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Module3 Single Variable Calculus

Module 3 covers single-variable calculus, focusing on differential and integral calculus. It introduces key concepts such as limits, continuity, derivatives, and integrals, along with their applications and rules. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus connects differentiation and integration, emphasizing the importance of careful application to avoid common pitfalls.

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5 views3 pages

Module3 Single Variable Calculus

Module 3 covers single-variable calculus, focusing on differential and integral calculus. It introduces key concepts such as limits, continuity, derivatives, and integrals, along with their applications and rules. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus connects differentiation and integration, emphasizing the importance of careful application to avoid common pitfalls.

Uploaded by

johnkunnil
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Module 3: Single-variable Calculus

3.1 Introduction
Single-variable calculus studies functions of one variable and their rates of change. It
has two main branches:
- Differential calculus (derivatives and slopes)
- Integral calculus (areas and accumulation)

3.2 Limits
Definition: The value a function approaches as the input approaches a point.
Notation: lim_{x→a} f(x) = L

Example:
lim_{x→2} (x² - 4)/(x - 2)
Factor numerator: (x - 2)(x + 2)/(x - 2) → cancel → x + 2 → 4

3.3 Continuity
A function is continuous at x = a if:
1. f(a) is defined
2. lim_{x→a} f(x) exists
3. lim_{x→a} f(x) = f(a)

3.4 Derivatives
Definition: The derivative measures the instantaneous rate of change.
f'(x) = lim_{h→0} [f(x + h) - f(x)] / h

Rules:
- Power rule: d/dx[x^n] = nx^{n-1}
- Sum rule: (f + g)' = f' + g'
- Product rule: (fg)' = f'g + fg'
- Quotient rule: (f/g)' = (f'g - fg') / g²
- Chain rule: (f(g(x)))' = f'(g(x)) * g'(x)
Example:
If f(x) = x³, f'(x) = 3x².

3.5 Applications of Derivatives


- Finding slope of a tangent
- Motion problems (velocity, acceleration)
- Optimization (maxima/minima)

Example (optimization):
Maximize area of rectangle with perimeter 20.
Let width = x, length = 10 - x → Area = x(10 - x) = 10x - x²
Derivative: 10 - 2x = 0 → x = 5

3.6 Integrals
Definition: The integral represents area under the curve.
∫ f(x) dx is the antiderivative.

Rules:
- ∫ x^n dx = x^{n+1} / (n+1) + C (n ≠ -1)
- ∫ e^x dx = e^x + C
- ∫ 1/x dx = ln|x| + C

Example:
∫ (3x² - 4x) dx = x³ - 2x² + C

3.7 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus


Links differentiation and integration:
If F'(x) = f(x), then ∫_a^b f(x) dx = F(b) - F(a).

3.8 Common Pitfalls


- Forgetting +C in indefinite integrals
- Dividing by zero in derivative limits
- Confusing average rate with instantaneous rate

3.9 Practice Problems


Q1: Find lim_{x→3} (x² - 9)/(x - 3)
Q2: Differentiate f(x) = 5x⁴ - 2x² + 7
Q3: Maximize f(x) = -x² + 6x + 1
Q4: ∫ (2x³ - 5x) dx

3.10 Solutions
A1: Factor → (x - 3)(x + 3)/(x - 3) → cancel → x + 3 → 6
A2: f'(x) = 20x³ - 4x
A3: f'(x) = -2x + 6 = 0 → x = 3 → maximum
A4: (2/4)x⁴ - (5/2)x² + C = (1/2)x⁴ - (5/2)x² + C

3.11 Summary
- Limits define derivatives
- Derivatives measure rates of change
- Integrals measure accumulated quantities
- Apply rules carefully to avoid errors

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