MURANG`A UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

A REPORT ON INTERNAL ATTACHMENT

FROM 25TH APRIL 2022 TO 15TH JULY 2022

REG NO: EN200/2053/2020

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this report on attachment is my original work and has not been submitted
before for any academic award either in this or other institution of higher learning for academic
publication or any other purpose.

Name: Sign: Date:

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This attachment was successful due to the cooperation and support of a number of people who
have enable me to gain much more than what the industrial training could have given me. My
deep regards to my supervisors, my family and fellow colleagues for their exemplary guidance,
monitoring and constant encouragement throughout entire attachment that enable me to equip
myself with more knowledge and skills to assist me in life. I cannot end this list without paying
tribute to the entire Murang`a university lecturers particularly those from department of electrical
and electronic for constructive learning and the knowledge they have impacted in me throughout
the two years training. I am grateful to my C.O.D for his guidance and constructive criticism.

Above all I thank the almighty God for the divine protection, guidance and the opportunity of a
memorable and a fruitful period.

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DEDICATION
This training report is dedicated to my entire family for the financial support, constant
encouragement and also the support they offered to ensure I carried my attachment efficiently.

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Contents
DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................. i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................................. ii

DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... iii

LIST OF ABREVIATION AND ACRONYMS ........................................................................... vi

DEFINITION OF TERMS ........................................................................................................... vii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... viii

Chapter 1: Introduction> organizational profile ............................................................................. 1

1.1 Geographical location ........................................................................................................... 1

1.2. Historical background .......................................................................................................... 1

1.3. Vision ................................................................................................................................... 1

1.4. Mission ................................................................................................................................. 1

1.5. Core values of MUT ............................................................................................................. 1

1.6. Organizational structure ....................................................................................................... 2

1.7. Details of placement department .......................................................................................... 2

Chapter 2: ........................................................................................................................................ 3

2.1 Electronic lab......................................................................................................................... 3

2.1.1: Circuit design using Arduino and proteus ..................................................................... 3

2.2.Electrical installation workshop ............................................................................................ 5

2.2.1: Single phase and lighting circuit ................................................................................... 7

2.2.2: Three phase power circuit ............................................................................................. 8

Chapter 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 10

Mechanical workshop ............................................................................................................... 10

2.1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 10

2.1.2 Welding practice ........................................................................................................... 10

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 2.1.3 Fitting and hand tools ................................................................................................... 12

2.1.4 V-shape fitting .............................................................................................................. 16

2.1.5 Drilling and its related activities ................................................................................... 17

3.2: Computer Aided Design/Drafting (CAD) .......................................................................... 20

3.2.1 Introduction. ................................................................................................................. 20

3.2.2 Introduction to AutoCAD interface environment ......................................................... 21

3.2.3: 3- D DRAWINGS ....................................................................................................... 26

3.2.4: Isometric Drawings ..................................................................................................... 26

CHAPTER 4 MASONRY AND CARPENTRY WORKSHOP .................................................. 28

4.1 Masonry............................................................................................................................... 28

4.1.1: Masonry tools and equipment ..................................................................................... 28

4.1.2: Concrete and Mortar .................................................................................................... 29

4.1.3: Bonding ....................................................................................................................... 29

4.2 Carpentry ............................................................................................................................. 30

Chapter 5: ...................................................................................................................................... 33

Conclusion................................................................................................................................. 33

Recommendation ....................................................................................................................... 33

Chapter 6: Reference..................................................................................................................... 33

Chapter 7: Appendices .................................................................................................................. 34

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1

LIST OF FIGURES

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Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

Figure 10

Figure 11

Figure 12

Figure 13

Figure 14

Figure 15

Figure 16

LIST OF ABREVIATION AND ACRONYMS

IDE= Integrated Development Environment

LCD= Liquid Crystal Display

MUT= Murang`a University of Technology

MUC= Murang`a University College

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JKUAT= Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology

CAD= Computer Aided Design

ELCB= Earth Leakage Circuit Breake

DEFINITION OF TERMS
Electronic-It deals with the electrical circuit that involves active electrical components such as
transistors, diode, integrated circuit and optoelectronics.

Electrical installation-It means the repair, installation, alteration and maintenance of electrical
conductors, fittings, devices and fixtures for heating, lighting and power purposes.

Workshop- Is a laboratory which provides both the area and tools that may be required for the
manufacture or repair of manufactured goods.

Computer aided design- is the process of preparing a drawing of an object on the screen of a
computer.

Autocad- is the software developed by autodesk and is a commercial computer aided design and
drafting software application which was released as desktop application running on
microcontrollers with internal graphics controllers.

Flemish bond- is bonding in which bricks construction pattern consist of alternative stretcher
and header for each course.

Stretcher bond- it is a bond which all the bricks are laid as the stretcher break the joint.

English bond- is a bond used in brickworks consisting of alternate courses of stretchers and
header.

Single phase- is a power system that have only one neutral wire and one power wire with current
flowing through them.

Three phase- is a power system that have three power wires carrying the load and neutral wire.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Attachment report creates the need for any discerning student to create a clear picture of what
has been done in form of a report. This attachment was carried out for twelve weeks in different
workshops /laboratory within MUT. The main objective was to learn more and gain more skills
about a professional electrical and electronic engineering career and other careers like civil,
carpentry and mechanic, find out what is like to work in your potential career and gain valuable
experience, provide the student the opportunity to relate theory to practice.

As a student, my involvement in this attachment was to make sure that I acquire new knowledge
and practical skills, improving my confidence in the problem solving that is likely to be met in
real life situation. This report give all the activities I undertook, experience gained, practical
skills acquired and personal input. The information am giving in this report reflects all the
achievement I achieved according to my objectives set. It shows the benefits, success, challenges
encountered and how I was able to overcome them. It also shows my recommendation and
conclusion of my training.

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Chapter 1: Introduction> organizational profile
Industrial attachment is a credit bearing work experience in the professional work setting during
which the student applies and acquire knowledge and skills. It inspire student with practical,
technical skills to help them in their working lives. The training times allow the student to link
the theoretical principles learnt in class in purpose to reach the bachelor. I t gives the practical
skills and work environment philosophy to use there skills and principles learnt in class to serve
the society and institution.

1.1 Geographical location.

This attachment was undertaken at MUT which is located in central part of Kenya 1.5km
from Murang`a town in Murang`a county and 85km north east of Nairobi.
1.2. Historical background
The institution was established in September 2011 as a college known as MUC which was a
constituent college of JKUAT. MUT become its successor in 2016 and it operates under the
provision of the university amendment act no.48 of 2016 of the laws of Kenya.
1.3. Vision
The vision statement of MUT is; A leading university in technology innovation, research and
training.
1.4. Mission
To advance knowledge and technological transfer through teaching, training, learning,
research and innovation for sustainable development.
1.5. Core values of MUT
MUT is striving to create an organization that will foster;
• Innovation and creativity> committed to delivering innovative solution in the
delivery of our services.
• Professionalism> Strive to uphold professionalism in whatever they do.
• Integrity> Promote honesty and strong moral principles and moral uprightness among
staff and stakeholders.
• Freedom of equity and expression> encourage staffs to engage in free and
independent thinking.

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 • Fairness and non-discrimination> promote equity, diversity and inclusivity.
• Teamwork> promote respect and unity of purpose among staff as well as promoting
mutual exchange of information and experience.

1.6. Organizational structure

1.7. Details of placement department

MUT offers variety of faculties which has led to tremendous increase in number of students
joining the institution. The institution offers masters, degree, diploma and certificate in
engineering, information technology, computing, business and commerce, human resource
management, hospitality management, tourism management, education, pure and applied
sciences. These academic programs are organized in the following schools;

• School of business and economics

• School of engineering and technology
• School of computing and information technology
• School of tourism and hospitality management
• School of pure and applied science
• School of education

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Chapter 2:
2.1 Electronic lab
In this lab students deals with the electronic device which are being used in most of the
industries for both quality control and automation in the processing and assembling
industries. Some of the activities usually performed in this lab is;
✓ Soldering and desoldering> soldering is the process of joining two or more
electronic parts together by melting a solder around the connection using a soldering
gun.
✓ Resistance measurement> It is done with the help of a digital multimeter. Resistors
also have their values and tolerance indicated on them which can be gotten through
color coding. Color coding is done using colored bands.
✓ Voltage and current measurement> it is done with the help of a digital multimeter.

Voltage (v) Current (A) Resistance(Ω)

3.0 1.2 2.4
4.5 1.7 2.65
6.0 2.5 2.4
9.0 3.6 2.5
Table 1 voltage, current and resistance measurement

✓ Use of capacitors, diode and transistors in rectification of a circuit> capacitors is

a device that stores electrical energy. Diode is a two terminal electric component that
conduct current in one direction. Transistor is a semiconductor used to amplify or
switch electrical signal and power.
✓ Use of engineering softwares to design circuit >these softwares include Matlab,
Proteus and Arduino and some are even used to measure voltage and current in a
designed circuit eg Matlab.

2.1.1: Circuit design using Arduino and proteus

In this lab we designed a three phase motor using proteus software that is being run by arduino
code designed in a arduino. Proteus design suite is a proprietary software tool suite used
primarily for electronic design automation. The software is used mainly by electronic design

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engineers and technicians to create schematics and electronic prints for manufacturing printed
circuit boards. Arduino IDE contains a text editor for writing code,a message area, a text
console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and series of menus. It connects to the
arduino hardware to upload programs and communicate with them.

Requirements

• Three phase motor

• Diode
• Transistor
• Arduino uno
• LCD
• Ground
• Power

Procedure

✓ Write arduino programming code and the upload the code which will go the arduino in
circuit designed in proteus
✓ Open the proteus ISIS schematic capture
✓ Select the component mode from the left toolbar
✓ Click on P (Pick from libraries)
✓ Add all the required component
✓ Place the components on the workspace
✓ Wire the circuit
✓ Click on the play button on the bottom left to start simulation

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 Figure 1 sample of arduino cade

Figure 2 Sample of cicuit designed in proteus

Results and discussion

When the play simulation button was pressed, the circuit functioned very well since the motor
ran while indicating the speed as it was being controlled with other components and Arduino.

When the Arduino was fed with code, it executes it and this enable it to only control and respond
to electricity and so the other components are attached to it to interact with the real world. This
code enabled the motor to run in both forward and reverse motion.

2.2. Electrical installation workshop

This workshop provides a platform for all kind of practical jobs like domestic wiring, fittings,
switching board assembly, coil winding, repair and maintenance work of various electrical

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appliances. This workshop has rules and regulation that must be followed to avoid accident
which might be caused by ignorance and carelessness. These rules include:

• Avoid direct contact with any voltage source and power line voltage.
• Wear rubber shoes and laboratory coat to pretect against electric shock or heavy
machine.
• Do not wear any metallic rings, bangles, bracelet since they may create short-
circuit when come into contact with circuit.
• Be certain that your hands are dry and you are not standing in a pool of water
during installation.

Some of the tools and equipments used in this workshop include:

a. Flat screw driver

b. Star screw driver
c. Line tester
d. Plier
e. Ball peen hammer
f. Sockets, switches, bulbs and bulb holder
g. Double pole and single pole switch
h. Circuit breaker and insulated wire

General activities conducted in this are as follows;

1. Connection of one lamp controlled by one switch

2. Connection of one lamp controlled by two switch
3. Intermediate switch wiring
4. Connection of radial and ring circuit
5. Single phase and three phase wiring
6. Dual in line motor wiring
7. Drawing electrical wiring and schematic diagrams

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2.2.1: Single phase and lighting circuit
They have a single phase with a single alternating current and a contracted power of up to
10kw.Single phase connects the home with two wires: live and neutral.

Requirements

• Energy meter
• Flourescent tube
• Distribution board
• Service fuse
• Thermal relay and contactor
• Main switch

Procedure

• Mounted energy meter, CCU, main switch, service fuse and fluorescent holder to the
working board
• I connected the incoming live, neutral and earth wire from the electric utility pole to the
single phase energy meter.
• Connected the incoming live, neutral and earth wire to the main switch.
• From the main switch I connected the live wire to the circuit breaker, neutral to the
neutral busbar and earth wire to earth busbar
• Connected the live to the two way switch through the junction box and then to the
fluorescent tube.
• Connected neutral and earth to the fluorescent tube, tested continuity and powered the
circuit.

Figure3 connecting single phase

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 Figure4 working single phase lighting circuit

Observation and discussion

I observed that there was continuity within my circuit using a multimeter and when I powered
my circuit the energy meter was working perfectly and the flourescent tube flickers then lights
brightly.

I tested continuity to ensure there was no short circuit in my circuit and the fluorescent bulb
flickered before lighting because they required a slight warm-up time for electrical current to
fully heat the cathodes and reach their full lumen output. When first switched on, it lights up
with approximately 80% of its rated lumen but it will heat up to its full brightness in about one
minute.

2.2.2: Three phase power circuit

DOL motor control

Motor control circuit are design to perform a variety of functions including starting, stopping,
reversing and speed control.

EQUIPMENTS

a. Service fuse and energy meter

b. ELCB, distribution board and isolator
c. Contactors, thermal relay and push button

PROCEDURE

a. Mount the conponents; service fuse, energy meter, ELCB, distribution board and isolator.
b. Wire the circuit and connect the control circuit of the motor; contactors, thermal relay
and push button.

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 c. Use a multimeter to check for continuity and ensure electric safety
d. Put the motor on a stable position and connect it from the thermal relay.
e. Push button start 1and stop is them pressed and observed
f. Add another start push button 2 and a contactor to the control circuit for reverse role
g. Start push button 2 pressed and observed

Figure 5 Complete connection of three phase motor

OBSERVATION

a. When the power is turn on the motor does not start

b. When start push button 1 is pressed the motor starts
c. When stop push button pressed motor stops
d. When the start push button 2 is pressed the motor rotate in reverse

DISCUSION

When the power is turn on the motor does not start because the contacts of the forward
contactors are still preventing power from reaching the motor. Pressing the start push button
closes the contacts of the forward contactor hence allowing power to flow to the motor thus the
motor starts. Pressing the stop push button opens the contacts preventing power from flowing to
the motor hence stops. When start push button 2 is pressed the motor rotates in reverse since
there is contact in the reverse contactors and change in live lines powering the motor.

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Chapter 3
Mechanical workshop
2.1.1 Introduction
Mechanical engineering is a discipline of engineering that applies the principles of physics and
materials science for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. It
is the branch of engineering that involves the production and usage of heat and mechanical
power for the design, production, and operation of machines and tools.
In the mechanical workshop, we did the following;
a) Welding
b) Fittings & hand tools
c) Drilling and its related activities
2.1.2 Welding practice
Welding is a fabrication process whereby two or more parts are fused together by means of heat,
pressure or both forming a join as the parts cool.
Objectives
To join two separate pieces of metal to form one singular piece and not be able to break apart
under applied load.
Equipment/materials
✓ Mild steel plates
✓ Electrode E6013
✓ AC welding machine
✓ Face shield
✓ Chipping hammer
✓ Pliers
✓ Steel brash
Procedures
1. First make sure to wear protective garments
2. Ground the work piece by clamping on the table
3. Select the suitable electrode and insert in the electrode holder
4. Make proper welding setting on the machine to suit the operation

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5. Turn on the welding machine and be careful not to touch to the work piece or workability until
ready to strike an arc.
6. Then strike an arc with long scratching motion of the electrode across the work piece.
7. Quickly lift the electrode away from the work piece
8. Allow the process to cool then chip away the slag on the weld piece.

Figure 6 practicing welding

Results

Figure 7 Finished work of elding

Discussion
Using of high current result in the melting of electrode faster and thus the irregular molten
puddle will be excessively large. A groove may also form as results in the base metal along both
sides of the weld and an undercut can occur. On the other side, if the current is low the will be
not enough current to melt the base metal and molten pool will be too small.

As a result, a welded joint may develop various discontinuities which are caused by an
inadequate or careless application of proper welding by poor operator training. Such major
discontinuities are porosity, slag inclusions, incomplete penetration and fusion. High amperage
and low amperage.
Porosity in welds are caused by gases released during melting of the weld area but trapped
during solidification and contaminations together with chemical reactions during the weld. In
order to curb this limitation, proper weld selection is important. Also proper cleaning and the

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prevention of contaminants entering the weld as well as reducing the weld speed allow time for
gas to escape
Slag inclusions are compounds such as oxides, fluxes and electrode coating materials trapped in
the weld zone. To overcome this, welding conditions as well as with the control of welding
process parameters, the molten slag will float to the surface of the molten metal and thus will not
become entrapped. Cleaning the surface of the weld-bead by means of wire brush will also help.
Furthermore, incomplete fusions produces poor weld beads. A better weld can be obtained by
raising the temperature of the based metal and providing sufficient shielding gas. Incomplete
penetration occurs as a result of depth of the welded being insufficient. Increasing the heat input
and reducing travel speed during the weld will overcome the problem. Also ensuring the surfaces
fit each other properly.

Under filling results when the joint is not filled with proper amount of weld metal. Undercutting
occurs as a result of melting away of the base metal and consequently generating a groove in the
shape of recces or notch.
Conclusion
The objectives can be achieve fully by grasping the skills of welding then applying them
practically. It is important to understand the theory behind welding as well as welding techniques
to perform the practical part.

2.1.3 Fitting and hand tools

Introduction
Fitting is the process of preparing matching parts to touch or join each other in such a way that
one will turn inside of another and will slide upon another or the part hold tightly together

Figure 8 Tools
Objectives
1. To identify tools, work material and measuring instruments useful for fitting, welding,
carpentry and plumbing practice.

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2. To handle tools and instruments and use them to prepare joints of specific shape and size
3. Make a V-shape metal fitting

A) Tools and equipment

The following tools will be discussed;
✓ Holding tools
✓ Striking tools
✓ Cutting tools
✓ Measuring and marking tools

Holding tools
Vices- are of the following types; bench vice, leg vice, pipe vice and hand vice. The most
common one in use is the bench vice. It provides firm holding while doing the job.
Striking tools
I) Hammers
1. Ball peen hammer - Commonly used in fitting work. Serves the purpose of chipping and
reverting
2. Cross peen hammer -Similar to ball peen hammer in shape except that the peen is like a wedge
which is perpendicular to the handle. Used for bending, stretching and hammering into shoulders
inside curves.

3. Straight peen hammer- Has it been parallel to the handle and is used for stretching or penning
the metal
4. Double faced hammer-Consists of head which has two identical faces and is used for striking
up tools for riveting.
5. Soft hammer- Some are commonly known as mallet and they are used to strike metal, a blow
with minimum damage to the surface.
Cutting tools
Are of three types; 1. Chisels
2. Files and
3. Hacksaws
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I) Chisels
Chisels used to cut metals in cold state are referred t as cold chisels while those used to cut in hot
state are known as hot chisels. Chisels used for fittings are of various types namely;
I. Flat chisel- used for general chipping operations and is therefore the common type of chisel
being used in fitting.
II. Cross cut chisel- It is used for cutting grove in large surfaces before flat chisel is used.
III. Diamond point chisel- Has cutting edge shape like that of diamond and is therefore used for
cutting V-grooves, chip square corners and squaring small holes.

II) Files
Commonly used hand tool found in mechanical workshop. Used to cut smooth or fit metal parts.
Files according to the cut of teeth are divided into two;
Single cut & Double cut files.
. In single cut files, the teeth are parallel to each other and at an angle of 60 to the center line of
the file. They are used particularly to cut hard metals. Double cut files there are two types of
teeth, one are similar to those of single cut which are at 60 degrees to the center line of the file
and the second set of teeth are at angle 80 degrees to the center line of the file. It cuts only on
forward stroke thus removing the metal faster and is used for general work.
Files come in many types as disused below;
1. Flat file –Parallel for about two third of its length then tapers in width and thickness. Has
double cut on both faces and single cut on both sides. Mostly used for general work and filling
processes.
2. Hand file –Has its width parallel but thickness tapers. Both faces are double cut and one edge
single cut. It is used for general surface workings and more particularly for filling steps or
shoulders to square work without touching and pointing the adjacent surface already made rule

3. Square file –Parallel for two thirds of its length then tapers towards the tip. Used for filling
square corners and holes.
4. Triangular –Has its cross-section triangular and equilateral and the three faces are double cut
and edges single cut. Used for filling square edges or corners and for sharpening wood working
works.

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5. Round files –Are usually double cut and used for opening holes, producing round corners
round ended slots.
6. Half round file –The flat side of the file is a double cut and the curved side has a single cut.
Used for filling curved surfaces.
III) Hacksaw
Is the chief tool used for cutting rods, bars and pipes. It has a metal from which can be solid or
adjustable. The blades are made of high-speed steel or carbon and may be finished with the
cutting edge only hardened or hard all over.
The choice of blade for any particular work depends on pitch of the teeth of which at least two or
three teeth should be in contact with surface being sawn.

Measuring and marking tools

Calipers –are the devices used for measuring and transferring the inside or outward dimension of
components. They come in four types;
1. Inside calipers –Is two-leg instrument with its legs bend inwards, it is used for measuring
thickness or comparing thickness, diameter and outside dimensions. A steel rule is used in
conjunction with it.
2. Outside calipers –Similar to outward caliper only that the legs are bent outwards. It is used to
set internal dimensions to transfer them to work or check with standards. Steel scale is also used
with it.
3. Spring calipers –used to advocate for finer work
4. Hermaphrodite calipers –Useful for scribing lines parallel to the edge of the work and finding
the center of the cylindrical work.

I) Divider
Similar to caliper but its legs are sharp pointed. Some commonly used have spring arrangement.
Are used for measuring distances between two points.
Surface plate
It is used for testing the flatness of the work itself and is also used for marking out work. It is use
for small work piece while larger work piece use marking out table.

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II) Scriber>Held like a pencil to scribe or make lines on a metal surface. The ends are sharpen
on an oil stone when necessary.

2.1.4 V-shape fitting

Procedure
1. Procedure to making V- shape fitting.
2. Cut two square sheets of the same dimension and thickness using power hack saw.
3. Check the work piece for squareness and flatness using try square
4. Using marking tools, mark all required dimensions on both pieces
5. Punch the marks on the marked lines using the center punch and ball peen hammer
6. Remove the unnecessary workpiece using hacksaw blade and frame
7. Chip the required pieces if needed
8. File the required dimension and intermediately check for a dimension for a proper fit that is
one metal should fit properly on the other metal.
Results
The following two figures shows the outcome of the shapes after cutting them to desired shapes
to fit each other.
Discussion
The squareness and dimensions of the metal should be equal in order for the two metals to fit
each other well and produce and impressive structure when welded. It is important for the
materials to be mark outline lines so as to be guidelines when cutting off the unnecessary pieces
for the two pieces to fit each other well.
Filing the pieces ensures smooth surfaces and approximately accurate fitting. It is important that
the measurements before filing has to be slightly higher than the required such that when filing,
accurate measurements can be obtained.
The two pieces can be welded to obtain a figure structure as shown in the figure below. Before
the two pieces are welded it first grind on their edges to be welded in order to obtain strong bond
during welding process.

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2.1.5 Drilling and its related activities
Introduction
Drilling is the easiest way to cut a hole into solid metal. It is also done to enlarge holes and then
may be called core drilling or counter drilling.
When a hole of two or more diameters is cut by one drill, the operation is called step drilling.
Boring is the enlarging of a hole, sometimes with the implication of producing a more accurate
hole than by drilling. Enlarging a hole for a limited depth is called counter boring. If the depth is
shallow so the cut leaves in effect a finished face around the original hole, it is called spot facing.
The cutting of an angular opening into the end of a hole is countersinking, also loosely termed
chamfering.
Reaming is also a hole enlarging process but its specific purpose is to produce a hole of accurate
size and good surface finish, and stock removal is small.

Bench drilling
The bench drill machine has the following parts with their functions as shown in the figure below

Figure 9 bench drill machine

a) Base: The support of the machine and in some cases the workpiece itself.
b) Column: The main vertical piece where other components of the machine are mounted on and
aligned.
c) Motor: The power is transmitted from the gear case by the use of shaft, belts or direct coupling
and is located in the back of the column.
d) Table: Mounted on the column and can be raised and lowered or clamped into position to
support the work for proper height of drilling.

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e) Head: Contains feed and speed gearing and mounts the necessary controls for the different
motions of the machine.
f) Spindle: Equipped with a tapper nose to accept tapered shanks of drills, drill-mounting pieces,
taps, and reamers.
Procedures when working with Bench drill.
1. Know the location of start and stop switches or buttons and keep the drill press table free of
tools and other materials.
2. Use only properly sharpened drill bits, sockets and chucks in good condition. Remove dull
drill bits, battered tangs, or sockets from service.
3. Do not remove by hand metal or wood chips from the table or stock. Use brushes or other
tools to properly remove chips.
4. Do not attempt to oil the machine or make adjustments to the work while the drill press is in
motion.
5. Do not insert a drill chuck key into the chuck until the power is shut off and the machine has
come to a complete stop.
6. All belts and pulleys must be guarded; if frayed belts or pulleys are observed, the drill press
must be taken out of service and the belts or pulleys must be replaced.
7. All stock must be properly secured with a vise or clamps prior to a machining process

8. If the stock slips in the vise or clamp, the one must not attempt to hold the work with his/her
hand or try to tighten the vise/clamp while the machine is in motion. Shutdown the power to the
machine prior to re-tightening the loose stock.
9. Use the correct speed and drill for the type of stock being machined.
10. Use the appropriate bit for the stock being machined. Bits with feed screw or extremely long
bits should not be used.
11. The drill bit should be mounted the full depth and in the center of the chuck.
12. Position the table and adjust the feed stroke eliminating the possibility of the bit striking the
table.
13. Feed the bit smoothly into the work. If the hole being drilled is deep, withdraw the bit
frequently to remove shaving on the bit.

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14. Apply oil to the drilling bit to cool and reduce friction while the process is going on
15. Never attempt to remove a broken drill with a center punch or hammer.
16. When an operator has finished working on the drill press, and before leaving the drill press
for any reason, the power must be shut off and the machine must come to a complete stop.

Drilling using the center Lathe

After drilling is done, there may be need to enlarge the hole. This is done with help of larger
drills or lathe machine.
A center lathe machine looks the one shown below. It can be used to enlarge holes or make holes
whichever being preferred.
The tailstock of a lathe can be used for drilling, with the aid of a drill chuck attachment. The drill
chuck has a more taper shaft which can be push into the shaft of the tailstock, locking it in
position
The usual starting point for drilling with a center lathe is to use a countersink bit. This is used to drill slightly in
the material and creates a starting point for other drills that are going to be used. Attempting to drill with a
traditional drill bit without countersinking first will lead to the drill bit slipping straight away. It is not possible t
drill a hole successfully or safely without using a center drill first. If a long piece of material has to be turned on
lathe then a center drill is used to produce the hole at one end. This the drilled end to be supported by the tailsto
center.
Once a hole has been produced by a center drill, machine twist drills can be used to enlarge the hole and if
necessary all the way through. If a large diameter hole is needed then a small hole is drilled first (example 4mm
diameter). hole is enlarged approximately 2mm at a time. Trying to drill a large diameter hole in one go will
inevitably lead bit over heating and then jamming in the material.

Tapping
Tapping is cutting a thread in a drilled hole. Tapping is accomplished on the drilling machine by
selecting and drilling the tap drill size, then using the drilling machine chuck to hold and align
the tap while it is turned by hand. The drilling machine is not a tapping machine, so it should not
be used to power tap. To avoid breaking taps, ensure the tap aligns with the center axis of the
hole, keep tap flutes clean to avoid jamming, and clean chips out of the bottom of the hole before
attempting to tap.

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 Figure 10 finished work of tapping

3.2: Computer Aided Design/Drafting (CAD)

3.2.1 Introduction.
There are various types of drawings in different fields of engineering and sciences. In the fields
of mechanical or aeronautical engineering, the drawings of machine components and the layouts
of them are prepared. In the field of civil engineering, plans and layouts of the Buildings are
prepared. In the field of electrical engineering, the layouts of power distribution System are
prepared. In all fields of engineering use of computer is made for drawing and drafting.

Reasons for implementing a CAD system

1. Increases the productivity of the designer: CAD improves the productivity of the
designer to visualize the product and its component, parts and reduces the time required in
synthesizing, analyzing and documenting the design
2. Improves the quality of the design: CAD system improves the quality of the design.
A CAD system permits a more detailed engineering analysis and a larger number of design
alternatives can be investigated. The design errors are also reduced because of the greater
accuracy provided by the system
3. Improves communication: It improves the communication in design. The use of a
CAD system provides better engineering drawings, more standardization in the drawing,
better documentation of the design, few drawing errors and legibility.
4. Create data base for manufacturing: In the process of creating the documentation of these
products, much of the required data base to manufacture the product is also created.
5. Improves the efficiency of the design: It improves the efficiency of the design
Process and the wastage at the design stage can be reduced.

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3.2.2 Introduction to AutoCAD interface environment
The user interface of AutoCAD consists of a graphics window and a text window. The graphics
window has five primary areas as shown below

Figure 11 autocad window

Menu Bar – AutoCAD’s pull down menus are accessed here

Status bar – provides status information including color, layer, coordinate display
• Drawing area –this is the area in which you draw on.
• Screen menu – used for option selection
• Command line –it is the area in which you enter commands and options from the
keyboard. It prompts you for input and provides status on the result of AutoCAD
commands even when commands are issued by the menus
Coordinate system
A line is defined by two endpoints while a circle is define by its center point along
circumference. Each line, circle, or other object you add to a drawing is located by certain points.
The most common type of coordinate system in a CAD program is the Cartesian coordinate
system. Points are located in this system using coordinate axes the X axis, Y axis and Z axis. X
and Y axes are used in 2D-dimensional drafting.
The units of measurement for coordinate may refer to inches, feet, or metric units such as
millimeters. Coordinates specified for absolute point location can be positive or negative
(depending on their location with respect to the origin) and therefore referred to as absolute
coordinates. When used for basic 2D drafting, the Cartesian is divided into four quadrants and
points are measured in relation to the origin (0, 0). A point located in the upper quadrant has
appositive X coordinate and a positive Y coordinate value while those in lower quadrants have
negative values.
Commands used in AutoCAD

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 Line command – used to draw line by mouse.
Construction line – also called X-line used to draw hidden line
Multiline –used to draw many lines
Polygon line –used to draw hexagonal shapes
Rectangle – used to draw “rectangles”
Arc – used when drawing arc lines
Crile – used when drawing circles for desired radius
Ellipse – used to draw ellipse in horizontal or vertical syntax
Hatch – it used for hatching after drawing.
The modify commands or transformations are;
• Erase Copy Mirror
• Offset Array Move Rotate
• Stretch Lengthen Trim Extend
• Fillet Explode 3-D orbit

Drawing a line using a line command

Line command is the frequently used command since line is the basic of all drawings. To draw a
line you click on the line command then specify the start point (you can input the coordinates)
then specific the end point (also you can input end point coordinates)
Drawing a circle
Procedure
i. Initiate the circle command,
ii. specify the coordinates of the center of the circle
iii. specify the radius of the circle
iv. Hit enter key.
Drawing a rectangle
There are many ways of creating a rectangle in CAD, but the easiest one is the use of rectangle
command.
Procedure
i. Initiate the command for rectangle

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ii. Specify the starting coordinates or point
iii. Specify the width and the length the rectangle
iv. Click enter.
Drawing polygons
A regular polygon is an object with its sides being equal in length. The polygon command can
create object with three or more equal sides. One way of doing this is by inscribing the polygon
or circumscribing it in a circle then specify the number of sides.
Procedure
i. Command: polygon
ii. Enter the number of sides
iii. Specify center of polygon
iv. Enter an option either inscribe or circumscribe
v. Specify radius of the circle
vi. Enter
Text
Text in drawings are very important for placing notes, specifications and other information. With
the used of text command you can do all this. Text generally can be stretched, compressed,
oblique or mirrored. Placement can justified left, right or centered.
Procedure of text drawing
i. Command: text
ii. Current text style –“standard” text height 0.2500
iii. Specify the first corner
iv. Specify the opposite corner or [height/justify/line spacing/rotation/style/width] (enter the text
in the text boundary that appears and then pick the OK button.
Erase
Permanently removes selected object from drawing. CAD allows select option in order to select
objects to delete.
Procedure
Command: erase
Select objects

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1 found
Pick other objects on screen
Enter.
The process can reversed using the undo command.
Transformations
These are the modifications in the drawn objects.
There are different types of transformations used
1. Move: This allows to move or displace objects a specified distance in a specified
Direction
At the command prompt, enter move
Select objects: use an object selection method
Base point or displacement: specify a base point (1)
Second point of displacement: specify a point (2) or press enter
2. Copy: This is used for producing a duplicate copy of the drawing.
At the command prompt, enter copy
Select objects: use an object selection method
<Base point or displacement >/multiple: specify a base point (1)
For a single copy or enter m for multiple copies
3. Rotate: It moves objects about a base point
At the command prompt, enter rotate
Select objects: use an object selection method
<Rotate angle >/reference: specify an angle or enter
4. Extend: This extends an object to meet another object. Objects that can be
Extended include arcs, elliptical arcs, lines, open 2D, and 3Dpolylines and rays.
At command prompt, enter extend
Select boundary edges
(Promote=UCS, edge mode=no extend)
Select objects: use an object selection method
5. Scale: This enlarges or reduces selected objects equally in X and Y directions
At the command prompt, enter scale
Select objects: use an object selection method

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Base point: specify a point (1)
<Scale factor>/reference: specify a scale or enter r
6. Trace: This creates solid lines.
From the miscellaneous tool bar choose
At the command prompt, enter trace
Trace width<current>: specify a distance, enter a value, or press enter
From point: specify point (1)
To point: specify a point (2)
To point: specify a point (3) or press to end the command
7. Extrude: This creates unique solid primitives by extruding existing two dimensional
Objects extrudes also creates solids by extruding two-dimensional objects along
A specified path .we can extrude multiple objects with extrude
At the command prompt enter, extrude
Select objects: use an object selection method
Path/<height of extrusion>: specify a distance or enter p
8. Mirror: This is used to producing mirror image of the object
At the command prompt enter, mirror
Select objects: use an object selection method
First point of the mirror line: specify a point (1)
Second point: specify a point (2)
9. Offset: This creates concentric circles, parallel lines and parallel curves, offset
creates a creates a new object at a specified distance from an existing object or through a
specified point

Cutting of objects
The drawn objects can be cut or trimmed by using following commands
1. Trim: Trims objects at a cutting object defined by other objects. Objects that can be
trimmed include arcs ,circles, elliptical arcs, lines, open 2D and 3Dpolylines,rays and splines
At the command prompt, enter trim
Select cutting edges:
Select objects: use object selection method

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<Select object to trim>/project/edge/undo: select an object, enter an option, or press enter
2. Break: This erases an object or splits the object in to two parts
From the modify toolbar select break flyout
At the command prompt, enter break
Select objects: use an object selection method
First point of the mirror line: specify a point (1) on an object
Enter second point: specify the second break point (2) or enter F
3.2.3: 3- D DRAWINGS
The commands used while draing 3D solids are briefly discussed in the beginning.
The major commands used are:
• Pedit – To join the individual poly line segments
• Explode - To break the joined part into individual entities
• Extrude – To add thickness to the object and create a solid
• Union – To unite two solids and form an union
• Intersect – To form an intersection of two solids
• Shade – This displays a flat – shaded image of the drawing in the current viewport.
SHADE removes hidden lines and displays a shaded picture of the drawing
• Rotate 3D – This moves objects about a three dimensional space
• Revolve – This creates a solid by revolving a two – dimensional object about an axis
• Region – This creates a region object from a selection set of existing objects. Regions
are two dimensional areas.

3.2.4: Isometric Drawings

For all isometric figures right click grid in drafting tool bar <setting> change grid snap to
object snap. And check ORTHO ON
f5 – toggle key between isoplane top, isoplane left and
isoplane right.

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 figure 12 drawn samples

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CHAPTER 4 MASONRY AND CARPENTRY WORKSHOP
4.1 Masonry
Introduction
The art of masonry originated when early man sought to supplement his valuable but rare natural
caves with artificial caves made from piles of stone. Circular stone huts, by the 4th millennium
BCE, Egypt had developed an elaborate stonemasonry technique, culminating in the most
extravagant of all ancient structures, the pyramids. The choice of masonry materials has always
been influenced by the prevailing geological formations and conditions in a given area. Egyptian
temples, for example, were constructed of limestone, sandstone, alabaster, granite, basalt, and
porphyry quarried from the hills along the Nile River. The choice of masonry materials has
always been influenced by the prevailing geological formations and conditions in a given area.
Egyptian temples, for example, were constructed of limestone, sandstone, alabaster, granite,
basalt, and porphyry quarried from the hills along the Nile River. Many architects value masonry
for its color, scale, texture, pattern, and look of permanence. In addition to its aesthetic appeal,
masonry has a number of other desirable properties, such as its value in controlling sound,
resisting fire, and insulating against daily fluctuations in temperature.

Objectives
1. Identify different masonry tools and their functions
2. To be able to prepare mortar and identify its different types
3. To identify different bonding and to plastering

4.1.1: Masonry tools and equipment

1. Plumb line and bob - used to check the verticality of walls
2. Sprit level- used to check horizontality and verticality of the surfaces
3. Trowel – is used to lift and apply mortar in joints during masonry work
4. Spade – is used in mixing the mortar together
5. Masonry square
6. Wheelbarrow—used un transportation of materials such as mortar and bricks during
construction
7. Measuring tape—used in determining measurement during construction

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8. Line edge – used in alignment during plastering
9. String—used to maintain the alignment of the work in progress
10. Wooden float – used during plastering
11. Steel float –used when spreading screed on the wall surface.
4.1.2: Concrete and Mortar
Mortar is workable paste which hardens to bind building block such as stones, bricks and
concrete masonry units.
Concrete is a composite material composed of and coarse aggregate bonded together a fluid
cement that harden over time
Mortar is mixed and obtain of different types:
• Sand + cement +water = cement mortar
• Sand +lime + water =lime mortar
4.1.3: Bonding
There are different types of bonding, i.e.
• stretcher bonding
• Flemish bond
• English bond

Construction procedure
• Clear the site where construction is to be carried.
• Mix the lime mortar of ratio 3 : 1 : 1
• Identify the type of bonding to use.
Stretcher bonding

Figure 13 built stretcher bond

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Stretcher bond is commonly used in the steel or reinforced concrete framed structures as the
outer facing.
Flemish bond
Figure 14 sample of Flemish bond

Flemish mainly used to provide greater aesthetic appearance on the front surface with required
strength in the brickwork.

English bond

Figure15 built English bond

Figure 16 building English bond

4.1.4: Plastering
Plastering is the process of covering rough walls and uneven surfaces in the construction of
houses and other structures with plastic materials
Plastering is done with plaster which is a mixture lime or cement and sand along with some
amount of water in the ratio 3:1: 2
Various tools useful in plastering are straight edge, wood float and spirit level.

4.2 Carpentry
Carpentry tools
Are grouped in different categories;

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Boring tools
• Wood chisel – is used to dress soft wood
• Ratchet brace with auger bit
• drills
Planning or smoothing tools
• Wood file
• Jack plane
• Plough plane
• Rebate plane
Marking tools
• Pencil
• Tri- square
• Bevel square- used to mark other angle other than 90
• Marking gauge- used for marking parallel line along the gauge
• Mortise gauge
Measuring tools
• Tape measure, folding rule, tri-square and protractor
Cutting tools
• Hand saw -
• Cross cut saw - used for cutting wood along the grain
• Rip saw
• Tendon saw –
• Pad saw - used for cutting along curved line
• Bow saw – used for cutting green wood
Sharpening tools
• Triangular file
• Oil stone
Driving tools
• Spanner
• Claw hammer

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 • Rubber mullet
• Wood mullet
• Screw driver

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Chapter 5:
Conclusion
The attachment was a great success .This was manifested by the acquisition of different skills in
the engineering field. Personally, I got opportunity to blend the knowledge learnt in class with
the practical work.
Though some of the resources were limited, we were able to complete all our projects
successfully. Through the entire time the technicians were available to take us through the
projects and help us when there is a problem.
Recommendation
I would recommend that the institution increase the number of resources that would be better for
time management and to reduce the number of students per machine hence allowing more
cooperation
Some of the equipment available in the electrical workshop are also outdated and worn out hence
they should be replaced with modern and new ones respectively for effective learning .

Chapter 6: Reference
1. Electronic lab manual
2. Motor control by Amatrol
3. Studygroom .com

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Chapter 7: Appendices
The list of all activities undertaken and some of the drawn diagram are available in the logbook
which submitted with this report.

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