Bingham University, Karu

Faculty of Science and Technology

Department of Mathematical Sciences
Second Semester 2021/2022 Academic Session
Course Code: MTH 102 Course Title: Elementary Mathematics II (2 Credit Units)
ASSIGNMENT
Instructions: Submit in a booklet or in form of a spiral bind document. The assignment
will NOT be collected after the deadline. Please try to submit your assignment on or
before 12th July, 2022 as NO excuse will be accepted.
Properly write your name, matric. No, level of study, semester, your department,
faculty, course code, course title, academic session and any other detail.
Submission Date: 12/07/2022

Section A: Vectors Analysis

1. If PQ = 2i - 3j and QR=3i - 5j, find PQ - QR.
2. If PQ = 4i and QR = 5i + 12j, find the cosine of the angles between the two vectors.
3. If P = 4i + kj and perpendicular, find the value of k, where k is a scalar quantity.
4. Evaluate (8i - 15j). (8i - 15j)
5. The position vectors of two points A and B are a =4i - 2j and b = 2i + 3j respectively,
find: (a) [3a - 2b] (b) scalars a and b, leaving your answer in surd form
(c) The cosine of acute angles between a and b
6. If a =3i - 4j and b =6i + 5j find:
(a)The unit vector in the direction of b (b) The projection of a on b
(c)The unit vector in the direction of a (d)The projection of b on a
7. Given that a = 3i - 6j and b = 2i + 2j, find correct to the nearest degree, the angle
between a and b.
8. OP, OQ, OR are the vectors 3i + 4j, 3ki + 40j and 8i - 2j respectively, where k is a
scalar. If the resultant of OP and OR is perpendicular to OQ find k.
9. The vector a and b are given by:
a = (3, 2) and b = (-1, 4) find: (a) |5a+3b| (b) The angle between a and b, to the nearest
degree
10. (a) Define the scalar product of vector x and y.
(b) The vectors x and y are given by x = 3i - j and y = 2i + kj. If the cosine of the angle
between x and y is find the value of the constant k.
11. The vertices A, B, C of a triangle has position vectors a = 3i - 3j, b = 2i - 2j and
c = 5i + j respectively. Show that the a is a right angled triangle calculate the area of a
triangle ABC.
12. Prove that the altitudes of a triangle are concurrent using vectors
13. Prove that the diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular using vectors
14. Use vectors to show that the sum of the squares on the diagonals of a parallelogram is
twice the sum of the squares on two adjacent sides
1
15. Define the scalar product a.b of two vector a and b. If OA = 2i + j and OB = 2i + 3j,
calculate:
(a) Cos < AOB (b) the area of angle AOB
16. Using the vectorial method to prove that if the diagonals of a parallelogram are
perpendicular to each other, then the parallelogram must be a rhombus.
17. Use vector to prove that in any angle ABC a = bcosC+ccosB
18. Given that a = 3i + 2j + k and b = i + j +k find:
(a) a.b (b) b.a (c) What algebraic property is being illustrated?
19. Given that a = 4i - 2j + k, b = 2i – j + 3k, c = 5i + 3j + 2k, find:
(a) ( a+ b).c (b ) a.c + b.c (c) What algebraic property is being illustrated?
20. Given that a = 2i + 3j + 4k, b = i + j + 2k, c = 4i -3j + 2k find the cosine of the angle
between (a) a and b (b) a and c (c) b and c (d) a and b + c (e) b and a +c (f) c and b-a
(g) (a +b +c) and (a- b +c)
21. Find the scalar product of the following pairs of vectors:
(a) 7i + 3j - 4k and 4i - 2j - k
(b) i + 5j - 3k and 2i + 7j - 5k
(c) -3i + 4j - 5k and i - 2j + 3k
(d) 9i - 2j + k and i - 3j – 4k
22. Find the angles between the following pairs of vectors:
(a) 3i – 2j + k and 4i + 3j – 2k
(b) 5i + 3j – 6k and 2i – 4j + 5k
(c) -2i -4j+ 3k and 13i + 3j – 5k
(d) i – j +k and 2i + 3j – k
23. Find the projection of the vector a on the vector b if:
(a) a = 2i + 3j - 7k and b = 4i - 2j + 3k (b) a = 5i - 2j + 3k and b = 5i - 4j + 6k
(c) a = 3i - 4j + 6k and b = -2i - 5j + 8k (d) a = 5i - 4j + 2k and b = 6i - j + 3k
24. Given the vector p = i + 2j - 2k and q = 2i - j + 2k, find two vectors m and n satisfying
all the following conditions:
(i) m is perpendicular to p
(ii) n is parallel to p
(iii) m+n=q
25. If U, V are any two vectors, prove that: |U + V| - |U – V| = 4 U·V.
Give a geometrical interpretation of this result when
(i) U·V = 0 (ii) |U + V|= |U -V|.
26. The three vertices A, B and C of a triangle have position vectors a = -2i + 4j + k, b = 4i
+ j + k and c = -7i + 6k respectively. Find the length of the projection of the side AB
onto the side BC. Hence or otherwise, find the length of the altitude with the side BC
as base and the area of triangle ABC.
27. If a, b denotes the vectors OA and OB, indicate on the same diagram the vectors OC
and OD denoted by a + b and a – b. Draw on another diagram the vector OE denoted
by a + 2b. Obtain conditions that must be satisfied by the vectors a and b for each of
the following conditions to hold:
(i) a + b bisects the angle between a and b;
(ii) a+b=a–b
28. If a = 3u – v, b = -v and c = 3u + 4v, where u and v are two non-parallel vectors

2
 (i) Express c in terms of a and b;
(ii) Determine the magnitude of the vector d = 3a + 2b + c given that u and v are
unit vectors inclined at 60°.
29. Given that ∆OAB is such that OA = 4a, OB = 4b and C and D are the midpoints of OA
and OB respectively, express:
(i) AB in terms of a and b;
(ii) CD in terms of a and b.
Hence show that 2CD = AB.
30. The position vectors a, b, c of three points A, B, C respectively are given by:
a=i+j
b = 2i + 3j
c = -3i + 2j
Find:
(i) a unit vector parallel to a + b;
(ii) the cosine of the angle between a + b and a + c;
(iii) the position vector of the point D which is such that ABCD is a parallelogram.
31. Find the value of the scalar k for which the given pairs of vectors are equal:
(a) 2k i + 3j and 8i + (3/4) k j
(b) (k – 1) i + (k – 2) j and 4i + 7j
(c) k i + 8j and 3i + (24/k) j
(d) 2k i + 12j and 4i + 6k j
32. Find the value of the scalar λ for which the following given pairs of vectors are
perpendicular:
(a) 3λi + 2j and 4i – 3j
(b) 4i + 5λj and 3i – j
(c) 5i + 3j and 2i - 4λj
(d) i + j and i – λj
33. The position vectors of the vertices A, B, C and D of a tetrahedron are, respectively a,
b, c and d relative to an origin. Using scalar (dot) product or otherwise prove that if and,
then.
34. The vectors OP, OQ and OR are represented by a, b and c respectively, where:

10    2
a   , b   , c = a + 3b
1  7 

and O is the origin. OR and PQ intersect at M, where OM = kOR and PM = lPQ and k, l are
constants. Find:

(i) the equations of the lines PQ and QR;

(ii) the coordinates of the point M;
(iii) the values of the constants k and l.
35. Show that for any two vectors u and v:
(i) |u – v|² =|u|² + |v|² - 2u·v
(ii) |u – v|² + |u + v|² = 2(|u|² + |u|²)
With the help of appropriately labelled diagrams, interpret these results as properties of
triangles or parallelograms.
36. PQRS is a parallelogram whose vertices are P(x,y), Q(5,7), R(4,3) and S(1,2).

3
 (i) Express in component form PQ and SR, and hence find the values of x and y.
(ii) Calculate:
(a) the magnitude of PR;
(b) the unit vector along PR.
37. L, M and N are respectively, the midpoints of the sides BC, CA, and AB of ∆ABC. O is
any point outside the triangle.
(i) Express the vectors:
(a) BC;
(b) OL;
(c) AL.
in terms of the vectors OA, OB and OC.
(ii) use your answer to (i)(c) to prove that AL + BM + CN = 0.
(iii) G is a point on AL such that |AG|:|GL| = 2:1.
Find an expression for OG in terms of OA, OB and OC.
38. The vertices A, B, C and D of a quadrilateral have position vectors a, b, c and d
respectively relative to the origin 0 where a = 2i + 3j, b = 5i + 3j, c = 5i + 6j and d = 2i
+ 6j, i and j being unit vectors along OX and OY axes respectively.
(a) Find the magnitudes of the vectors:
(i) AD and BC
(ii) AB and DC
Deduce that ABCD is a rectangle and hence find the area of the quadrilateral.
39. Three vertices A, B and C of a triangle have position vectors a, b and c respectively,
relative the origin O where:
a = 4i + 2j, b = 6i + 8j and c = 2i + 8j.
(i) Show that ∆ABC is isosceles.
(ii) Find the position vector of the point D, the midpoint of CB.
(iii) Use the dot product to find cos BAD.
Hence or otherwise find the area of ∆ABC.
40. Define the scaler product a·b of two vectors a and b in terms of a and b and the angle
θ (0° < θ < π) between the positive directions of a and b respectively relative to a point
O. If ∆ is the area of triangle ABC, show that 4∆² = a²b²-(a·b)².
If a = -i + 4j – 2k and
b = -2i – j – 3k
find the area and the angles of the triangle ABC.
41. Three points A, B and C have position vectors 3i + 4j + 2k, -i – 2j + 3k respectively,
relative to an origin O. Find the cosine of the angle between the vectors BA and BC and
hence find the sine of angle ABC. Use this to calculate the area of the triangle ABC.
42. The three vertices A, B and C of a triangle have position vectors a = -2i + 4j + k, b =4i
+ j + k and c = -7i + 6k respectively. Find the length of the projection of the side AB
onto the side BC.
 2  5
43. Given that u   , v    Calculate (i) u + v (ii) 2u (iii) 4u -3v
  4 1
  2     3 
44. (a) Given that CA    and BA   , Find CB.
  4  1 
 
(b) Express in column notation of the unit vectors parallel to BA and CB in 44 (a)
above.

4
   3   0     3
(c) Given that AB   , BC    and CD   , determine the components of
 2   4  2 

AD. Comment on the position of points A and D.
 
 4   2    6
45. (a) The point A has coordinates (3, -4), and AX   , AY   , AZ   .
 4  1    3
Determine the coordinates of X, Y and Z.
 5  1.5     1
(b) Given that AB   , AD    and BC   . Show that ABCD is a
 2  2   3
trapezium. Find also the ratio of the lengths of the parallel sides.
  2  3  1
46. Given that a   , b   , c   , calculate (i) a.b (ii) b.b (iii) a.(2b + c)
 6  6   2
(iv) (a – b).c
 3   8
47. (a) If a    and b    calculate a.b. What is the relationship between the vectors
 4  6 
a and b?
 2  1  8
(b) If p   , q    and r   , find the value of  so that p  q is
0   2  5
perpendicular to r.
48. (a) Points A and B have coordinates (4, 5) and (9, 3) respectively. Point O is the origin
with coordinates (0, 0). Find (i) the dot product of the two vectors OA an OB (ii) the
angle between OA and OB. (b) The vectors a, b, and c are given by a = 5i – 4j,
b = -4i + 5j, c = -5i +5j. Find (i) a.b (ii) b.c (iii) the angle between a and b
    
49. (a) In PAB, a point C is chosen so that 2 AC  3 CB . Prove that 2PA 3 PB  5 PC .
(b) Given four points A(3, 4), B(5, 12), C(-2, 5), D(-4, -8), and the origin at O, find the
   
resultant of the vectors given by: OA, OB , OC and OD.
 6    2
50. ABCD is a parallelogram in which AB    and AD   . X, Y, W, and Z are four
 3  8 
points on the sides of this parallelogram:
X divides AB in the ratio 1: 2
Y divides BC in the ratio 1: 3
W divides DC in the ratio 2: 1
Z divides AD in the ratio 3: 1
Show that XYWZ is also a parallelogram.
51. B, R, C are the mid-points of the sides AP, PQ, QA of APQ. If a, b, c are the position
vectors of the points A, B, C, prove that the position vectors of P, Q, R are 2b – a,
2c –a, b + c – a respectively.
52. The position vectors of points of A and B are 3i + j and –i + 2j, relative to the origin O.
Given that the point Y divides OA such that OY: YA = 1: 2, and the point Z divides OB
such that OZ: ZB = 1: 2, prove that YZ: AB = 1: 3
53. The position vectors of A, B and C relative to an origin O are 3i + 2j, 2i + 3j and
3i – 2j respectively. M is the mid-point of BC and N has position vector 8i + 3j. Prove
 
that AN  2 OM

5
54. The position vectors of points A and B relative to an O are a and b respectively.
Determine the position vectors of: (i) the mid-point of line AB (ii) the centroid of the
triangle OAB (iii) the point P, representing the fourth vertex of a parallelogram OABP.
 3   3
55. If a    and b   , find a vector c such that 4a  3c  b.
 2  5 
56. Calculate, correct to one decimal place, the angle between 5i  12 j and 2i  3 j.
57. A body of mass 5kg resting on a smooth horizontal plane, is acted upon by force
6i  2 j , 5i  4 j and 4i  j. Calculate the (a) velocity of the body (b) the magnitude
of its velocity, after 4 seconds.
   4   2 
58. AB    and CB    are two vectors in the XY plane, if V is the mid-point of
 6    3
 
AB , find CV .
59. Two vectors m and n are defined by m  3i  4 j and n  2i  j. Find the angle between
m and n.
60. Given that R  (4,1800 ) and S  (3,3000 ), find the dot product R.S
61. The position vectors of points P, Q and R are 2i  j , i  kj and 3i  2 j respectively,
where k is a constant. If the area of triangle PQR is 4 square units, find the value of k.

Section B: Geometry and Conic Section Analysis

62. Find the distance between the following pairs of points.
(a) (-1, 3) and (2, 1)
(b) (-1, 2) and (3,5)
(c) (2, 1) and (0, -3)
(d) (3, 4) and (0, 5)
63. Calculate the gradient for each of the pairs of points in 62 above.
64. Find the coordinate of the mid-point of the line joining the following pairs of points
(a) (1, 2) and (3, 5)
(b) (-1, 1) and (3, 3)
(c) (0, 2) and (6, 4)
(d) (4, 3) and (0, 5)
65. Find the equation of the line joining the points (3, 4) and (-2, 5) and passes through
point (0, 3).
66. Find the equation of the line whose gradient is 2/5 and which cuts the y-axis at (0, -2).
67. Given the equation 3y + 2x – 3 = 0.
State (i) the equation and (ii) the coordinate of the point of intersection of the line
3y + 2x – 3 = 0 with the y-axis
68. Find (i) the equation and (ii) y-intercept of the line which passes through point (-1, 2)
and has its gradient to be -2/3.
69. The coordinates of two points A and B are (3, -6) and (5, 8) respectively. D (2, 3) is a
fixed point of line AB, find (i) the equation of the line AB, and (ii) the coordinate of the
point of intersection of line AB with the y-axis.
70. Fine the equation of the line which is line 2y -5x + 1 = 0, and makes an intercept of
1 unit on the y-axis.
71. Find the equation of the line which passes through point (-3, 5) and (-1, -4).
72. Find (i) the equation of the line AB which passes through points (1, -1) and (2, -3) (ii)
the equation of the line CD which passes through the point (1, 5) and parallel to line
AB; and (iii) the equation of the perpendicular bisector of line AB.

6
73. Find the equation of the straight line which passes through the point X (10, 8) and which
has a gradient of 2/3. N is the foot of the perpendicular from the point P (3, -1) to this
line. Determine the ratio PN: NX. NPQR is a square, the point R lying between N and
X. Find the coordinates of R.
74. A is the point (-5, 13) and B is the point (1, 5). The line 2x – y + 3 = 0 passes through
B. Find the coordinates of X, the foot of the perpendicular from A on to this line. AX is
now produced to C so that AX: XC = 4: 1. Prove that ABC  900 and that
BAC  CBX .
75. N is the point (ap 2 , 2ap) on the parabola y 2  4ax, X is the point (a, 0) and M is the
foot of the perpendicular from N on to the line x + a = 0. Prove that NX = NM. Find the
coordinates of the two points Q and R on the parabola whose distance from X is 10a.
Prove that the area of the triangle QRX is 48a2.
76. A (3, 1) and C (-3, 5) are opposite vertices of a rhombus. The vertex B of the rhombus
lies on the line 7x – 3y = 1. Find the coordinates of B and also of D, the fourth vertex
of the rhombus. Prove that the length of one diagonal is twice the length of the other.
Prove also that CosB  3 / 5.
77. (a) Prove that the tangents drawn from the origin to the circle
x 2  y 2  4 x  8 y  10  0 are at right angles. Derived the equations of these tangents
and find the coordinates of their points of contact. (b) The sides of a square are tangents
to the circle in (a), and the origin is one vertex. Find the coordinates of the other vertices.
78. (a) Find the equations of the tangents drawn from the point (27, 8) to the ellipse
x 2  9 y 2  9. (b) Find the equations of the tangents from the point (4, 4) to the
hyperbola x 2  y 2  16 / 9. (c) Show that the ellipse 16x 2  25 y 2  400 and the
hyperbola 4 x 2  5 y 2  20 are orthogonal.
79. Obtain the equation of the tangent to the parabola y 2  4 x which is parallel to the line
y  2 x  0 and find the coordinates of the point of contact.
80. Find the points of intersection of the circle 4 x 2  4 y 2  25x  y  3  0 and the
parabola y 2  4 x. Show that the curves touch, and find the equation of the common
tangent at their point of contact.
81. A variable point Q moves on the curve y 2  4 x and B is the point with coordinates (1,
0). Prove that the locus of the mid-point of QB is y 2  2 x  1.
82. Prove that the circles x 2  y 2  3x  y  0 and x 2  y 2  6 x  2 y  0 touch each other.
Determine the coordinates of their point of contact and the equation of their common
tangent at that point.
83. Find the equation of the circle, whose center is at the point (-1, 2), and which passes
through the mid-point of the line joining the points (-1, 7) and (5, 5). Hence, find the
radius of the circle.
84. Find the length of the tangents to the circle x 2  y 2  10x  6 y  8  0 from the center
of the circle x 2  y 2  4 x  0.
85. Points A and M have coordinates (3, -1) and (5, 3) respectively. Prove that the locus of
a point P, which moves so that PA 2  PM 2  28, is a circle. Determine the coordinates
of its center, and the length of the diameter.
86. Find the equations of the tangents to the circle x 2  y 2  4 x  8 y  5  0 which are
parallel to the line 4 y  3x  0.

7
87. Find the equations of the tangents to the rectangular hyperbola xy  4 at the points (6,
2/3), (2, 2). Deduce that the tangents intersect on the line 3 y  x  0.
88. A and B are points on the axes OX and OY respectively. R is the mid-point of AB. Find
the locus of R if the area of triangle AOB is 8sq. unites.
x2 y2 1
89. Find the equations of the tangents to the ellipse   which are perpendicular
9 5 36
to y  2 x  3.
90. Find the coordinates of the point on the curve y  x 2  4 x  2, where the gradient is
zero.
91. Find the coordinates of the center of the circle 4 x 2  4 y 2  5 x  3 y  2  0
92. The parallelogram PQRS has vertices P (-2, 3), Q (1, 4), R (2, 6) and S (-1, 5). Find the
coordinates of the point of intersection of the diagonals.
x 1 1
93. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y  , x   , at the point (1, 0).
2x  1 2
94. The points (7, 3), (2, 8) and (-3, 3) lie on a circle. Find the (i) equation (ii) radius, of the
circle.
95. (a) The gradient of the tangent to the curve y  4x 3 at points P and Q is 108. Find the
 
coordinates of P and Q (b) Given that A  450 , B  300 ,
sin A  B  sin A cos B  sin B cos A and cos A  B  cos A cos B  sin A sin B
6 2 6 2
(i) Show that: sin150  and cos150  (ii) hence find tan 150.
4 4
96. Given that the straight lines kx  5 y  6  0 and mx  ny  1  0 are parallel, find a
relationship connecting the constants m, n and k.
1
97. The gradient of the line passing through the points P (4, 5) and Q (x, 9) is . Find the
2
value of x.
98. The tangent to the curve y  4 x 3  kx 2  6 x  4 at the point P (1, m) is parallel to the
axis, where k and m are constants. Find (i) the value of k (ii) the coordinates of P.
99. Find the area of the circle whose equation is x 2  y 2  4 x  8 y  11  0
100. The normal to the curve y  2 x 2  x  3 at the point (2, 7) meets the x-axis at
point P. Find the coordinates of P.