Introduction to Algebra
Definition of Algebra
Algebra is a branch of mathematics that uses symbols, usually letters, to represent numbers and
quantities in formulas and equations. It helps us describe relationships and solve problems in a general
way.
Basic Terms
- Constant: A fixed number (e.g., 5, -3).
- Variable: A symbol, often a letter, that represents an unknown value (e.g., x, y).
- Coefficient: A number multiplied by a variable (e.g., 4 in 4x).
- Expression: A combination of numbers, variables, and operations (e.g., 2x + 3).
- Equation: A mathematical statement showing two expressions are equal (e.g., 2x + 3 = 7).
Fundamental Operations in Algebra
Algebra follows the same operations as arithmetic: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
These operations are applied to variables and expressions.
Laws of Algebra
- Commutative Law: a + b = b + a, ab = ba
- Associative Law: (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
- Distributive Law: a(b + c) = ab + ac
Simplifying Algebraic Expressions
Combine like terms and apply algebraic laws. Example: 3x + 2x = 5x.
Solving Linear Equations
Steps:
1. Simplify both sides if needed.
2. Move variables to one side and constants to the other.
3. Solve for the unknown variable.
Example: 2x + 3 = 7 → 2x = 4 → x = 2.
Word Problems in Algebra
Example: Maria has twice as many apples as John. Together, they have 18 apples. How many does
each have?
Let John's apples = x. Then Maria's = 2x. Equation: x + 2x = 18 → 3x = 18 → x = 6. John has 6 apples,
Maria has 12.
Quick Practice Exercises
1. Simplify: 4x + 7x
2. Solve: 3y - 5 = 16
3. If 2a + 3 = 11, find a
4. A number increased by 8 is 20. What is the number?
