P U S A N U N I V E RS I T Y

Logic
Circuits
Chapter 0. Introduction

VISION Lab.
Introduction
• The aim of this course is for you to answer the following questions
1. What is digital systems?

2. How do we design and analyze digital systems?

VISION Lab. 1
What is digital system?
• Signal type
sampling Quantizing

<Analog signal> <Discrete signal> <Digital signal>

• Digital System
• Take input digital signals and produce output digital signals

Digital System

VISION Lab. 2
Why we use digital system?
• Analog System vs Digital System

• Weak to noise • Robust to noise

• Hard to capture error detection and • Suitable for error detection and
correction correction
• One-set system • Flexible and Modularized
• Relatively high power • Relatively low power
• Relatively cheap • Relatively expensive

ref) https://medium.com/@anish.awalgaonkar21/analog-and-digital-systems-60e806402342

VISION Lab. 3
How do we design and analyze digital systems?
• Input – Output Relationship: Truth table
• Build simple digital system
• Build complex digital system using simple digital system

VISION Lab. 4
Most Famous Digital System
• Computer

• Binary (이진수의) digital system – 0 or 1

• Invention of Semiconductor!
VISION Lab. 5
What is semiconductor? High voltage (1)

• Current flows only when specific conditions!

• Depending on the voltage applied

Current Flows (On)

Low voltage (0)

Current doesn’t Flows (Off)

<Diode> <Transistor>
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Solids/diod.html
https://www.monolithicpower.com/mosfet-switches-basics-and-applications-in-power-converters
VISION Lab. 6
Why Binary?
• CPU consists of a lots of “Transistors”

Transistor can understand only binary

- Current is flowing or NOT flowing
- Flowing - On(1)
- NOT flowing - Off(0)

VISION Lab. 7
Transistor
• Basic digital system
• Input = incoming current,
• Output = outgoing current
• Assume that current is coming in to the
transistor.
• Let us denote voltage and current are
applied as 1 and voltage and current are
not applied as 0 regardless of its
magnitude.
• Transistor can be expressed as
• If voltage is 1 → Output = 1 If voltage applied, current is flowing.
• If voltage is 0 → Output = 0 If not, current is not flowing

VISION Lab. 8
Transistor is a building block
• Example) Two-serially connected transistor

If voltage at A is 1 and voltage at B is 1, the output is 1.

Otherwise, the output is 0.

VISION Lab. 9
Transistor is a building block
• Example) Two-parallelly connected transistor

If voltage at A is 0 and voltage at B is 0, the output is 0.

Otherwise, the output is 1.

VISION Lab. 10
Transistor is a building block
• Example) XOR/XNOR gate

A B Z XOR gate
0 0 0
0
1 0 1 1
1

?
0 1 1
1 1 0

A B Z XNOR gate
0 0 1
0
1 0 0 1
1
0 1 0
1 1 1

VISION Lab. 11
Transistor is a building block
• NOT gate

New device (PMOS)

If voltage at A is 0, PMOS flows current!

VISION Lab. 12
Transistor is a building block
• Example) XOR gate

A B

A B

A B Z XOR gate
0 0 0
0
1 0 1 1
1
0 1 1
1 1 0

VISION Lab. 13
Using more transistors, complex operation can be done
• 4-bit Adder logic gate

12 + 10 [Decimal] ➔ 1100 + 1010 [Binary]

• 1-bit Adder logic gate

VISION Lab. 14
Summary
• Digital system has more advantages than Analog system
• Computers, famous digital system, deals with binary signals
[Current is on / off]
• CPU, the brain of computer, consists of huge number of transistor.
• We have seen that logical operations can be implemented using transistor
in digital system.
• In addition to AND gate, there are other logic gates which functions
fundamental operations for digital system.
• Using transistor, lots of complex operation can be done.

VISION Lab. 15
In the Next Lecture,
• Digital system consists of transistors.
• Transistor understands only binary.
• Using transistors, we can make a circuit which works as binary function,
called logic gates.
• Logic gates are building block for digital system.
• To design and analyze digital system, we will learn more details about logic
gates.
• To understand logic gates, we need to learn number systems and
operations on binary numbers.

VISION Lab. 16
Appendix
• Voltage based digital logic gates
• Voltage meter

• Current meter

VISION Lab. 17
Voltage based digital logic gates
• NOT gate (Inverter)

VISION Lab. 18
Voltage based digital logic gates
• NAND gate

• NOR gate

VISION Lab. 19