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? Introduction To Calculus

Calculus is a branch of mathematics focused on change (differentiation) and accumulation (integration), divided into differential and integral calculus. Key concepts include limits, derivatives, and integrals, which are essential for understanding rates of change, areas under curves, and continuity of functions. Applications of calculus span various fields, including physics and optimization problems.

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10 views3 pages

? Introduction To Calculus

Calculus is a branch of mathematics focused on change (differentiation) and accumulation (integration), divided into differential and integral calculus. Key concepts include limits, derivatives, and integrals, which are essential for understanding rates of change, areas under curves, and continuity of functions. Applications of calculus span various fields, including physics and optimization problems.

Uploaded by

jimmykier
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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📘 Introduction to Calculus – Class Notes

I. What is Calculus?

 Branch of mathematics that studies change (differentiation) and


accumulation (integration).

 Two main areas:

1. Differential Calculus – Concerned with rates of change and


slopes of curves.

2. Integral Calculus – Deals with areas under curves and


accumulated quantities.

II. Limits

1. Definition:

o A limit describes the value a function approaches as the input


approaches a certain value.

o Written as:

lim⁡x→af(x)=L\lim_{x \to a} f(x) = Lx→alimf(x)=L

2. Key Concepts:

o Left-hand limit and right-hand limit.

o A limit exists only if both sides approach the same value.

o Used to define derivatives and continuity.

3. Special Cases:

o Limits at infinity.

o Indeterminate forms (e.g., 0/0).

III. Derivatives

1. Definition:

o The derivative of a function represents its instantaneous rate


of change.
o Defined as:

f′(x)=lim⁡h→0f(x+h)−f(x)hf'(x) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(x+h) - f(x)}{h}f′


(x)=h→0limhf(x+h)−f(x)

2. Interpretation:

o Slope of the tangent line to the curve at a point.

o Velocity, if position is a function of time.

3. Basic Derivative Rules:

o Power rule:

ddx(xn)=nxn−1\frac{d}{dx}(x^n) = nx^{n-1}dxd(xn)=nxn−1

o Constant rule, sum/difference rules.

o Product rule and quotient rule.

o Chain rule for composite functions.

4. Applications:

o Finding maxima/minima.

o Motion problems (velocity and acceleration).

o Optimization.

IV. Integrals

1. Definition:

o The integral is the antiderivative or the area under a curve.

o Indefinite integral:

∫f(x) dx=F(x)+C\int f(x) \, dx = F(x) + C∫f(x)dx=F(x)+C

o Definite integral (with bounds aaa to bbb):

∫abf(x) dx\int_a^b f(x) \, dx∫abf(x)dx

2. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:

o Connects differentiation and integration:


ddx(∫axf(t) dt)=f(x)\frac{d}{dx} \left( \int_a^x f(t) \, dt \right) = f(x)dxd(∫ax
f(t)dt)=f(x)

3. Basic Integration Rules:

o Power rule for integrals.

o Linearity (sum/difference, constants).

o Substitution method (u-substitution).

4. Applications:

o Area under a curve.

o Accumulated change.

o Physics (displacement from velocity, etc.).

V. Continuity

 A function is continuous at a point if:

1. f(a)f(a)f(a) is defined.

2. lim⁡x→af(x)\lim_{x \to a} f(x)limx→af(x) exists.

3. lim⁡x→af(x)=f(a)\lim_{x \to a} f(x) = f(a)limx→af(x)=f(a).

 Discontinuities can be removable, jump, or infinite.

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