The Participle

The Participle is a non-finite form of the verb. Grammatically, it combines the

characteristics of the verb with those of the adjectives or the adverb.
There are two participles in English: Participle I (the Present Participle) and
Participle II (the Past Participle).
Participle I
Participle I is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the verb and is
considered one of the ing – forms as well as with the Gerund.
The distinction between these two homonymous forms is based on their
meaning and function.
As for the meaning Participle I expresses an action characterizing a person or
a thing (like an adjective) or as modifying another action (like an adverb),
whereas the gerund expresses an action in its most general sense, naming it (like
a noun).
Compare: She was always to him a laughing girl with dancing eyes. (Participle I)
For a time he lay, trying to think his way out. (Participle I)
Repairing is what the house needs. (Gerund)
The car needs fixing. (Gerund)
As for the function both Participle I and the Gerund may be used in the function of
attribute and adverbial modifier. The difference between them is that Participle I
in these functions is not preceded by prepositions.

Compare: Coming back he paused at the pile of the letters (Participle I,

adverbial modifier of time).
On entering the room he noticed a telegram on the table
(Gerund, adverbial modifier of time).
The idea of parting never crossed our minds (Gerund,
attribute).
I used to tell all my troubles to our neighbor living next door
(Participle I, attribute).
Thus, Participle I has the properties of a verb, adjective and adverb.
The verbal characteristics of Participle I are as follows:
a) it can take a direct object
Having done all, that was required, he was the last to leave the
office.
 b) it can be modified by an adverb
He found them sitting together and talking peacefully.
c) it has tense and voice distinctions.

Tense Indefinite Perfect

taking having taken
Voice Active Passive Active Passive
taking being taken having taken having been
taken

The category of tense denotes the relation of the action either to the
moment of speaking or the some definite moment in the past or future.
The category of tense of Participle I is not absolute but relative.
The Simple Participle expresses an action simultaneous or following the
action expressed by the finite form. It may refer to the present, past or future.
There is something bothering me. (present)
There was something bothering me. (past)
There will be something bothering me. (future)
The Perfect Participle shows the action prior to the action expressed by
the finite verb.
Having been informed of their arrival the day before, he was
better prepared to meet them.
Prior action is not always expressed by Perfect Participle. With the following verbs
of sense perception and motion Simple Participle is used to express a prior action
(to see, to hear, to come, to arrive, to seize, to look, to turn, to return etc.)
Returning home in the afternoon, she became conscious of her
mistake.
Turning to the main street, she ran into Donald and Mary.
 Syntactic Functions of Participle I
Participle I can perform the following syntactic functions:
1. an attribute
In this function Participle I can
a) precede the noun it modifies and is normally used alone, hardly ever used
with accompanying words.
The train rattled on in the dying twilight.
b) follow the noun it modifies, as a rule with one or several accompanying
words
I received from her another letter saying that she was passing
through Paris.
There was something bothering me in the back of my mind.
2. an adverbial modifier of:
a) time
In this function Participle I may denote either a simultaneous or a prior action.
Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door.
Having finished his work, he sighed with relief.
To express simultaneity we can also use conjunction when or while.
John hurt his leg while playing football.
Be careful when crossing the street.
b) a cause / reason
He couldn’t join his friends being still busy in the laboratory.
Having already seen the film twice, I didn’t want to go to the
movies.
Having spent hours searching for that information, he got
exhausted.

c) attendant circumstances (with the verbs to lie, to sit, to stand etc.)

I sat on the doorstep holding my little sister in my arms and
thinking over my chances of escaping from home.
Jody stood quietly watching Grandfather.
We were sitting reading of the London Pictorial.
d) a comparison (introduced by conjunctions as if, as though)
She looked at me as if trying to understand what I was driving
at.
As though responding to an electric shock, Selena’s brother
 pulled back his injured hand.
e) condition
Speaking like that, you will disappoint her.
You’ll make people laugh, behaving like that.
3. a part of a complex object (also after verbs to send and set)
He felt the bridge shaking under his feet
She turned and saw Shelton standing down there.
The wind sent the flames racing.
It set his heart beating.
4. predicative
In this function Participle I gives qualitative characteristics to the subject.
His answer is very surprising.
The film was horrifying.
It sounded exciting.
5. part of a compound verbal predicate.
The children were seen playing in the yard.
In this function it is also used with the following verbs (to go, to come, to
disappear, etc.).
The wind came blowing up from the bay.
We went shopping last week.
6. parenthesis
In this function participial phrase is used.
Taking into consideration your standpoint, we can accept their
proposal.
Speaking for myself, I am not keen on photography.
Generally speaking, I don’t approve of her engagement.
 Participle II
Participle II is a non-finite form, which stands apart from the other verbals. It
is unchangeable, so it doesn’t possess morphological categories. It doesn’t
express an action itself but the result of an action (quality or state).

Syntactic Functions of Participle II

Participle II has only one form and it can be used in the following syntactic
functions:
1. attribute
In this function participle II may be
a) in pre-position
I took up the dairy and turned over the written pages.
The big pads slipped on the frozen wood.
b) in post-position
Police are looking for a boy known to work at Smith’s.
Failure is a word not tolerated in this establishment.
c) detached
Set loose, Sibyl immediately ran down to the flat part of the
beach.
Locked in her room, she flung herself on the bed and cried
bitterly.
Shocked by the poverty of my own vocabulary, I went to the
British Museum library.

Note! In addition to its attributive meaning the Participle II as a detached

attribute acquires some additional meaning of an adverbial modifier of (cause,
time, concession).
2. adverbial modifier of:
a) time
When challenged he denied it.
b) of condition
It was clear that he would go back to London, if given half a
chance.
c) of comparison
It was only a couple of pages as though specially designed for
long-sighted elderly man.
d) of concession
Though greatly embarrassed by the situation, she could find
what to answer back.
3. predicative
The child kept silent and looked frightened.
His name was well known among the younger writers of France.
4. part of a complex object
How often do you have your carpets cleaned.
They got the place surrounded?
5. part of a compound verbal predicate.
The money was found hidden under the carpet.
The building was considered fully restored.
She seemed deeply confused.
 Predicative Constructions with Participles
Participle I and II can be found in the following Predicative Constructions:
1) The Objective Participial Construction
2) The Subjective Participial Construction
3) The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
4) The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction

The Objective Participial Construction

The Objective Participial Construction consists of a nominal element expressed by

a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case, or a reflexive
pronoun and a verbal element expressed by Participle I or Participle II, which is in
predicate relation to the nominal element. It has the function of a complex object
in the sentence.
He heard the young people singing and shouting from the
opposite bank.
I heard some mention made of Scotch whiskey.
The Objective Participial Construction is rendered into Armenian by means
of
1) Խնդիր երկրորդական նախադասություն (ներկայացված հետևյալ
շաղկապներով որ, թե, թե ինչպես):
He felt the water reaching his knees.
Նա զգաց, թե ինչպես ջուրը հասնում է իր ծնկներին:
He felt himself clutched by the collar.
Նա զգաց, որ իրեն բռնեցին օձիքից:
2) Համակատար դերբայ
He saw Billy working in the field.
Նա տեսավ Բիլին դաշտում աշխատելիս:
3) Հարակատար դերբայ
I found the dog tied to a tree.
Ես գտա շանը ծառին կապած:
4) Անորոշ դերբայ
You can get your dress made in Paris.
Դուք կարող եք պատվիրել ձեր զգեստը Փարիզում:
5) Պարզ նախադասություն
Why don’t you have your hair cut?
 Ինչու չես կտրում/կտրել տալիս մազերդ:
This construction is used after the following groups of verbs:
1. Verbs of senses (to see, to hear, to feel, to notice, to find, etc.).
Both Participle I and Participle II are used.
He found Dora reading a novel in their bedroom.
I heard the visitor walking restlessly backwards and forwards.
She heard her father referred to.
You will find yourself confused.
2. Verbs of mental activity (to believe. to consider, to understand, to
imagine, etc.)
We consider the novel finished.
I believe them annoying their friends.
3. Verbs denoting wish (to want, to wish, to desire, prefer, need,
would like)
Only Participle II is used
The wished the program installed within a month.
We need the office redecorated.
I’d like my car (to be) serviced.
4. Verbs of reporting (to report, to declare, to announce, etc.)
They reported the project approved.
5. Verbs to have, to get. Only Participle II is used.
She may be at the hairdresser’s having her hair dyed.
Get the things packed before going to bed.

This construction is used if the person referred to the subject of the sentence is
not responsible for what happens:
I had my appendix removed when I was 16.
They had their flat broken into again.
 Subjective Participial Construction

The Subjective Participial Construction is a construction in which the

Participle is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in
the nominative case. Thus, this construction does not form one member of the
sentence. The nominal element (the Noun or the Pronoun) is the subject of the
sentence and the verbal element (the Participle) is part of a compound verbal
predicate.
Dogs have often been seen killed on the road.
They were seen walking in the procession.
The Subjective Participial Construction may be rendered into Armenian by
means of:
1. Բարդ ստորադասական նախադասություն, որի գլխավոր
նախադասությունն անորոշ դիմավոր նախադասություն է, իսկ
երկրորդականը` խնդիր երկրորդական նախադասություն է:
He was seen riding a bicycle.
Տեսան, որ նա հեծանիվ է քշում:
2. Համակատար դերբայ
He was noticed hiding the documents.
Նրան նկատեցին փաստաթղթերը թաքցնելիս:
3. Հարակատար դերբայ
The work was believed completed.
Աշխատանքը համարվեց ավարտված:
This construction is mainly used with the verbs of senses (to see, to
hear, to feel, to notice, to find, etc.), mental activity (to believe. to consider,
to understand, to imagine, etc.) and reporting (to report, to declare, to
announce, etc.) in the passive voice, and the verb to seem in the active
voice.
Grandfather was seen napping on the porch.
The mountaineers were believed caught in a storm.
The moonstone was reported stolen.
She seemed depressed.
 The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction

Like all other predicative constructions the Nominative Absolute Participial

Construction consists of a nominal element and a verbal element. The peculiarity
of this construction is that the nominal element, which is expressed by a noun in
the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case is not the subject of the
sentence. The verbal element of the construction is expressed by Participle I or
Participle II.
Things packed, we called a taxi.
The boy being your son, you are responsible for whatever he
does.
This construction is chiefly used in literary style and may be rendered into
Armenian by means of:
1. Բարդ ստորադասական նախադասություն
That done, the young lady took the ring to the jeweler.
Երբ դա արվեց, երիտասարդ կինը մատանին տարավ
ոսկերչի մոտ: (ժամանակի պարագա երկրորդական
նախադասություն)
Nobody having anything more to say, he went out.
Քանի որ ոչ ոք ասելիք չուներ, նա դուրս եկավ: (պատճառի
պարագա երկրորդական նախադասություն)
Circumstances permitting, we’ll invite more people to our
housewarming party.
Եթե հանգամանքները թույլ տան, մենք ավելի շատ մարդ
կհրավիրենք մեր բնակարանամուտին: (պայմանի պարագա
երկրորդական նախադասություն)
2. Դերբայական դարձված հարակատար դերբայով
Fernando was standing a little apart, his back turned against
the driving snow.
Ֆերնանդոն մի փոքր այն կողմ կանգնած՝ թիկունքն արած
քամուն:
3. Բարդ համադասական նախադասություն
The girl sat by her, the sun shining on her hair.
Աղջիկը նստեց նրա կողքին , (և) արևի շողերն ընկան
մազերին:
This construction may be used in the following functions of a adverbial modifier
of:
a) time
The operation being over, the patient felt the pain leave him.
The day of the wedding party fixed, they started making
preparations.
b) cause
The patient’s leg having been amputated, there was no doubt
of his recovering soon.
There being nothing else to do, we went to the club.
c) condition
It mainly occurs with the verbs permit and fail. Only Participle I is used
here.
Weather permitting; we will go swimming in the lake.
d) attendant circumstances
Constantia lay like a statue, her eyes fixed on the ceiling.
She crept into the room on tiptoes, her heart beating at twice
its usual speed.

Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction

This construction is introduced by preposition with and is chiefly used in the

syntactic function of an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances.
Down the road they walked, with the pig trotting behind them.
(attendant cirumstances)
She walked out, with her head held high. (attendant
cirumstances)
With the papers signed, he could start the new project. (time/
cause)

Abosolute Constructions without Participle

The participle being is sometimes omitted in the absolute constructions.
The dinner over, they left.
There are two types of absolute constructions in which no participle is found: the
Nominative Absolute Construction and the Prepositional Absolute Construction.
The second element in these constructions is an adjective, a prepositional phrase
or an adverb.
1. The Nominative Absolute Construction without Participle is used in
the function of adverbial modifier of time and attendant circumstances.
Breakfast over, we went to his counting house.
Manson went homeward alone, his heart full of strange emotions.
There he stood, his face to the South-East.
Mind the difference! The lesson over… (temporal meaning).
The lesson being over…(casual meaning).
2. The Prepositional Absolute Construction without Paticiple is mostly
used in the function of adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances.
I found him waiting for me, with his stick in his hand.
Prepositional Absolute Constructions are usually separated from the rest of the
sentence by a comma.
Ex. 1. Define the functions of Participle I.
1. While eating and drinking they talked loudly in order that all present might
hear what they said. 2. I received from her another letter saying that she was
passing through Paris and would like to have a chat with me. 3. I sat on the
doorstep holding my little sister in my arms, thinking over my caches of escaping
from home. 4. She was always to him a laughing girl with dancing eyes full of
eager expectation. 5. When driving in London itself she had as immediate
knowledge of its streets as any taxi driver. 6. I sat quite silent, watching his face,
a strong and noble face. 7. He raised his eyes, looked at her as though peering
over the top of spectacles. 8. Cecilia had heard very little, being absorbed in her
own reflections. 9. Having shaken hands with them, he brought his own hands
together with a sharp slap. 10. Judging him by his figure and his movements, he
was still young. 11. Being very tired after his work, he soon fell asleep and forgot
his troubles. 12. There was sunlight coming in through the shutters. 13. She
recrossed her legs comfortable, as though preparing for a long session on the
sofa. 14. The gypsy smiled, showing his teeth. 15. Having finished the dinner,
Soames lighted the second of his two daily cigars, and took up the earpieces of
the wireless. 16. So Susan, the new protective gentleness of her son was sweet
and also very frightening. 17. He had a beautiful old house in Queen Anne street,
and being a man of taste he had finished it admirably. 18. Speaking honestly, he
is not a man to deal with.

Ex. 2. Define the functions of Participle II.

1. Presently I grew tired and went to bed. 2. His name was well known among the
younger writers of France. 3. Stirred by the beauty of the twilight, he strolled
away from the hotel. 4. All the country near him was broken and wooded. 5. He
bowed low when presented to Dinny. 6. He looked at her for a moment as though
amazed at her friendliness. 7. The door opened. A little frightened girl stood in
the light that fell from the passage. 8. Displeased and uncertain, Brande gazed
from his son to the Spanish gardener. 9. Finch looked suddenly detached, lost in
his own thoughts. 10. With an effort I took up the diary again and turned the
closely written pages. 11. If done prematurely, your move might provoke
opposition. 12. Animals have often been noticed killed in the streets. 13. She sat
down on the fallen tree to do the Times crossword puzzle. 14. I was greatly
annoyed with Monica for interfering. 15. It was clear to him that she would go
back on the whole thing if given half a chance. 16. Though greatly surprised to
see him there, she didn’t show even the least of her feelings. 17. As I was busy
finishing the article, I got the new fellow sent instead of me. 18. When
challenged, he denied it. 19. On arriving at the hotel he found the parcel
delivered. 20. The dog was found tied to a tree. 21. But what if he had his money
stolen? 22. Wounded in the leg, he limped a little.

Ex. 3. Paraphrase the sentences so as to use Participle I or Participle II

phrases where possible and define the functions.
1. The path which was leading through the coppice soon got lost in the high
grass. 2. We were tired and thirsty, for we had been on the road since eight
o’clock in the morning and it was a hot day. 3. One morning, as Johnny was
looking out of the window, he saw in his neighbor’s orchard a great number of
fine red apples which had fallen from the trees. 4. As he didn’t know the way to
the station very well he often stopped to ask people who were passing by. 5. She
returned presently and brought a tray with a jug of milk. 6. One day towards
evening, when both the old people were sitting in front of their cottage, they
caught sight of a young girl with a bundle in her hand. 7. The people who were
waiting for you have just gone. 8. “Villain”, - cried he as he ran down to him. 9.
He looked like an African savage who was being shown a simple conjuring trick.
10. The ship, which had arrived at the dock that afternoon, had taken fourteen
days to cross the Atlantic. 11. “May I come in?” she said as she pushed the door a
little wider open. 12. “I’m late”, she remarked, as she sat down and drew off her
gloves. 13. The lady was waiting for her sister, who was arriving by the 7:30 train.
14. “Oh, sir”, said the poor boy, who was trembling with fear, “It’s not my fault”.
15. In the garden I saw the professor who I had met some time before. 16. The
sun, that rose some time ago, is making us feel happy and bright. 17. I have a
letter for you, which was received two days ago. 18. His words, which he uttered
in an undertone, reached my ears. 19. The storm that caused a lot of harm to the
crops abated late at night. 20. Everybody felt that in the farewell dinner there
was sadness, which was mingled with festivity. 21. The teacher told us that the
centre of the cotton industry is Manchester, which is connected with Liverpool by
a canal. 22. In the South of England one can find fertile valleys, which are divided
by numerous hedges. 23. The boy who had broken the window-pane ran away
and did not appear till the evening. 24. There was another pause, which was
broken by a fit of laughing of one of the old man sitting in the first row. 25. The
English people love their green hedges, which are covered with leaf and flower in
summer, and a blaze of gold and red in autumn. 26. From his report we learn
about various goods, which are produced in Birmingham and the adjoining
manufacturing towns. 27. Tennis is one of the most popular games in England,
which is played all the year round. 28. They lay a loaf of brown bread, which was
divided … 29. By a residential college we mean a college with a hostel, which is
usually situated on the same grounds as the principal building. 30. The child that
was left alone in the large room began to scream. 31. They were all pleased with
the results, which were achieved by the end of the month.

Predicative Constructions with Participle I, II

Ex.1. Point out the Objective Predicative and the Subjective Participial
constructions in the following sentences.
1. “Oh, I am not going to be such a fool as to pay anything for having it
brought out.”
2. “Shut the door, Root… No, leave it open. Then we can hear them coming
better”.
3. “Where do you want the tent put, Mother?”
4. As I was looking this over I heard the doors, which led on the main corridor
being opened.
5. Back at the house he could see Grandfather sitting on the porch, looking
small and thin.
6. Being a far-sighted young lady she had the ring copied.
7. Edith had seen them walking in the procession, Susy helping to carry the
pail.
8. For the first time she found herself wondering about him.
9. Halfway up the hill Jody could see his black dog digging in a squirrel hole.
10. He could often be seen walking with his eyes fixed anxiously on little
Pablins Dartie’s sailing boat.
11. He felt his irritation mounting.
12. He heard the young people singing and shouting from the opposite
bank.
13. He saw a cart slowly pulled by a horse.
14. He saw Billy working in the last of the haystack.
15. He watched a spider crawling up the wall.
16. Here the nurse’s voice was heard calling from the top landing.
17. I find myself recalling it again and again and each time remembering
 what brings the curious warm pleasure.
18. I looked up for a moment and saw the image of the mountain and the
light coming over it reflected in the older man’s eyes.
19. I saw him unfolding the telegram slowly and hesitatingly as though he
expected it to contain some bad news.
20. In a few moments during the launching of the boats, Danvers was
seen speaking to a young American girl.
21. It could be considered that she was cured.
22. Jennie was seen wearing the gold watch.
23. Leila appeared calmed and delighted.
24. Many students with blood streaming down their faces were seen
running down the side streets to avoid arrest.
25. Miss Richards brought the diamond ring up to the town to have it
fixed.
26. Other teachers were happy to tell him how the kids made a game
getting him talking.
27. She is going to have the ring reset.
28. She may be at the hairdresser’s having her hair dyed.
29. She watched with satisfaction the interest rising in Edith’s face.
30. Soames raised his hand to his forehead, where suddenly he saw
moisture shining.
31. Somewhere a long way off a telephone bell rang and a voice could
be heard speaking.
32. Suppose you lost the boat and got yourself killed.
33. The boots of Albert could be heard racing upstairs.
34. The din in the entrance hall continued, and more vehicles could be
heard arriving at the door.
35. The front door of the house was found unlocked.
36. The horse was seen descending the hill.
37. The man with long hair will give us a nickel for berries, and you can
see the lady smoking.
38. The moon came fully through a cloud, and he was startled as he
suddenly saw her face looking at him.
39. The plan was considered lost and forgotten.
40. The taxi could be seen waiting outside.
41. The two men were heard descending.
 42. They said, “Go back along twenty miles, find a vet, have Charley
vaccinated, and then return”.
43. They saw Jody’s mother standing on the porch waving her apron in
welcome.
44. They were heard talking together.
45. Through the chink in the shutters she watched Emma picking cherries
in the orchard.
46. When I saw the old man he seemed greatly confused.
47. You’re found hanging around the grounds of a big house after dark.

Absolute Constructions with Participle

Ex. 1. Point out the Absolute Participial Constructions
1. Visitors said that Bird’s Nest was more like a school than an orphanage, the
children taking lesson and the girls learning to produce exquisite needlework. 2.
Ten minutes later I saw them in the water, Ailie swimming away, and Schoen
wallowing riotously around her. 3. He wouldn’t have bothered, to play chess with
them, if they hadn’t lived right in the neighborhood, they being not bright for
their age. 4. There was Katy lying in the straw with her eyes shut and her pink
nose wrinkled. 5. She was out in the deserted hall, with her eyes fixed on the
jewel watch. 6. That done and the plan of substitution arranged, the young lady
took the ring to the jeweler. 7. Behind Tom toiled five dogs, their shoulders
jammed tight into their collars. 8. Joan came into the school, with her show off
clothes and her hair left hanging down the back of her sweater instead of being
cut. 9. “Kindly tell the class the meaning of these words, Peter. With your book
shut”. 10. It was just a simple scene in the city park, with the trees still leafless
against the sky, children playing, and old Negro woman sitting on a bench, with
her head turned. 11. And with that Mr. Butt went bursting forth into the rain, his
face shining with goodwill under the street lamps. 12. He returned painfully to
life, his head aching. 13. Ginnie, her face burning, paid the fare. 14. “I like Papa’s
book better”, the child answered and we all laughed, Mr. Clinton leading the
chorus with almost exaggerated heartiness. 15. At four o’clock the team stopped,
the leader swaying in his tracks. 16. The dogs lay flat on the snow, their heads
between their paws.

Ex. 2. Paraphrase the following sentences using the Absolute Participial

Constructions.
1. “Villiain” – cried he, and his voice trembled. 2. As she was thirsty they decided
to call on at one of the nearest bars. 3. When the lunch was over, Jacob invited
his guests to have something to drink. 4. As there was nothing else to say she left
the room. 5. After that question had been settled, the members of the committee
went outside. 6. As the letter appeared to interest her greatly, she took it quickly
and began to read it. 7. As it was time for the visitors to come, Julia put on her
dress and went downstairs. 8. The old man walked in the garden, and his dog was
following him. 9. As the door was open, everybody could see what was going on.
10. As there were no bridges along the roads, the traffic in the city was very
heavy. 11. When the tests were written, the teacher asked the students to hand
them in. 12. As there was no possibility to see the minister, the staff decided to
write to him. 13. After the project had been installed, the scientists got the prizes.
14. The man came into the room and his face was shining with joy. 15. A man
dressed in black dismounted from the seat, and his friend walked to the horse’s
head.

Ex. 3. Define the functions of the Absolute Participial Constructions.

1. This done, Margot travelled back to fetch the boy. 2. The two guards listened,
their faces turned to the rifle-slit. 3. The door of the opposite parlor being then
opened, I heard some voices. 4. No one having as yet expressed any such
opinion, this was the more readily assented to. 5. Sir Henry was deep in his
papers, his long, white, unringed hands moving nervously in rhythm with his
thoughts. 6. Circumstances failing, they will turn down the proposal of their
partners. 7. His tale told, he put his head back and laughed. 8. The next morning,
it being fine weather, we all went for a walk. 9. For the moment the shop was
empty, the mechanic having disappeared into a room at the back. 10. She
paused, her head dropping upon her breast. 11. Dinner finished, Carrie went into
the bathroom where they could not disturb her, and wrote a little note. 12.
Together they ran back down the road, Mell still gripping her arm in a tight grip.
13. The voices had receded, and James was left alone, his ears standing up like a
hare’s, and fear creeping about his inwards. 14. Time permitting, we’ll have
completed the task before the kick off annual meeting.