PROBABILITY
MM 2
JULY 25 2024
An event is an outcome from an
experiment.
An experiment is the process by
which we obtain an outcome.
A random experiment is one
where there is uncertainty over
which event may occur.
Some examples of random experiments are:
● rolling a dice three times
● tossing a coin once
● picking two cards from a pack of 52 playing cards
● recording the number of cars that pass the school gate in
a 5-minute period.
We can express the chance of an event
occurring using a number between 0 and 1. On
this scale, 0 represents an impossible event and
1 represents an event that is certain to happen.
This is called the probability that the event will
happen.
A fair dice has six numbered sides, all of which are equally
likely to occur. The list of equally likely possible outcomes is 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6
We call a list of possible outcomes the sample space, U. The
notation n(U) = 6 shows that there are six members of the
sample space. Let event A be defined as ‘the number 6’. In
this sample space there is one 6. n(A) = 1 shows that there is
one 6 in the sample space.
The probability of getting a 6 when you roll the dice is one out
of six, or 1/6 .
In probability notation,
PRACTICE TIME
PRACTICE TIME
VENN DIAGRAM
VENN DIAGRAM
VENN DIAGRAM
VENN DIAGRAM
VENN DIAGRAM
VENN DIAGRAM
Time for practice
1. In a group of 35 children, 10 have blonde hair, 14 have brown eyes, and 4 have
both blonde hair and brown eyes. Draw a Venn diagram to represent this
situation. A child is selected at random. Find the probability that the child has
blonde hair or brown eyes.
2. In a class of 25 students, 15 of them study French, 13 of them study Malay
and 5 of them study neither language. One of these students is chosen at
random from the class. What is the probability that he studies both French
and Malay?
3. There are 25 girls in a PE group. 13 have taken aerobics before and 17 have
taken gymnastics. One girl has done neither before. How many have done both
activities? One girl is chosen at random. Find the probability that: a she has
taken both activities, b she has taken gymnastics but not aerobics.
The addition rule
Practice
Practice
Mutually Exclusive
Events
Time for Exercise
1. Here are some events relating to throwing two dice:
A: both dice show a 4
B: the total is 7 or more
C: there is at least one 6
D: the two dice show the same number
E: both dice are odd
Which of these pairs of events are mutually exclusive?
a. A and B c. A and D e. B and E g. B and C
b. A and C d. A and E f. C and D
Time for Exercise
2. Two events N and M are such that
Are N and M mutually exclusive events ?
Time for Exercise
3. in a group of 89 students, 30 are freshman ( first-year students)
and 27 are sophomores ( second- year students). Find the probability
that a student picked from this group at random is either a freshman
or sophomore.
SAMPLE SPACE
DIAGRAM
A sample space diagram is another
way of showing all the possible
outcomes of an event.
Practice
1.In an experiment a coin is tossed and a dice is rolled. Draw the sample
space diagram for this experiment. Find the probability that in a single
experiment you obtain a head and a number less than 3 on the dice.
2. Three unbiased coins are tossed one at a time and the results are noted.
One possible outcome is that all the coins are heads. This is written HHH.
Another is that the first two coins are heads and the last one is a tail. This is
written HHT. List the complete sample space for this random experiment. Find
the probability that:
a. the number of heads is greater than the number of tails,
b. at least two heads are tossed consecutively,
c.heads and tails are tossed alternately.
Practice
3. Draw the sample space diagram for the random experiment ‘Two
tetrahedral dice, one blue and the other red, are each numbered 1 to 4. They
are rolled and the result noted’. Find the probability that: a the number on the
red dice is greater than the number on the blue dice, b the difference
between the numbers on the dice is one, c the red dice shows an odd number
and the blue dice shows an even number, d the sum of the numbers on the
dice is prime.
THANK YOU
