CRIM.

I: Introduction to Criminology

CRIMINOLOGY
 According to Edwin H. Sutherland, "criminology is the entire body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon. It
includes within its scope the process of making of laws, of breaking of laws, and the society's reaction towards the breaking
of laws. "
 A body of knowledge regarding crimes, criminals and the efforts of society to prevent and repress them.
 The scientific study of the causes of crime in relation to man and society who sets and define rules and regulations for
himself and others to govern.

Other Definitions
 Criminology explores the etiology (origin), extent, and nature of crime in society. Lt is concerned with identifying the nature,
extent, and cause of crime.
 Criminology is an interdisciplinary science that gathers and analyzes data on various aspects of criminal, delinquent, and
general anti-social behavior.
 It also refers to the scientific study of crimes, criminals, and victims. It also deals with the prevention, and solution of crimes.
(R.A. 11131)

SOCIOLOGICAL CRIMINOLOGY
 the study of crime focused on the group of people and society as a whole. It is primarily based on the examination of the
relationship of demographic and group variables to crime. Variables such as socio-economic status, interpersonal
relationships, age, race, gender, and cultural groups of people are probed in relation to the environmental factors that are
most conducive to criminal action, such as time, place, and circumstances surrounding

R.A. 6506
 "An Act Creating the Board of Examiners for Criminologists in the Philippines and for other purposes".

R.A. 11131
 "An Act Regulating the Practice of Criminology Profession in the Philippines, and Appropriating Funds therefor, repealing
for the purpose R.A. 6506 otherwise known as "An Act Creating the Board of Examiners for Criminologists in the
Philippines'.
 Also known as "The Philippine Criminology Profession Act of 2018"

R.A. 10912
 "An Act Mandating and Strengthening the Continuing Professional Development Program for All Regulated Professions,
Creating Continuing Professional Development Council, and Appropriating Funds Therefor, and for Other Related Purposes"
Also known as "Continuing Professional Development Act of 2016".

Professional Criminologist Association Of the Philippines (PCAP)

 The legitimate organization of Criminologists recognized by the Professional Regulation Commission.

Philippine Educators Association for Criminology Education (PEACE)

 Created on January 13-25, 1983; primarily its role is to professionalize criminology education in the context of national
development.

Registered Criminologist
 any person who is a graduate of the Degree of Criminology, who has passed the examination for criminologists and is
registered as such by the Board of Examiners of the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC). (R.A. 6506)
 Refers to a natural person who holds a valid certificate of registration and an updated professional identification card as
criminologist issued by the Board and the Commission pursuant to R.A. 11131.

Origin of the word "Criminology"

 Etymologically, the term criminology came from the Latin word "crimen" meaning crime and Greek word "Logos" which
means "to study".
 In 1885, Rafael Garofalo, an Italian Law Professor coined the term "criminologia".
 In 1889, Paul Topinard, French Anthropologist, used the term criminology in French "criminology" for the first time.

Sociology
 It is the mother discipline of Criminology. It is the study of human society, its origin, structure, functions and direction.

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Principal Divisions of Criminology
1. Etiology of Crimes/ Criminal Etiology
the scientific analysis of the causes of crimes and the criminal behavior.
An attempt at scientific analysis of the cause of crime.
2. Sociology of Law
refers to the investigation of the nature of criminal law and its administration.
An attempt at scientific analysis of the condition under which criminal laws has developed as a process of formal or
social control.
3. Penology
the study of the control of crimes and the rehabilitation of offender
It is a division of criminology which deals with punishment of crime and jail management.
Concerned with crime control by repressing criminal activities through fear of punishment.

IS CRIMINOLOGY A SCIENCE?
According to George Wilker, criminology cannot become a science because it has not yet acquired universal validity.
Edwin H. Sutherland, the "Dean of Modern Criminology", hoped that it will become a science in the future since the causes of
crimes are almost the same which may be biological, environmental or combination of the two.

GEORGE L WILKER
 A criminologist who in his manuscript "The Scientific Adequacy of Criminological Concept" argued that criminology
cannot possibly become a science. Accordingly, general proposition of universal validity is the essence of science.

WHO IS EDWIN SUTHERLAND?

Author of the "Differential Association Theory Note: DAT proposed that criminal behavior is a product of learning process
through socialization with other people that possess criminal behavior.
Coined the phrase "White Collar Crime" Note: WCC — these are crimes which are committed by people belonging to
higher social or economic status. Sometimes called as economic crime, financial crime or crime of the upper-world.
Comprehensively defined "Criminology"
Considered as the Dean of Modern Criminology
Father or Pioneer of American Criminology

Edwin Sutherland is dear on explaining that criminology focuses on studying crime as something or an event that could be considered
as a social phenomenon or something that can happen in a repetitive manner. Sutherland also pointed that criminology not only deals
with understanding the nature of criminal laws that exists in our society but also with understanding the reasons why people despite of
existing laws still break and violate laws. Finally, Sutherland suggested in his definition of criminology that this study must also give
attention to the proper punishment or penalty to prevent and repress crime and criminal behavior.

NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY
1, It is an applied science because criminology as a body of knowledge has already established universally accepted principles
and concepts used by other fields of study. It is the use of science the practice of criminology, The process is called
"Instrumentation".
2. It is a social science because it studies crime as a social phenomenon, Crime is a social problem which has a great impact to
society. Crime is a social creation and it exists in a society being a social phenomenon.
3. It is dynamic because the concepts of criminology and its applications adapt to the changing time. Criminology changes as a
social condition change. It is concomitant with the advancement of other sciences that have been applied to it,
4. It is nationalistic because the study of criminology takes into consideration the history, culture and social norms and the
laws of the country. Each country has its own sets of laws and crimes are defined by the laws of the country. The study of
crimes must be in relation with the existing criminal law within a territory or country. The question as to whether an act is a
crime is dependent on the criminal law of a state.

SCOPE IN THE STUDY OF CRIMINOLOGY

Study of the origin and development of criminal law

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 2. Study of the causes of crimes and development of criminals
3. Study of other sciences that examine criminal behavior using scientific methods such as:

Criminal Demography
 the study of the relationship between criminality and population.

Note: RAWSON W. RAWSON - utilized crime statistics to suggest a link between population density and crime rates with
crowded cities creating an environment conducive for crime.

Criminal Epidemiology
 the study of the relationship between environment (milieu) and criminality.

Note: HENRY MAYHEW - used empirical methods and an ethnographic method to address social questions and poverty.

Criminal Ecology
 the study of criminality in relation to the spatial distribution in a

Criminal Physical Anthropology

 the study of criminality in relation to physical constitution of men.

Criminal Psychology
 the study of human behavior in relation to criminality.

Criminal Psychiatry
 the study of human mind in relation to criminality.

Criminal Politics
 An integrated approach to the study of organized crime, politics, and violence. It is also a science consisting of principles
with which the State organizes its fight against criminality. The bases are knowledge criminal law, criminality, penalties and
other measures of social defense.
 A science consisting of principles with which the Government organizes its fight against criminality. The bases are
knowledge of criminal law, of criminality, penalties and other measures of social defense.

Victimology — the study of the role of the victim in the commission of a crime.

VICTIMOLOGY defined
Victimology (victima — "fear") is the study about victims of crime. It is a branch of criminology that deals purely on the
underlying factors of victimization and the contributory role of the victims in the commission of crimes.
Victimology, being the study of "crime targets", showed that a person becomes a victim of crime consciously (knowingly)
and unconsciously (unknowingly). A person could become a victim due to his own action or fault. He somehow contributes to the
commission of crime because of his own making.
Criminal victims could be key actors in the criminal justice process, but more often
they are kept at the discussion. The victim of crime often becomes the FORGOTTEN PERSON of the criminal justice system while
the criminal is the celebrity. Victims are only valued for their capacity to report crimes and to appear in court as witnesses.

TYPOLOGY OF CRIMINAL VICTIMS

 General Classes of Victims

(Based on the classification of Hans Von Hentig, a European lawyer)
1. The Young — the weak by virtue of age and immaturity
2. The Female — often less physically powerful and easily dominated by males.
3. The Old - the incapable of physical defense and the common object of confidence scheme.
4. The Mentally Defective — those that are unable to think clearly.
5. The Immigrant - those that are unsure of the rules of conduct in the surrounding society.
6. The Minorities - racial prejudice may lead to victimization or unequal treatment by the agency of justice.

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  Psychological Types of Victims
1. The Depressed —submissive person by virtue of emotional condition
2. The Acquisitive or Greedy — person who wants more than what is sufficient makes a natural victim of crime
3. The Wanton or Overly Sensual — person ruled by passion and thoughtlessly seeking pleasure
4. The Lonesome — person who eventually becomes a victim by virtue of wanting companionship or affection
5. The Heartbroken - one who is emotionally disturbed by virtue of heartaches and pains
6. The Tormented — a victim who asked for it, often from his own family or friends

BENJAMIN MENDELSOHN
 often refer to as the 'FATHER OF VICTIMOLOGY. His major contributions were arguably the term 'general victimology'
and a typology of crime victims
Benjamin Mendelsohn is generally credited as the initiator of the word VICTIMOLOGY as well as the concept of PENAL COUPLE.
Penal Couple is a term that describes the relationship between the victim and the criminal. He also coined the term VICTIMAL to
describe the victim counterpart of the criminal and the word VICTIMITY which signifies the opposite of criminality.
Another class of victim is the 'LOSER' or one who is initially the attacker but later, the situation is reversed. An example
could be the case of a mugger or a bully who ends up injured or a swindler becomes swindled.

DYNAMICS OF VICTIMIZATION
There are a number of procedural models which can be applied to the study of the victimization process for the purpose of
understanding the experience of the victims.
1. "Victims of Crime Model" (by Bard and Sangrey)
 According to this model, there are three stages involved in any victimization:
a. Stage of Impact & Disorganization — stage during and immediately following the criminal event
b.Stage of Recoil — stage during which the victim formulates psychological defenses and deals with conflicting emotions
of guilt, anger, acceptance, and desire of revenge (said to last three to eight months)
C. Reorganization Stage — stage during which the victim puts his or her life back to normal daily living. Some victims,
however may not successfully adopt the victimization experience and a maladaptive reorganization stage may last for many years.

2. "Disaster Victim's Model" — this model was developed to explain the coping behavior of victims of natural
disaster, According to this model, there are four stages of victimization:
a. Pre-impact - stage describe the victim condition prior to being victimized.
b. Impact - the stage at which victimization occur.
c. Post-impact - stage which entails the degree and duration of personal and social disorganization following victimization.

d. Behavioral outcome — stage that describes the victim's adjustment to the victimization experience

FACTORS OF VICTIMIZATION
1. Hedonism
2. Materialistic Culture
3. Sex Values
4. Decay of Discipline
5. Public Morality Victimology & Damage

VICTIMOLOGY & DAMAGES

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  if there is a complainant, there must defendant,” Thus, there could never be a victim if there is no offender, except

in what is known as victimless crimes.

The only that does away with criminality is decriminalization. This is otherwise known as LOGOMACY

 Logomacy is a statement that we have no crime if we had no criminal law, and that we could eliminate all crime by

abolishing all criminal laws. Man has a juridical

capacity and capacity to act. He is normally entitled to the following civil damages.

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1. Moral Damages— the compensation awarded to a person's physical suffering, mental anguish, fright, serious
anxiety, besmirched reputation e wounded feelings, moral shock, social humiliation, and similar injury.
2. Actual or Compensatory Damages — the compensation awarded to a person for such pecuniary loss suffered
by him as he has duly proved
3. Nominal Damages — amount awarded to a victim in order that his right that had been violated or invaded
maybe restored or recognized
4. Temperate Damages — moderate damages; the compensation that is more than nominal but less than
compensatory damages given to a person when the court finds that he has suffered some pecuniary loss, but its amount
cannot, from the nature of the case, be proved with certainty
5. Liquidated Damages — damages that agreed upon by the parties to a contract to be paid in case of BREACH
OF CONTRACT
6. Exemplary Damages — corrective damages; those that imposed by way of example or correction for the
public good, in addition to the moral, temperate, liquidated or compensatory damages

WHY MUST MEMBERS OF SOCIETY INTERESTED IN CRIME?

CRIME IS PERVASIVE — nearly all participants of a free society are once upon a time a victim of an offender
of a criminal act. Criminal as an associate of society affects almost
all people regardless of age, sex, race, nationality, religion, financial condition, education and other personal
circumstances,
CRIME IS EXPENSIVE — the government and private sector use an enormous amount of currency for crime
detection, prosecution correction and prevention. Those expenses are either:
CRIME IS DESTRUCTIVE — many lives have been vanished because of crimes like murder, homicide and
other violent deaths. Properties have been lost or devastated on account of robbery, theft and arson.
CRIME IS REFLECTIVE — crime rate or incidence in a given locality is reflecting of the efficiency of the
social defenses employed by the people primarily that of the police
CRIME IS PROGRESSIVE - the progressive upsurge in the volume of crime is on account of the ever-
increasing population. The ever-increasing crime rate and their technique show the progress thinking of the
society for advancement.

SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT IN CRIMINOLOGY

School of Thought — refers to a group of beliefs or ideas that supports a specific theory.

3 MAIN SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT

1. Classical School
2. Positivist School
3. Chicago School

Theory — set of statements devised to explain behavior, events or phenomenon especially one that has been
repeatedly tested and widely accepted.

THREE (3) TYPES OF EXPLANATIONS TO THE EXISTENCE OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR (S-E-M-I)

1. SINGLE/UNITARY THEORY - contends that crime is produced by one factor. It may be biological,
sociological, or psychological
2. MULTIPLE FACTOR THEORY — views that crime is not a product of a single cause or factor but a
combination of several factors.
3. ECLECTIC THEORY — That crime stemmed by one or more factors while in other instances it is caused by
another set of factors.
4. INTEGRATED THEORY — A theory that combines two or more theories to generate a single model or
framework.
5. DEMONOLOGICAL THEORY - asserts that a person commits wrongful acts due to the fact that he was
possessed by demons.

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CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY
The classical school of criminology grew out of a reaction against the barbaric system of law, punishment and justice
that existed. There was no real system of criminal justice in Europe at that time. Some crimes were specified, some were
not. Judges had discretionary power to convict a person for an act not even legally defined as criminal.
This school of thought is based on the assumption that individuals choose to commit crimes after weighing the
consequences of their actions, According to classical criminologists, individuals have "free will. They can choose legal or
illegal means to get what they want; fear of punishment can deter them from committing a crime and society can control
behavior by making the pain of punishment greater than the pleasure of criminal gains.
This theory, however, does not give any distinction between an adult and a minor or a mentally-handicapped in
as far as free will is concerned, Founders of classical school of criminology are Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham.
Cesare Beccaria (Cesare Bonesana Marchese di Beccaria) (1738-1794)
He is best known for his essay, 'On Crimes and Punishment" which presented key ideas on the abolition of torture
as a legitimate means of extracting confession. His book contains almost all modern penal reforms but its greatest
contribution was the foundation it laid for subsequent changes in criminal legislation.
His book was influential in the reforms of Penal Code in France, Russia, Prussia and it influenced the first
ten amendments in the US Constitution
Beccaria believed that:

a. people want to achieve pleasure and avoid pain.

b. crime provides some pleasure to the criminal.
c. to deter crime, he believed that one must administer pain in an appropriate amount to counterbalance the
pleasure obtained from committing a crime.

d. Famous in sayings "Let the punishment fit the crime "

HIGHLIGHTS OF CESARE BECCARIA'S IDEAS REGARDING CRIMES AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE
SYSTEM
1. In forming a human society, men and women sacrifice a portion of their liberty so as to enjoy peace and
security.
2. Punishments that go beyond the need of preserving the public safety are in their nature unjust.
3. Criminal laws must be dear and certain. Judges must make uniform judgments in similar crimes.
4. The law must specify the degree of evidence that will justify the detention of an accused offender prior to his
trial.
5. Accusations must be public. False accusations should be severely punished.
6. To torture accused offenders to obtain a confession is inadmissible.
7. The promptitude of punishment is one of the most effective curbs on crimes.
8. The aim of punishment can only be to prevent the criminal from committing new crimes against his
countrymen, and to keep others from doing likewise. Punishments, therefore, and the method of inflicting them,
should be chosen in due proportion to the crime, so as to make the most lasting impression on the minds of men.
9. Capital punishment is inefficacious and its place should be substituted by life imprisonment.
10. It is better to prevent crimes than to punish them. That is the chief purpose of all good legislatioN

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