Physics Paper 1

Pulses and waves

Pulses
Pulse
Pulse – a disturbance in a medium
*the material that a pulse travels through is called the
medium*
Transverse pulse
Transverse pulse – a pulse where the particles disturbed
move perpendicularly to the direction in which the pulse is
moving
Amplitude – maximum disturbance that the medium
experiences from its rest position / the equilibrium

Superposition of pulses
Superposition of pulses – when two disturbances occupy the
same space at the same time the resulting disturbance is the
sum of the two disturbances
*to draw you get add them together regardless of whether
they are negative or posotive*
Constructive interference
Constructive interference – when two pulses meet to make a
bigger pulse

Destructive interference
Destructive interference – when two pulses meet and result
in a smaller pulse
Waves
Wave – a periodic continuous disturbance that consists of a
train of pulses

Transverse wave
Transverse wave – a wave where the movement of the
particle of the medium is perpendicular to the direct of the
propagation of the motion

Longitudinal waves
Longitudinal waves – a wave in which the particle in the
medium move parallel to the direction of propagation of the
wave

Wavelength
Wavelength (lamda) – the distance between two crests or two
troughs or the distance between any two consecutive points
that are in phase
Transverse wave

Longitudinal wave
Points in phase
Points in phase – points of a wave that move in the same
direction at the same speed and have the same displacement
from the position of rest
Ex: A&F, B&G, E&J

Period (T)
Period – the time taken for two successive crests or throughs
to pass through a point
Unit: seconds
T= 1/f

Frequency (F)
Frequency – the frequency of a wave is the number of waves
that pass a given point in 1 second
Unit: Hertz (Hz)
F=1/T

Wave speed (v)

Wave speed – the distance travelled by a wave per unit
Sound Waves
Sound waves – pressure waves caused by vibrations
- Vibrations cause regions of compression and rarefaction
in the air
- Fluctuations in air pressure are caused by the
longitudinal motion of the air particles which are
produced by the longitudinal vibrations

Pitch
- depends on the frequency of the sound*
High frequency – high pitch
Low frequency – low pitch

Loudness
- loudness of sound is determined by the amplitude
Decibels

Speed of Sound
- depends on the medium through which the sounds is
travelling
- sound travels faster through denser materials because
the particles transmitting the sound are closer together

Examples of sound waves:

Ultrasound scan – creates sharp image of internal organs,
part of the waves are flected and form an image on the
screen
Ecolocation – navigate using ultrasound
Sonar – use sound to navigate or measure distance
Electromagnetic radiation
- caused by accelerating charges which create a
constantly changing electric field which induces a
changing magnetic field
- moves at the speed of light
- can travel through a vacuum however it does not need
- electric field and magnetic fields are at right angles to
each other

dual nature
- has both a wave and particle nature
Light

Relationship between wavelength and frequency

Wave Properties of Light
Refraction – bending of light as it enters a different medium
from which it came
Diffraction – bending and spreading past a sharp edge

Interference patterns
Summary

Particle properties
Photon – a quantum (unit) of electromagnetic radiation
- has zero mass and travels at the speed of light
- photons are able to dislodge electron fro metal surfaces
if they carry enough energy (Enstein’s photoelectric
effect) – happens in photovoltaic cells

Relationship between energy

and frequency
Magnetism
Magnetic fields
Magnetic fields
Magnetic field – an area in space in which a magnetic
substance will experience a magnetic force
- Magnetic field can be observed using iron fillings or
compasses
- Magnetic field is strongest at poles (North, South)
- The direction in which the north pole of a freely rotating
magnet will point is the direction of the magnetic field
Field lines
the direction in which a compass will point is the
- Field lines point away from north and towards south
- Lines do not cross
- Lines close together = stronger field

Attraction and Repulsion

Attraction – attraction occurs between different poles
Repulsion – repulsion occurs between the same poles
Theory of magnetism
- When a bar magnet is broken into smaller pieces, every
piece becomes a magnet with a north pole and a south
pole
- Any magnet always has two poles, therefore it is called a
dipole
- Smallest unit magnitism -> formed inside atom
- When charger (electrons) move inside atom, small
magnetic field formed

Magnetic domains
Non-Magnetic materials
- fields are random in direction (some point up, some
down, some left, etc.
- Therefore their magnetic fields cancel each other out

How they can become magnetized:

- When a ferromagnetic material is placed inside a
magnetic field of a non-magnetic material, all the
domains rearrange themselves so that the magnetic
fields of all the domains align, this creates a magnetic
field.
Ferromagnetic materials
*Iron, cobalt, nickle and their alloys*
Alloy – combination of two metals
- In ferromagnetic materials the atoms are grouped
together in magnetic domains (all the magnetic fields in
a domain are aligned in one direction)
Temporary and permanent
magnets
Temporary Magnet
- Alignment of domains returns to random arrangement
once the external magnetic field if removed
Ex: Iron
Permanent magnet
- Alignment of domains remains once external magnetic
field is removed
Ex: steel

Earths magnetic field

- Earths magnetic field is opposite to the geographical
north and south of the earth
- Earths magnetic south pole lies somewhere under the
geographical north pole
*note* - earths geographically north and south pole lie on
spin axis of earth
Angle of declination
Angle of declination – angle between true north (geographical
north) and the compass needle direction (magnetic north)
 - “Magnetic north” is actually at the south pole of earths
magnetic field as earths magnetic field is flipped around
(earths magnetic field reverses on average ever 200 000
years-there has been no reversal for last 800 000 years)
- Magnetic north pole moves 40km per year away from
geographical north pole

Magnetosphere and solar wind

Magnetosphere – magnetic field surrounding the earth, not
symmetrical like a bar magnet
Solar wind – high speed charged particles emmited from the
sun
- Earths magnetic field spreads out far above the earth
(magnetosphere), and protects the earth against solar
wind
- Solar wind can cause major disruption of
telecommunications on Earth
Aurora
Aurora – when charged particles of the solar wind collide with
nitrogen and oxygen molecules in the upper atmosphere and
ionize these molecules giving rise to colorful “curtains” of
light
- Predominantly seen in polar regions
There are two types of Auroras
1. Aurora Borealis (North)
2. Aurora Australis (South)
Electrostatics
Atomic structure
There are 3 things that make up an atom
1. Neutron
2. Proton
3. Electron
Structure
- In the center of an atom there is a nucleus containing
the protons and neutrons
- There are orbitals (rings) around the nucleus that
contain the electrons

Electrical charge
*there are 3 kinds of electrical charges*
Positive charge
- More protons than electrons
Negative charge
- More electrons than protons

No charge (neutral)
- Same amount of protons and neutrons
Tribo-electric charging
- You can charge a neutral object by rubbing it with
another substance
- Electrons from the second object will transfer to the first
object, leaving the second object positively charged and
the first object negatively charged

The Electroscope
Force between charges
Positive, Negative and neutral
substances
Positive

Negative and neutral

Polarization
Polarization - A positively charged object brought close to a
neutral object will attract the electrons of the neutral object
round to the side of the atoms facing the charged object.
Principle of Conservation of
Charge
The Principle of conservation of charge – the net charge of an
isolated system remains constant
Conductors – substances which allow charge to flow through
them e.g. metals, human body
Insulators – substances which do not allow charge to flow
through them e.g. rubber, wood, plastic
Static electricity
Static electricity - An excess of charge placed on an insulator
will gather there.
- The concentration of static electricity will eventually
discharge when it is made to touch an uncharged object.
(spark, shock)

Calculations
Working out unknown charge
Sharing of charge

Charge quantinisation
Charge quantinisation – charge cannot be made any smaller:
elementary charge = -1.6 x 10^-18 C
Electric Circuits
Circuits
Definition
Power – the rate at which work is done
Current in circuits
When an electric circuit is completely connected an electric
current can move through the circuit
Components
Simple circuit:
*A simple circuit will have minimum 3 types of components*
1. Source – supplies energy for the flow of current (ex: cell
and battery)
2. Conducting material – a material through which the
current can flow (ex: copper wires)
3. An appliance (bulb) – something that converts the
electrical energy supplied by the cell/battery into
light/heat energy
Additional components:
Switch – additional component that determines weather the
current will flow or not
*There are two types of switches*
Open switch – breaks circuit so current cant flow (if the
current is interrupted the bulb does not glow)
Closed switch – completes circuit so current flows
Circuit diagrams
Example of circuit in series
Real life image

Diagram
Current Direction
*electrons flow in the opposite directioin*
Conventional current - Current flows from positive to negative
Types of circuits
Series circuit
- Components such as bulbs or resistors are sequential
connected (connected in sequence), so that there is a
single path for the current to flow
Disadvantage – no current flows through the other
components if one of the components is broken

Switches in series
 - A switch in the series section of the circuit controls the
whole circuit, this is called the main switch
- If the switch is opened all the components switch off

Series circuit example

Parallel circuit
- Components are connected in parallel, there is more
than one path for the current to flow
- Current divides so part of it flows through one
component and the rest through the other components
in the circuit
Advantage – if a component in one path breaks, there is still a
current flowing through the other paths so the components
keep on working
Switches in parallel
- A switch in the path of a parallel connection controls
only the current in that path
Parallel circuit example

Potential difference
*potential difference is also known as voltage*
Definition
potential difference (voltage) - the work done per unit
positive charge (unit: volt, joule per coulomb)
What is potential difference
- electrical potential energy is supplied by the cell or
battery (this is the fixed amount of energy that a battery
can provide and varies with different types of batteries
or cells)
- Appliances in the circuit require energy
- The potential differnce is the differnce in the amount of
energy or voltage that arrives at an appliance and the
voltage/energy that leaves an appliance
- Potential differnce gives a measure of how much energy
an appliance used from a batteru/cell
- The potential energy is distributed fully throughout the
circuit and arrives back at the negative terminl as 0
volts, when the charge comes back to the negative
terminal of the battery again it recharges and leaves the
battery with energy.
- Potential is per appliance and does not give an indication
of how much energy ids left in a circuit

*measured with a volmeter, volmeter is always connected in

parralle to the appliance, so that it will display the same
potential differnce of the appliance

How to work out potential difference

Potential differnce between two points = Energy
transferresed between two points/charges that move
between two points
V=W/Q
Energery transferres is measured in joules (W)
Charges that move betwen two points = charge which is
measured in couloms

Potential difference (voltage) in series circuits

- Appliances in series get the voltage distributed amoung
them and use up all the voltage in a circuit
Potential difference (voltage) in parallel circuits
- Each pareallele pathway gets the total voltage of the
cell, the appliances in each pathway must use up the
total voltage of the cell

Batteries
- Chemical energy in a battery is converted to electrical
energy
 - A single battery is 1 cell
- There is a constant flow of EMF in a battery and charges
are always moving
- A battery provides energy to each charge as it moves
through the battery to recharge
- If the value of the total voltage is smaller than the EMF
of the cell, that difference is the value of the internal
resistance of the battery itself
When a battery is flat
- This is to do with the fact that there is no more
chemicals left to convert the chemical potential energy
into chemical energy
- Dies when no more chemicals are left
- Batteries create energy due to constant chemical
reactions which create chemical potential energy, this
chemical potential energy then gets converted into
electrical energy
EMF
Definition
Emf – the voltage measured across the terminals of a battery
when no current is flowing (unit: volt)
Emf (of the cell) - the total energy supplied per coulomb of
charge by the cell.
- Emf is the fixed amount of voltage a battery can supply
to the circuit
Current
Definition
Current – the rate of flow of charge (unit: ampere)
Electrical current
Current is the rate of flow of charge
- How fast charges are moving in a circuit
- Current is measured in Amperes by a Ameter, ameter is
connected in series, so it can get an accurate
measurement of current as in a parallel circuit current is
split
Factors influencing current
Time (the rate)
Two variables in measuring current
- Amount of charge per second
If charge stays the same and time decreases, current
increases
(amount of charges, same time)
- Increasing charge
We can also increase charge with time staying = greater
charge

Current in a series circuit

- Current is the same throughout the circuit
Current in a parallel circuit
- Distributes evenly in a parallel circuit if pathways are
identical
- Otherwise current gets split according to the resistance
of each parallel pathway
How to calculate current
Resistance
*resistance is measured in ohm’s*
Resistance is a measure how well a material allows current to
flow through it
Conductors - have very low resistance
Insulators - have a resistance so high that it basically doesn't
allow any current carrying charge to flow through it
Definitions
Conductors – substances which allow charge to flow through
them
Insulators – substances which do not allow charge to flow
through them
Resistance – a material’s opposition to the flow of electric
current. (unit: ohm)
Ohm’s Law – the current through a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential differnce across the conductor at
constant temperature.
Factors that influence resistance of a conduction
- Type of material
- Temperature of the conductor
Hotter the conductor = greater resistance
- Thickness of a conductor
Thicker Thickness = less resistance
- Length of a conductor
Longer conductor = more resistance (further the charge has
to travel, the more resistance there is)

Measuring resistance

- Resistance is measured by looking at the voltmeter and

the ammeter
Resistance is = voltage over current

Resistors in series
The total resistance of all the resistors in series = sum of all
individual resistors in the circuit
- In a series ciruit the current is the same so the same
current flows through each resistor
 - In a series cirucit, voltage is divided between all the
appliances so the voltage of a resistor is equal to the
potential differnce across that resistor
Calculations:
Total resistance = R1 + R2 + R3

Resistors in parallel
The total resistance is always less than the sum of all the
individual resistors
Calculations:
Let R1 = 5 ohms
Let R2 = 2 ohms
Let R3 = 7 ohms

1/ total resistance = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3

1/ total resistance = 1/5 + 1/2 + 1/7
= 50/70
1/ 50/70 = total resistance
Therefore total resistance = 70/50 = 1.186 Ohms

Explanation of circuits using

sushi
Sushi restaurant example:
At a sushi restaurant we have the sushi chef, conveyor belt,
plates of sushi, the sushi and the customers
The sushi chef is the battery/cell
The sushi plates are each one singular charge
How fast the conveyor belt with the plates (charges) move is
the current
The sushi is the energy a charge gets
And the customers are the appliances in a circuit

The plates (charges) can flow but unless they get sushi
(energy) from the battery they are not of use

The sushi chef (battery) gives out a set amount of sushi on a

set amount plates, these then go round on the conveyor belt
to each customer and they each eat the sushi untill it is
finsished.
Even if there is no sushi on the plate there is still a plate.
Once all the sushi has been eaten the plates go back to the
sushi chef and he spits out the same set amount again.

Vectors and Scalars

Definitions
Scalar
Scalar - a physical quantity that has magnitude only

Examples: time, mass, speed, distance, temperature)

Vector
Vector - a physical quantity that has both magnitude and direction Examples: force, velocity,

displacement, acceleration

Resultant
Resultant - the single vector that will has the same effect as the original vectors acting together

Graph representation of vector

Components of a graphical representation of a vector
The vector
- The vector is represented by a line with an arrow

Magnitude
- The magnitude is the size of the vector and is
represented by the length of the arrow
Direction
- The direction of the vector is represented by the
direction of the arrow
Origin
- The origin is the starting point of the vector
Graph
Working with vectors
When are vectors equal?
- Vectors are equal when they have the same magnitude
and same direction
When are vectors not equal?
- Different magnitude
- Different direction
- Same magnitude different direction
- Same direction different magnitude
- Different magnitude different direction

Vectors in one dimension

Addition of vectors
- We can add vectors when they have the same direction
- We draw this by putting the two tails of the vectors
together and adding their magnitude with direction
Example:
Katie walked 10 meters north to the shops, then walked 4
meters North to her friend house, North is positive

Subtraction of vectors
- We subtract vectors when two vectors are going in
opposite directions
- We do this by taking the vector with the largest
magnitude and subtracting the other vector from it
Example:
Jai walked 10 meters North to the shops, then 4 meters south
to his friends house, North is positive

Vectors in two dimensions

*Head tolculating vectors in two dimension we use the head
to tail Method*

Drawing
When adding vectors in two dimensions we use the head to
tail method to find the resultant
- This means that we draw the two vectors with the head
of the one vector touching the tail of the other vector
- We then draw the resultant from the tail of the first
vector to the head of the second vector
Example:

Calculating resultant
- To calculate the resultant vector we use pythag as the
two vectors and resultant create a right angles triangle
- We can then work out “thetha” which is the degree of
the resultant vector
Example:
Directions for vectors
*we can indicate the direction of a vector using compass
points and bearings*
Compass
- Compass points are used to indicate the direction of a
vector in terms of how many degrees it is from North,
East, South and west
Example:

Bearings
- Bearings are used to indicate the direction of a vector in
terms of how many degrees it is from North
- Clockwise bearings are posotive
- Anticlockwise bearings are negative (minus then from
360 to calculate)
- We write: “on a bearing of ... degrees)
- Calculate bearings using trig
Example
Purple Line: On a bearing of 315 degrees North
Red Line: On a Bearing of 28 degrees South

Motion in one
dimension
Graphs of motion
*there are 3 different types of graphs*
Position vs time graph
(displacement)
*this graph shows the position (displacement) of an object*
Stationary object
*object is not moving*

- Object is not moving therefore it wont be travelling

anywhere so the displacement will just be a straight line,
showing that the object is staying at the same position

Object moving at constant velocity

*speed of the object constant/ staying the same and not
changing*
 - The velocity is constant (the speed is staying the same),
therefore the displacement will be a straight line as it is
increasing evenly at a constant rate

Object moving at increasing velocity

*objects speed is increasing*

- The velocity (speed) is increasing therefore the object is

accelerating which is why is it a curve as the object is
getting faster and faster, so the displacement is getting
larger and larger (not increasing at a even/constant rate)
Object moving at decreasing velocity
*objects speed is decreasing*

- The velocity (speed) is decreasing therefore the object is

decelerating which is why there is a curve and it starts
off steep then starts to flatting out, the curve is steep at
first because there is a fast speed then as the object
decelerates the speed gets slower and slower which is
why the graph flattens out.

Velocity vs time graph

*this graph shows the velocity of an object*
Stationary object
*object is not moving*
 - Object is not moving therefore the velocity is 0
Object moving at constant velocity
*speed of the object constant/ staying the same and not
changing*

- The object is moving at a constant velocity (speed)

therefore it is a straight line showing that the velocity is
staying the same and not changing (this is not like a
position time graph where a straight line shows that the
object is staying in the same position, in a velocity time
graph the object is still moving the velocity is just
staying the same)
Object moving at increasing velocity
*objects speed is increasing*
 - The velocity (speed) is increasing at a constant rate
therefore the graph is a straight line that is increasing
*note*
- if there is a velocity time graph with a line going down in the
negative numbers the velocity is increasing, just in the
opposite direction
Displacement in velocity vs time graph
- Graph above time axis = increasing displacement
- Graph below time axis = decreasing displacement
Velocity in velocity vs time graph
- Graph moving away from time axis (in either direction) =
increasing velocity
- Graph moving towards time axis (in either direction) =
decreasing velocity
Object moving at decreasing velocity
*objects speed is decreasing
 - The velocity (speed) is decreasing at a constant rate
therefore the graph is a straight line that is decreasing

Acceleration vs time graph

*this graph shows the acceleration of an object*
Stationary object
*object is not moving*
 - The object is not moving therefore the acceleration is 0
Object moving at constant velocity
*speed of the object constant/ staying the same and not
changing*

- The velocity (speed) of the object is constant (velocity is

staying the same and not changing), therefore since the
speed is the same the speed is not increasing and
getting faster therefore it is not accelerating and the
acceleration is 0
Object moving at increasing velocity
*objects speed is increasing*
 - Acceleration is how much velocity changes every
second, so if an object is moving at an increasing
velocity (speed) then the same amount of velocity is
being added every second so the acceleration stays the
same, this is why it is a straight line above 0 (speeding
up at a constant rate)

Object moving at decreasing velocity

*objects speed is decreasing*
- This graph shows decreasing constant velocity which
means that the object is slowing down by the same
amount every second, so the acceleration stays the
same, this is why it is a straight line below 0 (slowing
down at a constant rate)
- Its below 0 because its accelerating in the opposite
direction to slow the object down
Displacement curve for each
motion

How to use graphs

Displacement
· Displacement = area under velocity vs time graph
Velocity
· Velocity = gradient of displacement vs time graph
· Velocity = area under acceleration vs time graph
Acceleration
· Acceleration = gradient of velocity vs time graph

Examples
Example 1:
Use the graph given to describe the motion reflected from 0
seconds to 6 seconds.

Answer:
From 0-2 seconds the object is stationary, from 2-4 seconds
the object is accelerating with increasing velocity and from 4-
6 seconds the velocity is constant and the acceleration is 0

Example 2:
Use the graph given to describe the motion reflected from 0
seconds to 7 seconds.
Answer:
From 0-4 seconds the velocity is constant and the
acceleration is 0, from 4-7 seconds the object is stationary so
the velocity is 0 and the acceleration is 0

Example 3:
Use the graph given to describe the motion reflected from 0
seconds to 15 seconds.
Answer:
From 0-5 seconds the velocity is increasing at a constant
rate, from 5-12 seconds the velocity is constant, from 12-14
seconds the velocity is decreasing at a constant rate, from
14-15 seconds the velocity is increasing at a constant rate.

Equations of motion
- For equations of motion we are given word sums
- We can only use equations of motion for horizontal
morion or verticle motion where the acceleration is
constant (velocity is increasing or decreasing)

Symbols
Equations
Final List of
Definitions
Waves
Pulse - a single disturbance in a medium that moves from
one point to another.
Medium - material through which the pulse moves.
Transverse pulse - a pulse where the particles disturbed
move perpendicularly to the direction in which the pulse is
moving.
Amplitude - the maximum displacement (or disturbance)
that the medium experiences from its rest (equilibrium)
position.
Interference - when two or more pulses (or waves) meet
Superposition - the vector addition of two pulses that
occupy the dame space at the same time.
Constructive interference - occurs when the superposition
of two pulses results in a new pulse with greater amplitude.
Destructive interference - occurs when superposition of
two pulses results in a new pulse with smaller amplitude.
Transverse wave - a succession of transverse pulses. The
particles of the medium move at right
angles to the direction of the wave.
Crest - highest point on a wave.
Trough - lowest point on a wave.
Amplitude - maximum displacement from the position of
rest (NOT crest to trough).
Wavelength (λ) “lambda” - the distance between two
successive particles in phase e.g. crest to crest; trough to
trough.
Points in phase - move in the same direction at the same
speed and have the same displacement from the position of
rest.
Period -the time taken for a complete wave to pass a fixed
point. Unit: second(s).
Frequency - the number of complete waves that pass a fixed
point per second. Unit: hertz (Hz).
Wave speed (v) - the distance travelled by a wave in a
second. Unit: metres per second (m.s-1)
Longitudinal wave - a wave in which the particles in the
medium move parallel to the direction of propagation of the
wave.
Sound wave pressure waves caused by vibrations.
Vibrations - cause regions of compression and rarefaction in
the air.
Electromagnetic radiation - travels at the speed of light
and does not need a medium.
Photon - quantum of light.
Quanta - packets of energy (singular: quantum).
Quantization - quantity that cannot be made any smaller.
Magnetism
Magnetic field - an area in space in which a magnetic
substance (ferromagnetic material) will
experience a magnetic force.
Angle of declination - angle between true north
(geographic north) and the compass needle direction
(magnetic north) is called angle of declination.

Magnetosphere - magnetic field surrounding the Earth, not

symmetrical like a bar magnet.
Solar wind - high-speed charged particles from the sun.
Aurora - occurs when charged particles of the solar wind
collide with nitrogen and oxygen molecules in the upper
atmosphere, ionizing these molecules and giving rise to
colorful “curtains” of light.

Electrostatics
Polarization - separation of charge.
The Principle of Conservation of Charge - the net charge
of an isolated system remains constant.
Conductors - substances that allow charge to flow through
them, e.g., metals, human body.
Insulators - substances that do not allow charge to flow
through them, e.g., rubber, wood, plastic.
Charge quantization - charge cannot be made any smaller;
elementary charge = -1.6 × 10⁻¹⁸ C.

Electrical circuits
Potential difference (voltage) - the work done per unit
positive charge. Unit: volt (joule per coulomb).
Emf - the voltage measured across the terminals of a battery
when no current is flowing. Unit: volt (joule per coulomb).
Emf (of the cell) - the total energy supplied per coulomb of
charge by the cell.
Current - the rate of flow of charge. Unit: ampere (coulombs
per second).
Resistance - a material’s opposition to the flow of electric
current. Units: ohm (volts per ampere).
Ohm’s Law - the current through a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference across the conductor
at constant temperature.
Power - the rate at which work is done.

Vectors and Scalars

Scalar - a physical quantity that has magnitude only.
Vector - a physical quantity that has magnitude and
direction.
Resultant vector - a single vector that has the same effect
as the original vectors acting together.
Distance - the actual path length that an object moves
(scalar).
Displacement - the change in position; the straight-line path
between the starting point and endpoint of a journey (vector).
Speed - the rate of change of distance.
Velocity - the rate of change of displacement.
Instantaneous speed - speed at a particular moment.
Instantaneous velocity - velocity at a particular moment.
Acceleration - the rate of change of velocity.