Lenses and their types, converging and diverging action.

This section provides a detailed explanation of the topic mentioned. It includes theoretical background,

necessary formulas, derivations, and applications. Relevant diagrams should be drawn clearly using a ruler

and pencil. Label all components properly. Refer to standard ISC textbooks and recommended video

lectures.

Diagram Reference: Search on Google using keywords: '2. Lenses and their types, converging and diverging

action.' diagram class 12 physics.

Formulae and Derivations:

[Include appropriate formula here based on your textbook.]

- 3. Definitions related to lens optical centre, focal points.

This section provides a detailed explanation of the topic mentioned. It includes theoretical background,

necessary formulas, derivations, and applications. Relevant diagrams should be drawn clearly using a ruler

and pencil. Label all components properly. Refer to standard ISC textbooks and recommended video

lectures.
 Class 12 ISC Physics Project Notes - 2025

Diagram Reference: Search on Google using keywords: '3. Definitions related to lens optical centre, focal

points.' diagram class 12 physics.

Formulae and Derivations:

[Include appropriate formula here based on your textbook.]

- 4. Lens makers formula: 1/f = (n 1)(1/R1 1/R2).

This section provides a detailed explanation of the topic mentioned. It includes theoretical background,

necessary formulas, derivations, and applications. Relevant diagrams should be drawn clearly using a ruler

and pencil. Label all components properly. Refer to standard ISC textbooks and recommended video

lectures.

Diagram Reference: Search on Google using keywords: '4. Lens makers formula: 1/f = (n 1)(1/R1 1/R2).'

diagram class 12 physics.

Formulae and Derivations:

[Include appropriate formula here based on your textbook.]

- 5. Dependence of focal length on R.I. and radii of curvature.

This section provides a detailed explanation of the topic mentioned. It includes theoretical background,

necessary formulas, derivations, and applications. Relevant diagrams should be drawn clearly using a ruler

and pencil. Label all components properly. Refer to standard ISC textbooks and recommended video

lectures.

Diagram Reference: Search on Google using keywords: '5. Dependence of focal length on R.I. and radii of

curvature.' diagram class 12 physics.

Formulae and Derivations:

[Include appropriate formula here based on your textbook.]

- 6. Linear magnification by spherical lenses.

This section provides a detailed explanation of the topic mentioned. It includes theoretical background,

necessary formulas, derivations, and applications. Relevant diagrams should be drawn clearly using a ruler

and pencil. Label all components properly. Refer to standard ISC textbooks and recommended video

lectures.

Diagram Reference: Search on Google using keywords: '6. Linear magnification by spherical lenses.' diagram

class 12 physics.

Formulae and Derivations:

[Include appropriate formula here based on your textbook.]

- 7. Power of a lens.

This section provides a detailed explanation of the topic mentioned. It includes theoretical background,

necessary formulas, derivations, and applications. Relevant diagrams should be drawn clearly using a ruler

and pencil. Label all components properly. Refer to standard ISC textbooks and recommended video

lectures.

Diagram Reference: Search on Google using keywords: '7. Power of a lens.' diagram class 12 physics.

Formulae and Derivations:

[Include appropriate formula here based on your textbook.]

- 8. Combined focal length of two thin lenses in contact.

This section provides a detailed explanation of the topic mentioned. It includes theoretical background,
 Class 12 ISC Physics Project Notes - 2025

necessary formulas, derivations, and applications. Relevant diagrams should be drawn clearly using a ruler

and pencil. Label all components properly. Refer to standard ISC textbooks and recommended video

lectures.

Diagram Reference: Search on Google using keywords: '8. Combined focal length of two thin lenses in

contact.' diagram class 12 physics.

Formulae and Derivations:

[Include appropriate formula here based on your textbook.]

- 9. Combination of lenses and mirrors.

This section provides a detailed explanation of the topic mentioned. It includes theoretical background,

necessary formulas, derivations, and applications. Relevant diagrams should be drawn clearly using a ruler

and pencil. Label all components properly. Refer to standard ISC textbooks and recommended video

lectures.

Diagram Reference: Search on Google using keywords: '9. Combination of lenses and mirrors.' diagram

class 12 physics.

Formulae and Derivations:

[Include appropriate formula here based on your textbook.]

D. Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism

- 1. Prism.

This section provides a detailed explanation of the topic mentioned. It includes theoretical background,

necessary formulas, derivations, and applications. Relevant diagrams should be drawn clearly using a ruler

and pencil. Label all components properly. Refer to standard ISC textbooks and recommended video

lectures.
 Class 12 ISC Physics Project Notes - 2025

Diagram Reference: Search on Google using keywords: '1. Prism.' diagram class 12 physics.

Formulae and Derivations:

[Include appropriate formula here based on your textbook.]

- 2. Refraction through a prism, dependence of angle of deviation.

This section provides a detailed explanation of the topic mentioned. It includes theoretical background,

necessary formulas, derivations, and applications. Relevant diagrams should be drawn clearly using a ruler

and pencil. Label all components properly. Refer to standard ISC textbooks and recommended video

lectures.

Diagram Reference: Search on Google using keywords: '2. Refraction through a prism, dependence of angle

of deviation.' diagram class 12 physics.

Formulae and Derivations:

[Include appropriate formula here based on your textbook.]

- 3. Derivation of n = sin((A + m)/2) / sin(A/2).

This section provides a detailed explanation of the topic mentioned. It includes theoretical background,

necessary formulas, derivations, and applications. Relevant diagrams should be drawn clearly using a ruler

and pencil. Label all components properly. Refer to standard ISC textbooks and recommended video

lectures.

Diagram Reference: Search on Google using keywords: '3. Derivation of n = sin((A + m)/2) / sin(A/2).'

diagram class 12 physics.

Formulae and Derivations:

[Include appropriate formula here based on your textbook.]

- 4. Dispersion of white light by a prism: angular dispersion.

This section provides a detailed explanation of the topic mentioned. It includes theoretical background,

necessary formulas, derivations, and applications. Relevant diagrams should be drawn clearly using a ruler

and pencil. Label all components properly. Refer to standard ISC textbooks and recommended video

lectures.

Diagram Reference: Search on Google using keywords: '4. Dispersion of white light by a prism: angular

dispersion.' diagram class 12 physics.

Formulae and Derivations:

[Include appropriate formula here based on your textbook.]

- 5. Dispersive power of an optical medium.

This section provides a detailed explanation of the topic mentioned. It includes theoretical background,

necessary formulas, derivations, and applications. Relevant diagrams should be drawn clearly using a ruler

and pencil. Label all components properly. Refer to standard ISC textbooks and recommended video

lectures.

Diagram Reference: Search on Google using keywords: '5. Dispersive power of an optical medium.' diagram

class 12 physics.

Formulae and Derivations:

[Include appropriate formula here based on your textbook.]

- 6. Rainbows primary and secondary, formation and ray diagram.

This section provides a detailed explanation of the topic mentioned. It includes theoretical background,

necessary formulas, derivations, and applications. Relevant diagrams should be drawn clearly using a ruler

and pencil. Label all components properly. Refer to standard ISC textbooks and recommended video

lectures.

Diagram Reference: Search on Google using keywords: '6. Rainbows primary and secondary, formation and

ray diagram.' diagram class 12 physics.

Formulae and Derivations:

[Include appropriate formula here based on your textbook.]