Introduction to Algebra
What is Algebra?
Algebra is a branch of mathematics that uses symbols, usually letters, to represent numbers and
quantities in formulas and equations. It allows us to generalize arithmetic operations and solve
problems involving unknown values.
Basic Terms in Algebra
1. Variable: A symbol, often a letter, that represents an unknown number (e.g., x, y).
2. Constant: A fixed number (e.g., 5, -3, 10).
3. Coefficient: A number that multiplies a variable (e.g., in 4x, 4 is the coefficient).
4. Expression: A mathematical phrase that combines numbers, variables, and operations (e.g., 2x + 3).
5. Equation: A statement that shows two expressions are equal (e.g., 2x + 3 = 7).
Basic Operations with Algebra
1. Addition and Subtraction: Combine like terms (e.g., 3x + 2x = 5x).
2. Multiplication: Multiply coefficients and variables (e.g., 2x * 3 = 6x).
3. Division: Divide coefficients (e.g., 6x ÷ 3 = 2x).
Simplifying Algebraic Expressions
To simplify an expression, combine like terms and apply arithmetic operations. Example:
Simplify: 3x + 2x + 5 → (3x + 2x) + 5 = 5x + 5.
Solving Simple Equations
To solve an equation, isolate the variable using inverse operations.
Example: Solve 2x + 3 = 7.
Step 1: Subtract 3 from both sides → 2x = 4.
Step 2: Divide both sides by 2 → x = 2.
Word Problem Example
Problem: Sarah has 3 more than twice the number of apples that John has. If John has x apples,
express the number of apples Sarah has.
Solution: Twice the number of John’s apples is 2x. Sarah has 3 more than that, so the expression is 2x
+ 3.
Practice Exercises
1. Simplify: 5x + 7x - 2.
2. Solve: x + 4 = 10.
3. Solve: 3x - 5 = 16.
4. Write an expression: A number decreased by 8.
5. Word Problem: Tom has 5 times as many pencils as Anna. If Anna has y pencils, write an expression
for the number of pencils Tom has.
